Malignant Carcinoid Tumor of the Common Bile Duct: Report of a Case

Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile duct are exceedingly rare and account for between 0.1% and 2% of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, with most reported cases arising from the gallbladder. We herein present what we believe is only the 47th reported case of a primary carcinoid tumor occurring in the extrahepatic bile ducts. A 67-year-old woman sought treatment for obstructive jaundice accompanied by epigastric pain. Laboratory and imaging studies gave results that were consistent with a malignant obstruction in the common bile duct. We performed a pyrolus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pathologically, an ill-demarcated mass was noted in the common bile duct measuring 1.6 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm in size. The tumor had invaded the adjacent pancreatic tissues. Immunohistochemically, the mass demonstrated chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 positivity. The final pathologic diagnosis was well-differentiated carcinoid tumor of a malignant nature. The patient, who underwent a curative surgical resection, was alive and disease-free at the time of writing.     

胆囊切除术中胆（肝）总管横断伤的处理（附5例报告）

目的探讨胆囊切除术中胆（肝）总管横断伤的处理对策。方法回顾性分析我院1993年1月-2008年3月3362例胆囊切除术中5例胆（肝）总管横断伤的临床特征、处理方法及效果。结果2例为肝总管横断,3例为胆总管横断伤。1例行胆肠内引流,4例行胆总管对端吻合术。术后均无胆漏并发症。1例用丝线对端吻合术后支撑管脱出,出现胆管狭窄、胆管炎2个月后改行胆肠内引流,随访15年,无腹痛、发热、黄疸发生;1例行胆肠内引流者拔除胆肠支架引流管后2个月内3次发生胆管炎,保守治疗,随访5年无腹痛、发热、黄疸发生;3例对端吻合者分别随访1、2、4年,无并发症发生。结论根据损伤胆管的类型及术者的经验,选择对端吻合或胆肠内引流处理胆（肝）总管横断伤可获得理想结果。     

Adenomyoma of the Common Hepatic Duct Mimicking Bile Duct Cancer: Report of a Case

We report an unusual case of adenomyoma of the common hepatic duct mimicking bile duct cancer. A 50-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for the investigation of general fatigue. Laboratory data showed abnormal liver test results and computed tomography showed a mass lesion in the hepatic hilum and dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. These findings led to a preoperative diagnosis of hilar bile duct carcinoma, and we performed a left lobectomy with resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. Macroscopically, an elevated lesion was found in the common hepatic duct, which was confirmed histologically to be an adenomyoma. Bile duct strictures are rarely caused by benign tumors of the biliary tract, such as adenomyoma. Surgical resection of the bile duct should be considered for all bile duct strictures because it is often difficult to differentiate malignant from benign lesions in this location preoperatively, and malignant cells may be present in the lesion.     

Adenoma of the Major Duodenal Papilla with Intraductal Extension into the Lower Common Bile Duct

Although benign and malignant tumors of the major duodenal papilla can be detected endoscopically, definitive diagnosis of such lesions by histologic examination of biopsy specimens is sometimes difficult, especially in cases with intraductal extension into the bile duct or pancreatic duct. We herein report a case of adenoma of the major duodenal papilla showing an intraductal extension into the lower common bile duct that necessitated pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct: a case report

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a rare variant of bile duct tumors, characterized by papillary growth within the bile duct lumen and is regarded as a biliary counterpart of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. IPNBs are mainly found in patients from Far Eastern areas, where hepatolithiasis and clonorchiasis are endemic. The Western experience, however, remains limited. In this article, we report a 56-year-old man, referred to our hospital because of deranged liver function tests. Further imaging modalities showed a cystic lesion of 9?cm diameter, arising from the left hepatic duct. Inlying was a heterogeneous, lobulated mass. The patient underwent a left hemihepatectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite recent advanced technologies, diagnosis of IPNB is still challenging, especially in western countries due to its rarity. Early identification and resection of lesions, even in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients, are however important prognostic factors.     

Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones Discovered during Cholecystectomy

Background Several techniques of laparoscopic bile duct exploration and intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) have been developed to treat patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones in one session and avoid the complications of ES. With all these options available, very few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been undertaken. This review analyzes those studies. Methods We searched PubMed. Four RCTs and a Cochran Database Systematic Review were found. Results Two RCTs compared preoperative ES and laparoscopic CBD exploration (E) for known CBD stones. Laparoscopic CBDE had shorter length of hospitalization. Two RCTs compared immediate and delayed treatment and found that length of stay was less with laparoscopic CBDE, but clearance rates and morbidity/mortality were similar. Conclusions Studies suggest that CBD stones discovered at the time of cholecystectomy are best treated during the same operation. The transcystic approach is safest if applicable. Individual surgeons must be aware of their own capabilities and those of the available endoscopists and perform the safest technique. Presented at the Postgraduate Course of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 20, 2007, Washington D.C., USA.     

人胆管癌裸鼠移植瘤模型的建立

目的：建立人胆管癌裸鼠移植瘤1号和2号模型。方法：将人胆管癌组织接种于裸鼠皮下和肝脏，逐代观察移植瘤的生长情况，绘制其生长曲线，进行形态学和生物学特性鉴定。结果：建立了人胆管高分化粘液腺癌裸鼠移植瘤1号和中分化乳头状腺癌裸鼠移植瘤2号模型。皮下移植瘤生长率为40％；1、2号模型移植成功率分别为97．7％和100％，潜伏期分别为26d和217d。移植瘤在形态和生物学上仍保持人胆管癌的特点。结论：裸鼠移植瘤1、2号模型是一种接近人体的胆管癌模型，可为胆管癌研究提供实验平台。     

Unusual Segmental Stricture of the Lower Common Bile Duct Mimicking Bile Duct Cancer

In some cases of bile duct stricture, malignancy cannot be diagnosed preoperatively even with the use of various diagnostic imaging modalities and histologic examination. As long as malignancy cannot be ruled out completely, surgery can be undertaken for the purposes of diagnosis and treatment. We report a case of unusual segmental stricture of the lower common bile duct mimicking bile duct cancer and discuss the differential diagnosis.     

Role of Hepatectomy in the Treatment of Hilar Bile Duct Carcinoma

Purpose. To clarify the role of hepatic resection in the surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma.Methods. Between 1980 and 1997, 68 patients underwent surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. The patients were divided into a hepatectomy group (n = 40) and a nonhepatectomized group (n = 28) depending on whether they underwent resection of the bile duct confluence in combination with hepatectomy, or alone, respectively. Background data, operative morbidity and mortality, and survival were retrospectively compared between the two groups.Results. There were no significant differences in morbidity and mortality, or in postoperative survival between the two groups (the 5-year survival rates being 20.6% in the hepatectomized group and 7.1% in the nonhepatectomized group; P = 0.0806). However, patients who underwent curative resection had significantly better postoperative survival than those who underwent noncurative resection (P = 0.048). Hepatectomy provided a significantly better cancer-free margin than bile duct resection alone (P = 0.0296).Conclusions. Although a countermeasure must be taken to decrease mortality, the introduction of hepatectomy with bile duct resection would provide a better cancer-free surgical margin than bile duct resection alone for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Curative resection contributed to long-term survival in this series.     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开胆总管探查的可行性

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开胆总管探查免置T管的可行性及病例选择。方法回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2011年12月期间52例拟行胆总管探查患者的临床资料,实施了经腹腔镜、胆道镜双镜联合下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微（3～4mm）切开取石、不放置T管引流,一期缝合。结果本组52例患者术中无阴性探查,术中使用胆道镜及胆道造影检查证实结石完全取出,结石取净率为100％,手术时间为90～200min,平均100min。术中胆道造影时间为3～10min,平均6min。胆道镜协助取石时间为5～15min,平均8min。术后腹腔引流管拔管时间3～5d,平均3．5d。术后腹腔引流液量为20～60mL／d,平均30mL／d。术后无胆汁漏、腹痛、黄疸及切口感染发生。术后住院5～12d,平均6．5d。术后随访时间为3～40个月,平均20个月,无结石再生或胆管狭窄发生。结论若术者腹腔镜、胆道镜技术熟练,手术病例选择适当,术中检查仔细,冲洗干净,经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开取石后行胆总管一期缝合是安全、可行的。     

胰胆管合流异常的临床意义

目的　探讨胆总管下端、胰管汇合处解剖异常的临床意义。方法　对 45例尸体的胆胰管汇合部进行大体解剖和显微镜下观察 ,并结合临床进行讨论。结果　正常胆总管下端是以 ( 4 1.4± 5.3 )°斜行插入十二指肠降部的后内侧处 ,并受到该处十二指肠粘膜形成的横皱襞保护。十二指肠乳头周围憩室可改变斜行插入关系 ;正常主胰管是以( 2 8.5± 7.9)°斜行插入胆总管 ,且是在十二指肠壁内段交汇 ,共同通道长 0 .5～ 1.5cm ,并有较明显的扩张。结论　主胰管与胆总管是以小角度汇合 ,一些不正常的解剖因素可改变这种斜行插入关系 ,可能是造成胆源性胰腺炎的原因     

Modified Liver Hanging Maneuver to Facilitate Left Hepatectomy and Caudate Lobe Resection for Hilar Bile Duct Cancer

The liver hanging maneuver (LHM) is a useful technique enabling a safe anterior approach, but it has several technical limitations for resection of the hepatic paracaval portion. We present a modified LHM that facilitates concurrent resection of the paracaval portion, a technique applicable to left liver resection for hilar bile duct (HBD) cancers. During 11 months from November 2006 to September 2007, 10 HBD cancer patients underwent left liver resection using the modified LHM. This method included initial partial transection of the caudal paracaval portion. Thus, subsequent blind tunneling over the retrohepatic inferior vena cava can become as short as 2–3 cm in length, resulting in effective prevention of short hepatic vein injury. The parenchyma transection plane was tailored to remove most of the paracaval portion. This modified LHM technique was safely and effectively applied to 10 consecutive patients, requiring a shorter time than conventional dissection method for caudate lobe dissection. No significant bleeding occurred during retrohepatic tunneling. The final parenchymal transection plane after left liver resection using modified LHM was the same as that following the conventional surgical technique for HBD cancers. In conclusion, we think that this modified LHM is an effective, technically simple procedure for resection of the left liver and caudate lobe in HBD patients.     

经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查在胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨经胆囊管造影、胆管探查在单纯胆囊切除术中的应用价值. 方法术前临床诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者383例,在胆囊切除术中经胆囊管行胆道造影、胆总管探查,分析胆道病变及其相应处理手段、疗效. 结果通过经胆囊管造影和探查,术中发现胆总管结石30例,经胆囊管取石24例,胆总管切开取石6例;胆囊管冗长4例,均予切除冗长部分;胰胆管合流异常3例,未处理;胆总管末端双开口1例,未处理.所有患者均无结石残留、胆囊管残余. 结论术中经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查可发现术前漏诊的胆总管结石和其他病变,且大部分结石可经胆囊管取出.     

Double Common Bile Duct: A Case Report

The aim of our study is to present a case of double common bile duct. Specifically, we found a common bile duct that was divided into two distinct ducts, one the main and the other the accessory duct, during its course downwards. The two bile ducts had a parallel course emerging from the common bile duct after its formation and reuniting just above the head of the pancreas. Finally, they drained into the second portion of the duodenum at the site of major duodenal papilla. This anomaly is of great importance because the duplication of the common bile duct can lead to severe intraoperative injury to one of the two common bile ducts, which can be mistaken for the cystic duct and be ligated. Moreover, we present the relative international literature and the clinical significance of our finding.     

超细胆道镜在术中经胆囊管胆道探查的临床应用

目的探索胆道探查手术中应用超细胆道镜的临床价值。方法开腹或腹腔镜手术切除胆囊后保留残留胆囊管0．5～0．6cm,经胆道探条或血管分离钳机械扩张胆囊管,直至CHF—XP20超细纤维胆道镜随意插进胆总管,观察胆总管、肝总管及左右肝管,同时可以经胆道镜活检孔道插入配置的取石网篮取石,或插入配置的活检钳进行组织活检。结果332例胆总管内小结石（0．3～0．5cm）,其中25例合并肝内一级胆管结石,术中经超细纤维胆道镜检查证实后,使用网篮顺利取出;9例胆总管内隆起样病变取组织活检,其中炎性息肉样病变5例,轻一中度不典型增生病变4例;胆总管下端炎性狭窄及乳头肌收缩功能减退24例。365例经胆囊管进行均顺利完成超细纤维胆道镜检查及治疗,术中未出现胆道持续出血、胆道穿孔及术后胆道感染等并发症。295例随访3～12个月（平均7．5月）,未发现术后残余结石,继续随访13～18个月（平均15．5月）,胆总管结石复发12例。结论超细纤维胆道镜经胆囊管进行胆道探查手术有严格适应征,合理、选择性的应用可避免总胆管切开。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石的临床价值。方法腹腔镜下切除胆囊之前切开胆囊管,插入C管行胆道造影,发现胆总管结石后,在C形臂X线机透视下,经胆囊管插入金属网篮或取石球囊,取出胆总管结石同时经胆囊管放置C管引流。结果36例手术均获成功,结石全部取净。手术时间90～150min,平均125.4min;术后住院时间4～7d,平均5.4d;C管引流时间3～4d。36例术后随访3个月,B超检查均无胆漏,无胆道残余结石,无胆总管狭窄或扩张。结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石,具有创伤小、效果好、并发症少、恢复快等优点,是一种值得推荐的微创治疗方法。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查并发症分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查并发症的处理和预防。方法回顾性分析我科2003年6月~2007年6月124例腹腔镜胆总管探查出现的13例并发症资料。结果术中发现胆总管穿孔性损伤3例(其中胆道合并十二指肠穿孔1例),术中出血2例;术后发现十二指肠穿孔1例,胆漏2例(一期缝合),术后腹腔出血1例,胆道残石4例。全部治愈。胆道穿孔3例开腹修补后随访6个月无胆管狭窄,4例胆道残石取石后随访1~4年,未见结石复发。结论必须严格腹腔镜胆总管探查指征和强化术者的操作技巧和方式。实行适时中转开腹,对并发症进行即时有效的处理,其预后是良好的。     

胆囊切除术中胆总管钳夹结扎后及时松解的实验研究

目的探讨胆囊切除术中胆总管钳夹结扎后立即松解对胆总管损伤程度的影响。方法选取健康日本大白兔18只，按完全随机法均分成3组，即单纯胆囊切除组、胆囊切除＋胆总管横行结扎组（简称横行结扎组）和胆囊切除＋肝总管胆总管汇合部“Y”形结扎组（简称“Y”形结扎组），后两组结扎5min后松解。观察不同时间各组转氨酶、胆红素变化情况及胆管、肝脏的病理状况。结果术前12h、术后1、7d谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素及直接胆红素与总胆红素的比值，横行结扎组及“Y”形结扎组与单纯胆囊切除组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；术后30和90d，上述各项指标横行结扎组及“Y”形结扎组与单纯胆囊切除组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），胆管和肝脏病理学检查也有明显变化。结论胆囊切除术中胆总管钳夹结扎后及时（5min）松解对胆总管近期影响不明显，远期可造成胆管狭窄、梗阻。     

规则性肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨规则性肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的临床疗效。方法48例肝胆管结石并狭窄患者,行左外叶切除19例,左半肝切除2例,左外叶+右后叶(或单纯Ⅵ、Ⅶ段)切除7例,右半肝(或单纯Ⅵ、Ⅶ段)切除20例;均行胆总管探查、T管引流术;行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术13例。结果术后胆管残石5例(10.4%),切口感染3例(6.2%),胆漏2例(4.2%)。随访41例(85.4%),2例肝内胆管结石复发,1例右上腹隐痛,其余随访结果优良。结论根据患者结石及狭窄的具体情况采用以肝段切除为主的手术方式是治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的有效手段。     

腹腔镜与内镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的Meta分析

目的:采用循证医学方法对腹腔镜与内镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的安全性和有效性进行客观分析.方法:计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane library和CNKI数据库,筛选出有效数据后采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行比较分析.结果:共纳入8篇文献,共有86...