丙泊酚复合咪唑安定加枸橼酸舒芬太尼用于无痛胃镜检查的临床分析

目的探讨丙泊酚复合咪唑安定加枸橼酸舒芬太尼用于无痛胃镜检查的临床效果。方法将2016年4月至2017年10月90例无痛胃镜检查患者随机数字表法分组。对照组用丙泊酚加枸橼酸舒芬太尼麻醉,观察组进行丙泊酚复合咪唑安定加枸橼酸舒芬太尼麻醉。比较两组无痛胃镜检查麻醉效果;呼吸抑制等并发症发生率;干预前后患者RR和血氧饱和度情况。丙泊酚用量和苏醒时间。结果观察组无痛胃镜检查麻醉效果高于对照组,P <0.05;观察组呼吸抑制等并发症发生率低于对照组,P <0.05;干预前两组RR和血氧饱和度情况相近,P> 0.05;干预后观察组RR和血氧饱和度情况优于对照组,P <0.05。观察组丙泊酚用量和苏醒时间低于对照组,P <0.05。结论丙泊酚复合咪唑安定加枸橼酸舒芬太尼麻醉在无痛胃镜检查麻醉中的效果确切,可维持术中监测指标稳定,减少并发症,确保麻醉效果,减少丙泊酚用量和缩短苏醒时间。     

舒芬太尼在无痛胃镜手术中的应用

目的探讨舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在无痛胃镜检查中的可行性和安全性。方法择期无痛胃镜手术80例,随机分成舒芬太尼组（S组）和芬太尼组（F组）,每组40例,分别采用舒芬太尼0．1μg／kg或芬太尼1μg／kg复合丙泊酚行静脉全麻。记录两组患者麻醉前（T0）、置镜后5min（T1）、手术结束时（T2）的MAP、HR、SPO2、手术时间、麻醉药物用量、苏醒时间、体动以及血压下降、低氧血症、心动过缓等术中并发症的发生率。结果两组在手术结束时的HR、MAP低于麻醉前（P〈0．05）;S组置镜后5minHR、MAP低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组苏醒时间、丙泊酚的总用量均低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组术中并发症、术后不良反应较F组少。结论舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在无痛胃镜检查中能有效抑制机体的应激反应,呼吸抑制轻,比芬太尼能更好地满足门诊无痛胃镜检查的需要,更具优势。     

丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉用于小儿隐睾固定术的效果分析

目的 探讨丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉对于小儿隐睾固定术的麻醉效果。方法 选取80例需行小儿隐睾固定术的患儿,随机分为两组,对照组（39例）给予丙泊酚、氯胺酮静脉注射麻醉,观察组（41例）给予丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉。观察并记录两组心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO₂）、苏醒时间、丙泊酚和氯胺酮给药剂量及术后不良反应事件,评价丙泊酚静脉复合麻醉对于小儿隐睾固定术的麻醉效果。结果 注药前、注药5 min、切皮时两组MAP、HR、SpO₂相比,差异无统计学意义。牵引睾丸时,观察组MAP、HR明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组SpO₂相比,差异无统计学意义;与对照组相比,观察组患儿苏醒时间较短（P<0.05）,且丙泊酚及氯胺酮用量均明显少于对照组（P<0.05）;术后不良反应情况相比,差异无统计学意义。结论 丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉对小儿隐睾固定术具有较好的麻醉效果,麻醉过程平稳,对患儿生命体征影响较小,术后苏醒较快且不增加不良反应,值得临床推广使用。     

右美托咪定与丙泊酚联用于老年患者无痛胃镜麻醉的临床观察

摘 要 目的： 观察右美托咪定与丙泊酚联用在老年患者无痛胃镜麻醉中的效果及安全性。方法: 拟行无痛胃镜检查的老年患者70例随机分为观察组（35例）和对照组（35例）;观察组给予右美托咪定联合丙泊酚麻醉,对照组给予丙泊酚麻醉。比较两组患者的麻醉诱导时间、苏醒时间,患者不同时点的生命体征,术中并发症、药品不良反应等指标。结果: 观察组麻醉诱导时间、苏醒时间均短于对照组（P<0.01）。两组患者平均动脉压（MAP）在T2、T3、T4阶段均明显低于T1阶段（P<0.05或P<0.01）;对照组的HR在T3阶段、R在T2阶段均低于T1阶段（P<0.05）;观察组的RR在T2阶段明显低于T1阶段（P<0.05）;观察组MAP在T2、T3阶段明显高于对照组（P<0.01）,在T4阶段低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组的HR在T3阶段明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组患者术中并发症显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:右美托咪定联合丙泊酚的麻醉效果与安全性均高于单用丙泊酚,值得临床推广应用。     

舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉作用研究

目的 探讨舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉效果。方法 选取182例须行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机分为两组,对照组（81例）给予瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉,观察组（101例）给予舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉。观察并记录两组患者术后自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间,术后1、6、12 h的VAS评分及麻醉期间患者并发症情况,评价舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉效果。结果 观察组自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间均明显长于对照组（P<0.05）;术后1、6、12 h,观察组患者VAS评分明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;麻醉期间,观察组患者出现苏醒期躁动的比例明显低于对照组,并发症总发生率也明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后患者具有良好的麻醉作用,患者术后痛觉感受轻微,少苏醒期躁动,值得临床推广使用。     

舒芬太尼与地佐辛用于无痛人工流产麻醉的对比观察

目的 探讨舒芬太尼与地佐辛用于无痛人工流产麻醉的临床效果.方法 80例早期妊振要求行无痛人工流产的孕妇随机分为舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组和地佐辛+丙泊酚组各40例.记录麻醉前即刻、术中、苏醒后的MAP、HR、RR、SpO2;观察术中麻醉效果、呼吸抑制情况;观察术后清醒时间、VAS评分及不良反应等情况.结果 2组患者麻醉前MAP、HR、RR及SpO2比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组术中各观察指标均低于麻醉前,且RR和SpO2低于地佐辛+丙泊酚组,苏醒后MAP、HR及SpO2低于麻醉前(P<0.05).地佐辛+丙泊酚组术中RR及SpO2均低于麻醉前(P<0.05),苏醒后各观察指标与麻醉前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组和地佐辛+丙泊酚组麻醉镇痛总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组术后VAS评分、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐及头晕发生率比较差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05),但地佐辛+丙泊酚组术后清醒时间明显短于舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼与地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于无痛人工流产镇痛效果相似,但地佐辛术后清醒较快,用于无痛人工流产效果满意..     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚对中老年颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者血液动力学的影响

摘 要 目的：观察靶控输注瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉对中老年颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者血流动力学的影响。方法: 行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的中老年患者40例随机分为复合组和丙泊酚组。复合组行瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控静脉麻醉,丙泊酚组采用丙泊酚静脉输注降压。观察两组患者麻醉诱导前（T1）、气管插管前（T2）、动脉瘤夹闭前（T3）、动脉瘤夹闭后（T4）、拔除气管时（T5）等时间点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、心排血量（CO）和心指数（CI）;比较两组患者麻醉维持时间、拔管时间、术后唤醒时间和术后不良反应情况。结果:两组患者各时间点MAP、HR差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,复合组T2、T3、T4时MAP、HR、CO和CI均显著低于T1时,且CO和CI均显著低于丙泊酚组同时点。术后复合组拔管时间、唤醒时间和不良反应发生率均显著低于丙泊酚组（P＜0.05）。结论:TCI瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚有助于颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者保持血流动力学稳定,缩短拔管时间和唤醒时间,减少不良反应发生。     

舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在小儿非插管全麻手术中应用的临床观察

目的：观察舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于小儿非插管全麻短小手术中的临床效果和安全性。方法选120例择期手术患儿,随机分为舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚组（S组）和氯胺酮复合丙泊酚组（C组）,每组60例。所有患儿均采用保留自主呼吸的非插管全麻;S组患儿采用舒芬太尼及丙泊酚诱导和维持,C组则采用氯胺酮复合丙泊酚诱导和维持。术中监测麻醉前（T0）、手术开始后5min（T1）、10min（T2）、15min（T3）、苏醒时（T4）的HR、MAP、RR、SPO2及动脉血气值;并记录患儿术后苏醒时间,麻醉效果及术后躁动、喉痉挛、恶心呕吐等不良反应发生情况。结果两组患儿术中镇痛镇静均完善;与术前及C组比较,S组患儿的HR、MPA、RR在T1、T2、T3时降低,PCO2升高（P<0.05）,但均在正常范围内;S组喉痉挛、躁动等方面发生率低于C组,苏醒时间较C组短,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;其他指标无明显变化。结论舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚应用在小儿非插管全麻中,具有安全有效、麻醉效果好、不良反应少的特点,是一种良好的麻醉方法。     

瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术中的效果对比

目的：对比瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术中的麻醉效果差异。方法选取2012年8月～2015年12月我院80例择期行宫腔镜手术的患者,随机分为研究组和对照组,各40例。对照组采用瑞芬太尼1μg· kg －1联合丙泊酚2mg· kg －1静脉泵注麻醉,研究组行舒芬太尼0.2μg· kg－1复合丙泊酚2mg· kg －1静脉注射麻醉。记录两组患者给药前、给药后2min、手术开始后10min及手术结束后10min的平均动脉压（ MAP）、心率（ HR）、呼吸（ RR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（ SpO2）变化情况、麻醉起效时间、术后苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间、Ramsay镇静评分及视觉模拟评分（VAS）进行综合比较。结果给药后2min,两组患者的MAP、HR、RR、SpO2均较给药前下降,组间比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）;手术结束后10min,研究组MAP、HR平稳,较对照组优（P＜0.05）;两组的麻醉起效时间、术后苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间及Ramsay镇静评分比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）;研究组VAS评分明显较对照组低（P＜0.05）。结论舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术效果确切,较瑞芬太尼能更有效地减轻术后疼痛反应,维持生命体征平稳,提高舒适度。     

舒芬太尼与地佐辛用于无痛人工流产麻醉的对比观察

目的探讨舒芬太尼与地佐辛用于无痛人工流产麻醉的临床效果。方法 80例早期妊振要求行无痛人工流产的孕妇随机分为舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组和地佐辛+丙泊酚组各40例。记录麻醉前即刻、术中、苏醒后的MAP、HR、RR、SpO2;观察术中麻醉效果、呼吸抑制情况;观察术后清醒时间、VAS评分及不良反应等情况。结果 2组患者麻醉前MAP、HR、RR及SpO2比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组术中各观察指标均低于麻醉前,且RR和SpO2低于地佐辛+丙泊酚组,苏醒后MAP、HR及SpO2低于麻醉前(P<0.05)。地佐辛+丙泊酚组术中RR及SpO2均低于麻醉前(P<0.05),苏醒后各观察指标与麻醉前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组和地佐辛+丙泊酚组麻醉镇痛总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组术后VAS评分、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐及头晕发生率比较差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05),但地佐辛+丙泊酚组术后清醒时间明显短于舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组(P<0.05)。结论 舒芬太尼与地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于无痛人工流产镇痛效果相似,但地佐辛术后清醒较快,用于无痛人工流产效果满意。。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.