单个移植中心连续41例肝移植术后长期生存影响因素分析

目的评价我院4l例肝移植患者长期生存情况,分析影响肝移植术后长期生存的因素。方法回顾分析2004年6月至2007年1月连续完成的41例肝移植病例,统计生存率,分析死亡原因、并发症情况和再移植原因。结果本组1年、3年、5年实际生存率达到95．00％、87．50％、81．96％。终末期肝病组1、3、5年生存率96．15％、92．31％、88．46％,肝癌组1、3、5年生存率92．86％、78．57％、70．71％。结论肝癌复发、胆道铸型综合征、原发疾病复发、免疫抑制剂副作用是影响本组肝移植术后长期生存的因素。加强围手术期处理是提高肝移植患者术后长期生存率的关键因素。     

Noncirrhotic portal hypertension after arsenic ingestion.

Five years after arsenic therapy, the patient described had noncirrhotic portal hypertension, for which he had splenectomy and anastomosis of the splenic vein to the left renal vein. During the 12-year postoperative period he had Bowen's disease (skin carcinoma), but has had normal liver function and no further gastrointestinal bleeding. Arsenic exposure in humans is common throughout the world and may lead to late complications such as noncirrhotic portal hypertension and skin carcinoma, as well as malignancies of the lungs, liver, and lymphatic systems. It may also lead to severe arteriosclerosis with involvement of the heart and extremities.     

HELLP综合征16例临床分析

目的探讨子痫前期并发HELLP综合征的发病率、诊断、治疗及预后。方法对16例子痫前期并发HELLP综合征患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果完全性HELLP综合征14例，部分性HELLP综合征2例。治疗方法为严密监护母儿情况下积极治疗子痫前期，早期使用糖皮质激素，适时终止妊娠。主要并发症为DIC、肝被膜下血肿、胎盘早剥、肺水肿和急性肾功能衰竭等。16例患者中死亡1例，围产儿死亡3例，死亡率分别为6．25％及18．75％。结论HELLP综合征是子痫前期的一种严重威胁母儿安全的并发症，早期诊断、综合性治疗、适时终止妊娠，可改善HELLP综合征患者的预后。     

Intensive-care unit experience in the Mayo liver transplantation program: the first 100 cases

The first 100 liver transplantations at the Mayo Clinic were performed in 83 patients, who required a total of 917 patient days in the intensive-care unit (ICU). The mean duration of stay in the ICU was 5.91 days after liver transplantation and 6.15 days for patients who subsequently required readmission to the ICU. During the immediate postoperative period, hypothermia and hyperglycemia invariably occurred. Later during the initial admission or on readmission to the ICU, there arose the possibility of infections and renal insufficiency. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary for hypertension, hypokalemia, severe metabolic alkalosis, fever, altered mental status, oliguria, and signs of graft failure in liver transplant patients. In our patient series, selective bowel decontamination minimized the occurrence of gram-negative and fungal sepsis, and use of antihypertensive agents and correction of coagulopathies may have decreased the risk of intracranial bleeding in patients with hypertension and clotting defects. Anticipation of potential conditions postoperatively and early implementation of treatment are key factors in the successful ICU management of patients who have undergone liver transplantation.     

Surgery in the patient with liver disease

Management of the surgical patient with liver disease begins with a careful preoperative assessment (Fig. 1). Any clues to liver disease on history and physical examination should be investigated to ascertain the cause of the clinical finding. More data on surgical patients with unexpected liver disease are now available. Patients undergoing emergent surgery are at significant risk of developing liver dysfunction. Child's class still correlates strongly to postoperative complications. Cornerstones of perioperative management in these patients are medical treatment of complications of chronic liver disease, such as ascites; coagulopathy; prevention of encephalopathy; and rapid treatment of dangerous postoperative complications, such as acute acalculous cholecystitis. Evolving knowledge of the effects of anesthesia, improving surgical techniques, and use of better diagnostic tests will help in the reduction of perioperative complications in these patients.     

老年原发性高血压合并非乙醇性脂肪肝的患病情况及危险因素分析

目的探讨老年高血压患者非乙醇性脂肪性肝病的患病率和危险因素。方法 621例老年高血压患者住院期间经腹部超声检查和采集病史筛查非乙醇性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD),观察其患病率、肝功酶学异常的比例及其危险因素。结果 NAFLD患者发病率为39.1%(243/621)。NAFLD组糖尿病,冠心病,代谢综合征发生率、超重率、三酰甘油、ALT水平高于非NAFLD组,HDL-C低于非NAFLD组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。糖尿病、冠心病、超重和三酰甘油水平是老年高血压患者NAFLD的独立危险因素。结论老年高血压伴NAFLD患者与代谢综合征等多代谢异常密切相关。     

COVID-19 in a young man with hypertension: A case study of missed opportunities in intensive progression

We report the case of a young patient diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 with a history of hypertension. The patient improved after antiviral treatment but eventually developed severe respiratory distress syndrome and cardiac insufficiency. His respiratory secretions were tested for nucleic acids and returned negative twice. Computed tomography imaging of the patient showed evidence of viral pneumonia on the 11th day of onset and continued to worsen. The patient was finally intubated and transferred to a higher-level care centre for further treatment. We were very focused on infectious disease protection throughout the treatment, however, suboptimal treatment was provided due to the switch in antihypertensive medication, lack of early nutritional support and fluid restriction management.     

Contributing factors in resistant hypertension. Truly refractory disease is rarely found in a properly conducted workup

Systematic evaluation of each patient with refractory hypertension is necessary to identify conditions or altered mechanisms of hypertension that are amenable to targeted therapy. Issues that should be carefully investigated are appropriateness of the regimen, possible drug interactions, patient compliance, associated conditions (alcohol or recreational drug use, hyperinsulinemia), pseudohypertension, office hypertension, and volume overload. When these problems are eliminated, causes of secondary hypertension should be sought, the most common being coarctation of the aorta, Cushing's syndrome, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, renovascular disease, thyroid and parathyroid disease, and renal parenchymal disease. In a few cases, a careful hemodynamic and neurohumoral assessment is needed to direct treatment. When the recommended stepwise workup is followed, hypertension that is truly refractory to treatment is a rare finding.     

Beyond 1 year after liver transplantation

We retrospectively reviewed the long-term results in 46 patients who survived at least 1 year after liver transplantation. Only one death has occurred, and one patient has required retransplantation. Biochemical liver function tests showed median values in the normal range, except for mild elevation of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, these test results were completely normal. A liver biopsy 1 year after transplantation disclosed normal histologic findings in 31 patients (67%). The other patients had either transient (acute rejection) or stable (chronic rejection) abnormalities, except for two patients with progressive graft dysfunction attributable to chronic rejection. A clinically significant vascular anastomotic abnormality was noted in one patient who had hepatic artery thrombosis. Late bile duct complications occurred in 15% of patients, all of whom had a satisfactory outcome after surgical or radiologic intervention. Cyclosporine-related nephrotoxicity and hypertension each occurred in 67% of patients; however, conversion to a low-dose cyclosporine-azathioprine regimen yielded stabilization of renal function after the first postoperative year, and hypertension has been easily controlled medically. Diabetes necessitating insulin treatment developed in three patients. The body weight of the study patients had increased by a median of 6.5 kg at 1 year but stabilized thereafter. Subjective well-being and satisfaction with life were reported by 91% of the patients. Of the 46 patients, 26 were employed, 16 were homemakers, and only 4 did not work, 2 because of transplant-related medical problems. Thus, we conclude that liver transplantation rehabilitates patients with end-stage liver disease and enhances their quality of life.     

Screen for portopulmonary hypertension, especially in liver transplant candidates

Pulmonary artery hypertension may develop in some patients with liver disease and portal hypertension. Although pulmonary artery hypertension may be asymptomatic in its early stages, it should be looked for especially if a patient is a candidate for liver transplantation, as it may make transplantation riskier.     

Respiratory dysfunction and pulmonary disease in cirrhosis and other hepatic disorders

End-stage liver disease and its complications are a leading cause of death among adults in the United States, and thousands of patients await liver transplantation. The liver plays a central role in health and homeostasis and thus the diseased liver leads to many deleterious effects on multiple organ systems, including the pulmonary system. We review the general effects of cirrhosis on the respiratory system, including mild hypoxemia, atelectasis, and hepatic hydrothorax. Cirrhosis is associated with 2 unique entities that affect the pulmonary vasculature: hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. Hepatopulmonary syndrome, which is found in approximately 20% of patients awaiting liver transplantation, refers to the triad of hepatic dysfunction, hypoxemia, and intrapulmonary vascular dilations, and responds well to liver transplantation. In portopulmonary hypertension, cirrhosis and portal hypertension lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension, and portopulmonary hypertension has been considered a contraindication for transplantation. Currently, patients must have mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension to be considered for transplantation, and may still require long-term therapy with vasodilators to prevent right-ventricular failure and, consequently, failure of the newly transplanted liver allograft.     

Eisenmenger syndrome: not always inoperable

Recently, advanced therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension have become available, and have been effective in reducing pulmonary vascular resistance and symptoms in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, previously thought to be inoperable. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the pathophysiology and treatment of Eisenmenger syndrome. The recent introduction of targeted therapies in pulmonary arterial hypertension has led to a renewed insight in the pathophysiology and treatment of Eisenmenger syndrome. Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome using a diagnostic-treatment-and-repair strategy are amenable to surgery after successful treatment with advanced therapy. With continued improvements in the diagnosis, preoperative management, refinement of surgical techniques and intra- and postoperative management strategies, the patients with Eisenmenger syndrome selected using a diagnostic-treatment-and-repair strategy are operable with safety and efficacy in the current era with advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy. Future directions of Eisenmenger syndrome may be the combination of reversal of pulmonary vascular remodeling and correction.     

Clinical review: Thyroid hormone replacement in children after cardiac surgery – is it worth a try?

Cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass produces a generalized systemic inflammatory response, resulting in increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Under these circumstances, a typical pattern of thyroid abnormalities is seen in the absence of primary disease, defined as sick euthyroid syndrome (SES). The presence of postoperative SES mainly in small children and neonates exposed to long bypass times and the pharmacological profile of thyroid hormones and their effects on the cardiovascular physiology make supplementation therapy an attractive treatment option to improve postoperative morbidity and mortality. Many studies have been performed with conflicting results. In this article, we review the important literature on the development of SES in paediatric postoperative cardiac patients, analyse the existing information on thyroid hormone replacement therapy in this patient group and try to summarize the findings for a recommendation.     

Safety of endoscopy in patients with end-stage liver disease

Patients with end-stage liver disease routinely undergo an upper endoscopy for the diagnosis and management of complications of portal hypertension. These cirrhotic patients inherently have additional risks and higher rates of complications secondary to their liver disease and the presence of portal hypertension. Additional considerations and precautions must be taken into account to ensure that the endoscopic procedure is performed with the minimal risks possible. This article discusses the management of cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy. It addresses clinical clues for identifying the cirrhotic patient, the use of medications and monitoring equipment for vital signs during endoscopy, blood product administration in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and elective and urgent procedures to diagnose and treat cirrhotic patients.     

Pulmonary complications of portal hypertension: The overlooked decompensation

The systemic nature of cirrhosis and portal hypertension has long been recognized, and the amount of data characterizing the interplay between each system is becoming ever so complex. Lung involvement was among the first described associated entities in cirrhosis, with reports dating back to the late nineteenth century. However, it appears that throughout the years, interest in the pulmonary complications of portal hypertension has generally faded, especially in contrast to other decompensating events, as expertise in this field has primarily been concentrated in highly experienced tertiary care facilities and liver transplantation centers. Despite affecting up to 10%-15% of patients with advanced liver disease and having a proven prognostic impact, hepato-pulmonary syndrome, porto-pulmonary hypertension, and hepatic hydrothorax are frequently misdiagnosed, mistreated, or misinterpreted. This lack of precision might adversely impact patient care, referral to expert centers, and, ultimately, liver disease-related mortality and successful transplantation odds. The present minireview aims to increase awareness of the pulmonary complications of chronic liver disease by providing a brief overview of each of the three entities. The paper focuses on the essential theoretical aspects, addressing the most critical knowledge gaps on the one hand and, on the other hand, critically discussing one key issue for each complication.     

3个月龄患儿完全性肺静脉异位引流的围术期护理

目的探讨3个月龄患儿完全性肺静脉异位引流围术期的护理,提高术前术后的监护水平及护理问题的解决方法。方法本院完成了27例3个月以内的完全性肺静脉异位引流患儿在低温体外循环下矫治术,术后通过维护循环功能的稳定,预防低心排和心包填塞;采取综合措施预防肺动脉高压;积极防治呼吸机相关性肺炎以及术后体温维持、营养支持等治疗护理措施。结果本组5例患儿延迟关胸,术后21～56 h在床边顺利关胸,其中术后并发肺出血1例,经应用东莨菪碱治疗、增加呼吸机PEEP＋5～＋8 H2O, 加强呼吸道管理后好转并治愈;另有4例患儿发生肺部感染,经抗感染后痊愈;无1例出现严重心律失常（可能与手术方式有关）; 27例患儿除1例术后21 h因低心排抢救无效死亡,其余26例经精心治疗和护理,均痊愈出院。结论3个月以内完全性肺静脉异位引流患儿病情严重,术后护理难度大,通过精心护理可明显提高低龄患儿手术成功率和治愈率,降低术后并发症。     

Whole-course management of interventional treatment in liver cancer patients with portal hypertension

Primary liver cancer often occurs in patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis. Some patients have portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, and present with varying degrees of collateral circulation, splenomegaly and hypersplenism, ascites, and liver dysfunction. It often interferes with the treatment of tumors and affects the disease prognosis. There are internationally recognized guidelines for interventional treatment of liver cancer and portal hypertension which will not be repeated in this paper. This paper focuses on how to treat portal hypertension and intervene with tumors in the treatment of liver cancer to optimize the management of patients with liver cancer and portal hypertension. We propose that the Interventional Management Mode of Liver Cancer with Portal Hypertension can improve the treatment of liver cancer patients with portal hypertension.     

脑动脉狭窄支架植入术后并发高灌注综合征2例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨症状性脑动脉狭窄支架置入术后并发高灌注综合征的原因,高危因素及预防措施。方法：对2例支架置入术后出现脑内血肿及蛛网膜下腔出血患者进行原因分析并复习文献。结果：1例右侧颈内动脉起始段及右侧大脑中动脉M1段狭窄患者,各置入1个支架,术后4h后出现颅内出血,经积极救治仍死亡;另1例患者于右侧颈内动脉、右侧椎动脉颈段及起始部置入3个支架,术后6h出现蛛网膜下腔出血,对症处理后痊愈出院。结论：高龄患者,重度狭窄且侧支循环欠佳,血流量的储备能力或血管的反应性低下,对侧颈动脉闭塞,具有同侧慢性低灌注,术前及术后高血压等是高灌注综合征的危险因素。术后TCD监测和严格的血压控制,是及早发现和预防术后高灌注综合征发生的重要措施。     

Interferon treatment for thrombocytopenia associated with chronic HCV infection

Thrombocytopenia is commonly seen in patients with chronic liver disease, due mainly to hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension. We report a case of chronic hepatitis C admitted with thrombocytopenia of unknown cause. The patient s symptoms and platelet count improved markedly with interferon treatment. We conclude that interferon treatment in chronic C hepatitis may improve HCV-induced thrombocytopenia.