奈达铂放化疗同步增敏作用于头颈部鳞癌的体会

目的探讨奈达铂(NDP)放化疗同步增敏作用、毒性反应,以及处理措施。方法 NDP化疗为主方案(NDP+5Fu)的应用和放射治疗(RT)的同步进行。结果近期疗效CR57例,PR18例,骨髓抑制:WBC多为Ⅰ°,61例,约占81.3%,PletⅠ°,25例,约占33.3%,HbⅠ°,18例,约占24.0%。胃肠道反应轻。结论增敏作用肯定,耐受好。WBC影响相对小,而Plet、Hb影响略高,胃肠反应较小,无需水化。     

疟疾患者77例血常规指标分析

目的　观察疟疾患者血液常规中三项主要指标的变化。方法　对显微镜检查疟原虫为阳性的标本 ,同时使用 CEL L- DYN16 0 0型血液分析仪和传统手工法检测标本中血红蛋白含量 (Hb) ,白细胞数 (WBC)和血小板数(PL T)。每份标本二种方法的均值做为统计值。结果　 77例疟原虫阳性血标本中 ,Hb值低于 110 g/ L 6 6例 ,占85 .7% ;WBC数大于 10 .0× 10 9/ L 5例 ,占 6 .5 % ,WBC小于 4 .0× 10 9/ L 35例 ,占 4 5 .5 % ;PL T低于 10 0× 10 9/ L 5 4例 ,占 70 .1%。 77例标本中 ,Hb、WBC和 PL T三项指标中至少同时二项低于正常水平者 4 4例 ,占 5 7.1% ;三项指标都低于正常水平者 2 7例 ,占 35 .1%。结论　疟疾患者中 ,大部分病例其 Hb、PL T和 WBC三项主要指标中至少有二项低于正常水平 ;少数病例也会出现白细胞数超出正常水平     

NDP联合5-FU/CF方案治疗晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效观察

目的观察奈达铂(捷伯舒,NDP)联合5-FU/CF治疗晚期鼻咽癌患者的临床疗效及不良反应。方法对住院的24例晚期鼻咽癌采用NDP联合5-FU/CF方案化疗,NDP 100mg.m-2,第1天,5-FU 500 mg.m-2 CF 30 mg.m-2第1~5天。每4周重复,至少治疗2个周期,按标准评价疗效和毒副反应。结果可评价患者24例,其中0例CR,17例PR,有效率为70.8%。主要毒性反应为骨髓抑制,多数为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级毒性反应。结论NDP联合5-FU/CF方案治疗晚期鼻咽癌临床疗效较好,毒性反应轻。     

GP和GEM+NDP方案治疗复发转移性乳腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的探讨吉西他滨联合顺铂(GP方案)和吉西他滨联合奈达铂(GEM+NDP方案)治疗复发转移性乳腺癌的临床疗效及不良反应。方法按照随机原则,将52例复发转移性乳腺癌患者分为GP组(29例)和GEM+NDP组(23例),两种方案均以21天为1个治疗周期,治疗2周期和4周期后比较其临床疗效及不良反应。结果治疗2周期后,GP组和GEM+NDP组的治疗总有效率分别为48.28%和60.87%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。除PD以外的患者继续化疗,化疗4周期后,GP组及GEM+NDP组的总有效率分别为31.58%和50.00%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GP组及GEM+NDP组Ⅲ级白细胞下降、III级血小板减少、贫血的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);GEM+NDP组胃肠道反应的发生率(13.0%)明显低于GP组(69.0%)(P<0.05)。GP组1例发生I度肾功损害(3.4%),5例发生II度肾功损害(17.2%);而GEM+NDP组仅1例I度肾功损害(4.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 GP方案和GEM+NDP方案治疗蒽环类和(或)紫杉类耐药的复发转移性晚期乳腺癌的疗效相当,不良反应可以耐受。     

脑恶性胶质瘤术后放疗联合紫杉醇同步化疗临床疗效观察

目的 观察脑恶性胶质瘤术后放疗联合紫杉醇每周方案同步化疗的治疗效果和毒副作用,探讨有效的治疗方案,以提高脑恶性胶质瘤的疗效,延长患者生存期.方法 经病理证实的脑恶性胶质瘤21例,术后2～6周接受放射治疗,其中常规放疗14例,调强适形放疗7例,放疗中位剂量61.2Gy(58～69Gy);放疗过程予紫杉醇60mg/M2每周一次同步增敏化疗方案,连用6周.结果 21例患者放化疗后疗效达完全缓解(CR)2例、部分缓解(PR)12例、无变化(NC)4例、进展(PD)3例,总有效率达66.7%(14/21).中位生存时间24.4个月,1、2、3年生存率分别达75.0%、41.0%和9.0%.放化疗过程主要毒性反应为消化道反应(Ⅰ度10例,Ⅱ度2例)和骨髓抑制(Ⅰ度7例,Ⅱ度8例),未发现肝肾功能损害以及除病变因素以外的其他颅神经损害表现.结论 脑恶性胶质瘤术后患者采用放疗联合同步紫杉醇增敏化疗安全、有效,为脑恶性胶质瘤术后的综合治疗提供了新方案,值得进一步研究.     

珠母贝糖胺聚糖对鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜血管生成的影响

目的探讨珠母贝糖胺聚糖的抗肿瘤作用机制。方法采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜(CAM)模型观察珠母贝糖胺聚糖单用及与5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)合用对CAM血管生成的影响。结果珠母贝糖胺聚糖CPG、PGⅠ、PGⅡ在实验所选剂量(0·5、5、50、500mg·L-1)下,无明显的直接抑制CAM血管生成作用;但CPG、PGⅠ、PGⅡ在实验所选剂量(5、50mg·L-1)下与5-FU(2·5mg·L-1)合用时,均能增敏5-FU的抑制CAM血管生成作用(P<0·01),并呈一定的剂量效应关系,其中PGⅡ增敏效果较好。结论珠母贝糖胺聚糖通过抑制肿瘤血管生成而对5-FU的抗肿瘤作用起增敏效果。     

国产奈达铂联合氟尿嘧啶治疗晚期食管癌疗效观察

目的 观察国产奈达铂+氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)方案治疗晚期食管癌的近期疗效和不良反应.方法 将55例食管癌患者,完全随机分为治疗组(28例)和对照组(27例).治疗组方案:奈达铂,80～100mg/m2,静脉滴注,d1;5-Fu,750～800 mg/m2,采用便携式泵持续静脉滴注,d1-5.对照组方案:顺铂,50 mg/m2,静脉滴注,d1-3;5-Fu的用法同治疗组,每4周重复1次,共4周期.结果 治疗组和对照组的有效率分别为57.7%(15/26)和36.4%(8/22),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗组各度恶心呕吐的发生率均明显低于对照组(均P＜0.05);治疗组Ⅰ～Ⅱ度肾脏损害的发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 奈达铂+5-Fu治疗晚期食管癌的疗效不低于顺铂+5-Fu,且不良反应易于耐受,值得临床推广.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the short term efficacy and side effects of China-made nedaplatin (NDP)and fluorouracil (5-Fu) treating advanced esophageal carcinoma. Methods The therapeutic regimen for NDP group was NDP plus 5-Fu. The therapeutic regimen for control group was Cisplatin plus 5-Fu. Results The efficiency of NDP group was 57.7% (15/26) and the efficiency of the control group was 36.4% (8/22) (P ＞0.05).The rates of different nausea and vomiting in NDP group were significantly lower than those in control group ( P ＜0.05 ). The rate of renal toxicity low the control group( P ＜0.05 )Diarrhea of two group mostly Appeared Ⅰ-Ⅱ degree; The rate of Ⅰ-Ⅱ degree of leukopenia in the NDP group was higher than that in the control group( P ＞ 0.05 ).The rate of thrombocytopenia in the NDP group was higher than that in the control group( P ＞ 0.05 ). Conclusions The efficacy of NDP group is no lower than the control group. NDP group is easily tolerant to the side effect. It can be used widely in clinic.     

中西医结合治疗对肿瘤性贫血患者Hb、WBC、SF、PLT值变化的影响

目的探究中西医结合治疗对肿瘤性贫血患者血红细胞(Hb)、白细胞(WBC)、血清铁蛋白(SF)以及血小板(PLT)值变化的影响。方法 120例肿瘤性贫血患者,随机分为干预组与对照组,各60例。对照组患者采用重组人促红细胞生成素进行治疗,干预组患者则在此基础上配合中药进行治疗,对两组患者的Hb、WBC、SF、PLT值进行比较分析,探究中西医结合治疗对肿瘤性贫血患者的各项指标变化的影响。结果干预组的总有效率为91.7%,高于对照组的46.7%,且干预组患者的Hb、WBC、SF、PLT值变化幅度明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中西医结合治疗对肿瘤性贫血患者Hb、WBC、SF、PLT值变化有着重要的影响,能够有效促进患者的康复治疗,提高患者的生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

高流量吸氧对20例非小细胞肺癌放疗增敏的疗效分析

目的探讨放疗前高流量吸氧对非小细胞肺癌放疗增敏作用。方法 40例经病理证实的非小细胞肺癌的患者,分放疗前吸氧组(实验组)20例,单纯放疗组(对照组)20例,两组均用6 MV-X线常规放疗,每周5次,2Gy/次,总量为55～70Gy/5～7周。增敏组于放疗前2h开始高流量吸氧(5升/分),吸氧结束后距放疗不超过10min,对照组放疗前不氧气。结果实验组近期总有效率为80%,对照组近期总有效率为60%,两组比较统计学有显著性差异(P<0.05)。放疗达PR及CR时的吸氧增敏比分别为1.37和1.24。结论放疗前高流量吸氧对非小细胞肺癌有放疗增敏作用。     

甘氨双唑钠对Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌放疗增敏的临床研究

肺癌是肿瘤第一杀手,非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)占肺癌75%～80%,其5年生存率10%左右。放疗是局部晚期NSCLC的主要治疗手段。由于实体肿瘤中乏氧细胞对射线的抗拒作用,使肺癌的放疗疗效受到影响,放疗后75%的鳞癌、40%的腺癌及大细胞癌,是由于局部复发而治疗失败[1]。乏氧细胞增敏剂甘氨双唑钠(CMNa)是我国自主研制的硝基咪唑类化合物,与放疗配合应用对肺癌有增敏作用。我院从2003年1月至2005年12月对48例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者进行随机对照分组实验以研究CMNa的临床放射增敏疗效和不良反应。1资料与方法1.1入组标准:①经病理组织学或细胞学确定NS…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.