桔芽达瘿蚊生活习性观察

本文详细报告了为害广东柑桔芽鞘新害虫——桔达瘿蚊Dasinerta为害情况、生活史及习性的研究结果,并提出了控制该虫为害的意见。     

清瘿丸治疗瘿痛气郁痰阻的临床研究

目的探讨清瘿丸治疗瘿痛气郁痰阻症的效果。方法采用分组对比法,对照组采用激素治疗,进行分病种临床登记观察,观察后分组进行个体化研究,共采集阳性病例477例(治疗组),对照组229例,采集时间在2012年8月至2014年8月,来源于我院甲状腺专科,对照组采用地塞米松治疗,每天3次,每次2片,观察21 d,根据结果做出统计学分析。结果治疗组477例,临床治愈424例(88.89%),有效48例(10.06%),无效5例(1.05%),总有效率98.95%;对照组229例,临床治愈120例(52.4%),有效79例(34.5%),无效30例(13.1%),总有效率86.9%。两组疗效比较,清瘿丸治疗瘿痛差异显著,疗效满意,治疗组总有效率明显优于对照组,且无明显不良反应。结论通过观察瘿痛引起的咽痛等症,吉林市龙潭中医院采用清瘿丸【吉药监制字(1999)第0084号】治疗瘿痛气郁痰阻症疗效显著,且疗程短、无不良反应。     

茶芽瘿蚊的初步研究

茶芽瘿蚊(Contarinia sp)是我国茶树上新记载的一种害虫,在广东一年发生三代,以幼虫越冬。幼虫期为30～160天;蛹期6～10;成虫寿命平均3.0～4.5天,卵期4～11天。成虫飞翔扩散能力不强,夜间活动,有趋光性,产卵于刚萌动的芽上,孵化后幼虫侵害嫩芽,使芽结成虫瘿。每雌产卵量60～80粒,幼虫终生在芽苞内为害,老熟后落土化蛹。调查了其发生与环境的关系。 防治此虫,采用人工摘除瘿苞和幼虫出苞期及成虫羽化出土盛期在茶篷下施药效果较好,可用药剂DDVP,杀灭菊酯。     

云南流行性乙型脑炎媒介蚊的研究近况

云南的蚊类据我们近年的调查和近期的报道已达3亚科14属230余种,数量约占我国蚊类的2/3。乙脑在云南为全省性分布,全年各月都有病例发生,但主要流行季节在8—10三个月。上述蚊类中,过去经病原学证实与乙脑     

瘿花香茶菜二萜成分的研究

从瘿花香茶菜Rabdosia rosthornii(Diels)Hara的叶和茎中分离出三种二萜类化合物。其中两种为已知化合物ponicidin和oridonin。另一种为新的二萜化合物。通过理化常数和光谱的分析以及衍生物的制备,测定了其结构,并命名为瘿花香茶菜甲素。     

都柳江河谷地区嗜人按蚊成蚊生态习性调查

目的：了解都柳江河谷地区嗜人按蚊成蚊生态习性。方法：应用按景成蚊调查方法,对嗜人按都蚊成蚊生态习性进行研究。结果：该地区嗜人按蚊成蚊的季节消长呈双峰形,5月有一小峰,10月达密度高峰;6～9月栖性以室外吸血,室外栖息为主要;6～9月叮入率室外高于室内,吸血活动呈“午夜型”,嗜吸人血,人血指数0．63;7～9月一个生殖营养周期2．1天,7～8月种群预期平均寿命为本10．60天。结论：从江县都柳江河谷地区嗜人按蚊成蚊与当地外界环境有相互关系。     

2014年新会区城区蚊种群密度及季节消长的研究

目的：掌握新会区城区蚊虫种群分布、密度及季节消长的规律，为蚊媒防制提供科学依据。方法于2014年3~12月采用诱蚊灯法在新会区城区随机选取4种监测生境，每月开展2次监测。结果共布放诱蚊灯80盏，共捕获成蚊846只，以致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种，分别占捕获总数的43.97豫和47.87%，其他蚊种为白蚊伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊，年平均密度为10.6只/灯。蚊虫季节消长曲线呈双峰型，高峰出现在5月和8月。不同的生境类型蚊种构成比不尽相同，城内居民区、医院、农户以致倦库蚊、白蚊伊蚊为优势种，野郊猪场则以三带喙库蚊、致倦库蚊为优势种。在4种不同的生境类型中，猪场蚊密度显著高于其他场所。结论初步掌握了新会区城区蚊虫种群的密度及季节消长规律等情况，为进一步开展系统监测、蚊虫防制和蚊媒疾病预防控制提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法测定消瘿平亢颗粒中栀子苷含量

目的:用HPLC法测定消瘿平亢颗粒中栀子苷含量。方法:色谱柱为ODS(Diamonsil,250 mm×4．6 mm, 5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(15:85),流速为0．8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长238 nm。结果:栀子苷在0．12～0．24μg进样量范围内栀子苷进样量与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9992);平均回收率为96．79%(n=5),RSD为1．1%。结论:本法可以用于消瘿平亢颗粒中栀子苷含量的测定。     

祛瘀消瘿颗粒治疗桥本氏甲状腺炎的实验研究

目的 观察袪瘀消瘿颗粒对桥本氏甲状腺炎动物模型的治疗作用.方法 通过实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎动物模型实验,小鼠耳郭肿胀实验,大鼠棉球肉芽肿实验和小鼠迟发型超敏反应实验,考察祛瘀消瘿颗粒对桥本氏甲状腺炎的药理作用.结果 在袪瘀消瘿颗粒能够降低甲状腺球蛋白抗体(Tg-Ab)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)值(P<0.001或P<0.01或P<0.05),升高促甲状腺素(TSH)值(P>0.05),病理组织学检查表明,袪瘀消瘿颗粒能够改善腺上皮细胞增生和炎细胞浸润程度;袪瘀消瘿颗粒能够减轻小鼠耳肿胀程度,降低大鼠棉球肉芽肿程度;能够减轻小鼠迟发型超敏反应导致的小鼠耳肿胀程度.结论 袪瘀消瘿颗粒对桥本氏甲状腺炎具有良好的治疗作用.     

四种按蚊对恶性疟原虫敏感性的比较实验研究

80年代以来,我国寄生虫学工作者用离体饲血感染蚊的方法,观察大劣按蚊、微小按蚊和嗜人按蚊对恶性疟愿虫的敏感性。我们于1984～1987年,在贵州和云南的恶性疟流行区,采用直接叮咬“志愿者”(现症病人或带虫者)感染蚊的方法,进行实验研究。现将结果报告如下。材料和方法一、实验媒蚊大劣按蚊Anopheles dirus(海南岛品系,下称AD),引自广西医学院,已在我所     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.