冠状动脉支架植入术后Stanford A型主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的 分析冠状动脉支架植入术后Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的外科治疗方式,探讨其手术技术及手术时机。方法 回顾性分析2016年4月—2019年7月首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院连续收治的1 246例Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料。纳入冠状动脉支架植入术后Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者。结果 最终纳入患者19例,其中男16例、女3例,年龄35～66(54±7)岁。19例患者中急性主动脉夹层11例。AC型（DeBakeyⅠ型）主动脉夹层15例,AS型（DeBakeyⅡ型）4例。AC型患者中行孙氏手术（全弓置换+支架象鼻手术）10例,部分弓置换5例;19例患者中同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术7例,二尖瓣置换术1例;4例患者术中取出位于右冠开口的支架。本组住院死亡1例,主因术前合并脏器灌注不良,术后死于多脏器功能衰竭。18例患者经治疗后痊愈出院,平均随访30(18～56)个月,其中1例因冠状动脉吻合口漏行二次漏修补术,1例因远端夹层新发破口行胸主动脉腔内修复,1例因左主干支架闭塞急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,1例因髂动脉闭塞行股股转流。结论 冠状动脉支架植入术后Stanfo...     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的 总结Stanford A型主动脉夹层的治疗经验,评价其外科手术疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2006年10月至2013年3月兰州军区兰州总医院48例Stanford A型主动脉夹层行外科手术治疗的临床资料,其中男41例,女7例;年龄26～72 （47.6±9.2） 岁。急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层（发病至确诊＜14 d） 43例,慢性5例。主动脉瓣中重度关闭不全19例＋主动脉瓣良好、但合并马方综合征6例,行Bentall＋全弓置换＋支架象鼻术;累及主动脉根部、但瓣膜功能良好的8例行改良David＋全弓置换＋支架象鼻术;累及升主动脉10例行升主动脉＋全弓置换＋支架象鼻术;累及部分主动脉弓5例行升主动脉＋次全弓置换术。出院后于术后3、6、12个月随访,以后每年随访1次。随访内容包括：患者的生存情况、血压控制情况、有无疼痛复发、运动、活动情况和复查主动脉计算机断层扫描成像（computerized tomography arteriography,CTA）。 结果 全组体外循环时间121～500 （191.4±50.6） min,主动脉阻断时间58～212 （112.3±31.7） min;停循环＋选择性脑灌注时间26～56 （34.8±8.7） min;术后呼吸机辅助时间32～250 （76.2±35.6） h;住ICU时间3～20 （7.1±3.4） d。术后24 h胸腔引流量680～1 600 （1 092.5±236.3） ml。围术期死亡7例,病死率14.5%,其中死于多器官功能衰竭2例、低心排血量综合征2例、肾功能衰竭1例、迟发性难治性出血1例、昏迷1例。围术期发生其它并发症20例,经治疗均痊愈或好转出院。随访38例,随访率92.7%（38/41）,随访时间3～48 （13.0±8.9） 个月;失访3例。随访期间36例存活,无与主动脉夹层相关的死亡,因其它慢性疾病死亡2例。无因主动脉夹层继续形成、假腔扩张行二次手术患者,术后6个月CTA检查未见吻合口渗漏及人工血管扭曲或血流不畅。 结论 根据主动脉夹层破口的位置、升主动脉直径及夹层累及范围等,选择合适的手术方式、手术时机及脏器保护策略是提高Stanford A型主动脉夹层治疗效果的关键。应用腋、股动脉联合灌注及提高术中最低温度等策略治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层可获得良好的效果。     

部分主动脉根部重建术在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的应用

目的分析部分主动脉根部重建术在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床效果。方法 2010年1月至2015年12月,南京医科大学附属南京医院共30例急性A型主动脉夹层累及根部患者行手术治疗,其中男25例、女5例,年龄27~72(51.2±8.0)岁。夹层近心端施行了部分主动脉根部重建术:部分根部成形+升主动脉置换术9例,部分根部成形+升主动脉置换+半弓置换术6例,部分根部成形+升主动脉置换+孙氏手术15例。术后随访10~60(37.9±3.2)个月。比较术前、术后主动脉瓣反流程度等指标。结果全组中无手术死亡发生,1例患者术后15 d死于肺炎,生存率96.7%(29/30)。1例患者随访期间死亡,2例患者因主动脉瓣严重反流分别于术后1年和15个月再次入院行主动脉瓣置换术。截至最后一次随访,24例无主动脉瓣膜反流,2例少量反流。结论 Stanford A型主动脉夹层导致主动脉根部病变,部分主动脉根部重建术能够保留主动脉瓣瓣膜的持久性和功能性,可获得较满意的早、中期疗效。     

主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的总结84例主动脉夹层患者的外科治疗经验,探讨手术技巧和围术期处理,以提高手术疗效。方法50例Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者在体外循环下（11例采用深低温停循环技术）行Bentall手术或Cabrol手术24例,升主动脉人工血管置换术8例,Trusler手术5例,Wheat手术5例,升主动脉＋主动脉全弓或半弓人工血管置换术8例;34例Stanford B型主动脉夹层采用带膜支架主动脉腔内修复术治疗。结果住院死亡11例,死亡率13．1％。术中死亡3例,其中1例升主动脉＋次全弓人工血管置换患者因术中主动脉开放后主动脉根部大出血无法止血;1例升主动脉部分切除＋人工血管置换患者心脏无法复跳;1例升主动脉＋半弓血管置换患者因降主动脉夹层破裂死亡。术后早期死亡8例,其中死于低心排血量综合征2例,肺部感染2例,肾功能衰竭2例,呼吸衰竭1例,永久性神经系统损害1例。术后发生并发症16例。随访62例（84．9％,62／73）,随访时间3个月～10年。随访期间死亡2例,其中1例死于心内膜炎,1例猝死（原因不明）。结论快速准确地诊断、个体化的手术方案和精确的手术技术是主动脉夹层手术成功的关键。     

不同手术方式治疗急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层——单中心5年临床经验

目的 总结不同手术方式治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验。 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年11月于中国医科大学附属第一医院因急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层而实施外科治疗的197例患者的临床资料。男131例、女66例,年龄 （51.2±13.9） 岁。所有患者经磁共振成像 （MRI） 或主动脉CT血管造影（CTA）确诊。根据主动脉根部病变情况,进行单纯升主动脉置换、Bentall、Wheat、Cabrol或David手术。主动脉弓部进行全主动脉弓置换、半弓置换或简化全主动脉弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术。 结果 近端单纯升主动脉置换113例（57.4%）,Bentall手术67例（34.0%）,Wheat手术13例（6.6%）,Cabrol手术1例（0.5%）,David手术3例（1.5%）。全主动脉弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术82例（41.6%）,半弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术77例（39.1%）,简化全主动脉弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术41例（20.8%）。二次开胸止血1例（0.5%）,无永久性神经系统并发症发生,手术30 d死亡率为4.1%（8/197）;随访时间3～52（15.9±11.4）个月,随访率65.0%;1例马方综合征患者术后8个月死于腹主动脉瘤破裂。 结论 根据病变情况,选择适当的外科治疗策略,急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科治疗效果满意。     

Cabrol手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层的疗效分析

目的总结并分析Cabrol手术用于Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者进行主动脉根部处理的疗效及效果。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年4月广东省心血管病研究所心外科行Cabrol术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层37例患者的临床资料,其中男34例、女3例,年龄21~66岁,发病至手术时间为(15.2±28.5)d。全组均行Cabrol手术处理主动脉根部,根据主动脉弓受累情况,行右半弓置换或全主动脉弓置换加降主动脉腔内支架隔绝术。结果全组手术均成功,行单纯Cabrol术4例,其中1例行Bentall术中转行Cabrol术,右半弓置换术10例,全主动脉弓置换加降主动脉腔内支架隔绝术23例。二次开胸止血1例(2.7%),术后死亡4例(10.8%);随访1~24个月,随访期间死亡2例。结论 Cabrol手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层效果良好,远期人造血管通畅,冠状动脉无压迫,效果满意。     

60岁以上老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术31例体会

目的 总结老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科治疗经验.方法 31例60岁以上老年A型主动脉夹层患者,均在深低温停循环、低流量脑灌注下手术.改良Wheat +全弓置换+支架象鼻术1例,Wheat手术2例,David术+全弓置换+支架象鼻术3例,Bentall+全弓置换+支架象鼻术9例,其中1例同期行心包剥脱术,升主动脉+全弓置换+支架象鼻术16例,其中合并冠状动脉旁路移植术4例.结果 体外循环时间(221±43)min,主动脉阻断时间(132±41)min,停循环时间(47±12)min.术后发生一过性脑功能紊乱4例,经积极处理后均痊愈出院;肾功能衰竭3例,1例经床边血液透析治疗好转,2例放弃治疗;切口愈合不良2例;术后近期死亡2例,其中1例系院外夹层破裂急诊入院手术,死于失血性休克,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭;二次开胸止血1例.术后复查CT显示,升主动脉及弓部人工血管血流通畅,支架位置良好,无内漏.随访2～35个月,术后近期1例因抗凝意外死亡,无再次手术者.结论 对老年A型主动脉夹层患者,手术治疗安全、有效.术中根据病情采取恰当的外科处理,围术期及时发现并处理各种并发症,可以获得良好治疗效果.     

Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术后并发A型夹层的外科治疗

目的总结Stanford B型主动脉夹层胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)后并发A型夹层的临床特点及外科治疗经验。方法自2013年11月至2018年3月,南京鼓楼医院外科治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层TEVAR术后并发的A型夹层患者14例,其中男13例、女1例,年龄24～66(52±3)岁,合并高血压13例,糖尿病2例,马方综合征1例。所有患者在深低温停循环选择性脑灌注下施行手术,近心端13例行升主动脉置换术,1例行Bentall术。共实施全弓置换加象鼻手术13例,弓部开窗支架植入术1例。结果全组无死亡,1例术后右上肢单瘫,1例术后血行感染,1例出现右侧偏瘫及肾功能不全行肾脏替代治疗。随访6～45个月,随访期间1例患者术后1个月因原介入支架远端胸降主动脉发生新的夹层再次行TEVAR,其余患者CT血管造影检查未见吻合口造影剂渗漏及人工血管扭曲。结论 B型主动脉夹层TEVAR术后并发A型夹层及时给予外科手术治疗可取得良好疗效。     

支架象鼻手术治疗急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的 总结深低温停循环下支架象鼻手术治疗急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 对146例急性Stanford B 型主动脉夹层患者行支架象鼻手术.结果 平均体外循环时间(155±30)min,平均心肌阻断时间(32±3)min,停循环时间(20±3)min.住院死亡3例(2.05 %,3/146),术后脑栓塞及脑出血各1例.随访138例,随访时间4～98个月,平均57.3个月,1年生存率为97.16%(137/141),1例11个月后死于广泛性肠坏死.无截瘫及再次手术者.结论 支架象鼻植入术治疗急性Stanford B 型主动脉夹层简单、安全、有效.     

血管腔内治疗主动脉夹层和夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨血管腔内治疗主动脉夹层和夹层动脉瘤的技术方法和疗效。方法 对20例主动脉夹层和夹层动脉瘤患者的临床资料进行分析。Stanford A型2例,其中1例内膜撕裂口位于升主动脉。Stanford B型18例。5例在不同部位有2个以上撕裂口。全组均以带膜支架型人工血管腔内植入行隔绝术。其中1例加作腹主动脉开窗和人工血管置换术,1例先行升主动脉．左锁骨下动脉和左颈总动脉Y形人工血管旁路术,再行腔内隔绝术。结果 无一例患者术中死亡,术后3d 1例Stanford B型患者死于心肌梗死,其余19例健康存活,生存率95％。术后随访1—20个月,各例主动脉夹层和动脉瘤均消失,无内漏,各器官灌注良好。结论 血管腔内植入带膜支架型人工血管是治疗主动脉夹层和夹层动脉瘤的简便、安全而有效的方法。手术死亡率低,手术成功率和生存率高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.