胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床诊治分析

目的探讨原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析28例原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床资料。结果28例原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤患者主要表现为腹胀、消瘦,均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,内镜活检确诊率85.7%,接受手术及化疗等治疗的患者病情均有不同程度好转。结论原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床表现缺乏特异性,误诊率高,患者主要为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,手术加放疗治疗本病疗效较好。     

原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤15例临床分析

目的：探讨胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的诊断、治疗及预后。方法：对1990年5月-2000年5月收治的原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤15例进行分析。结果：15例均经手术治疗，术后病理均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤，术前误诊13例，术后经综合治疗，存活3a以上者11例。结论：胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤易误诊为消化道其他疾病，早期发现、早期诊断、综合治疗是关键。     

6例胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤分析

目的:探讨胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤常见的临床表现和诊断治疗方法。方法:分析我科近年来收治的6 例胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的诊断、治疗和近期疗效。结果:本组6例患者,有3例通过胃镜检查确诊,有3例通过手术切除后病理检验确诊。3例患者手术后进行积极化疗,其中2例NHL(非霍奇金淋巴瘤)患者病情已稳定3个月,1 例HD(霍奇金淋巴瘤)患者手术后及6周期化疗后5个月复发。结论:由于胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤属结外淋巴瘤,它的临床表现、诊断方法、发病频率、细胞来源、组织学类型以及临床预后等均不同于结内恶性淋巴瘤,临床医师应该提高对本病的认识,争取做到及时诊断、积极治疗。     

6例胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤分析

目的:探讨胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤常见的临床表现和诊断治疗方法.方法:分析我科近年来收治的6例胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的诊断、治疗和近期疗效.结果:本组6例患者,有3例通过胃镜检查确诊,有3例通过手术切除后病理检验确诊.3例患者手术后进行积极化疗,其中2例NHL(非霍奇金淋巴瘤)患者病情已稳定3个月,1例HD(霍奇金淋巴瘤)患者手术后及6周期化疗后5个月复发.结论:由于胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤属结外淋巴瘤,它的临床表现、诊断方法、发病频率、细胞来源、组织学类型以及临床预后等均不同于结内恶性淋巴瘤,临床医师应该提高对本病的认识,争取做到及时诊断、积极治疗.     

胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴瘤16例

目的分析胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴瘤的临床特点及诊治方法。方法对1986年8月至2007年12月外科收治的16例胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果16例中发生于胃10例,小肠3例,刚盲部2例．直肠1例。术前内窥镜活组织病理检查诊断胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤7例（45％）：手术加化疗12例,单纯手术3例,单纯化疗1例。结论胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴瘤临床表现缺乏特异性,术前诊断率低,内窥镜活组织病理检查是确立诊断的重要方法,早期诊断积极治疗是改善预后的主要手段．     

原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床诊疗分析

为了探讨原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法,回顾性分析我院38例原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤患者的临床资料.38例患者中胃恶性淋巴瘤17例,小肠恶性淋巴瘤12例,结肠淋巴瘤9例,临床表现主要为腹痛、腹部肿块、消瘦和贫血等,霍奇金病4例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤34例;按照1994年Arbor分期标准,Ⅰ E期10例,ⅡE期16例,ⅢE期8例,ⅣE期4例;手术加化疗治疗23例,单纯化疗10例,手术加放疗5例;总5年生存率为57.9%(22/38).初步研究结果提示,原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的临床表现缺乏特异性,早期诊断困难,误诊率高,内镜病理活检联合CT是诊断胃肠恶性淋巴瘤的主要手段,运用手术及术后放、化疗等综合治疗措施可提高患者的生存率.     

原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤临床探讨——附14例临床分析

我院自1979年至1986年经手术及病理确诊原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤者共14例,其中何杰金氏病1例,非何杰金氏病13例。本文结合本组病例对原发性胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤的发病情况、病理类型及诊断和治疗作初步探讨:     

胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤的诊治体会

目的 探讨胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤(PGL)的诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析16例经病理证实的胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤的诊治情况.结果 胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤多发于胃窦、胃体部,低度恶性和早期的胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤预后较好.结论 重视胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤的临床表现及辅助检查,早发现、早诊断、手术治疗和术后化疗是治疗胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤的重要手段.     

胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤(附11例报告)

目的　探计胃原发性恶性淋巴瘤的内镜下形态和病理特点。方法　回顾内镜活检、病理诊断及手术切除证实的 11例胃恶性淋巴瘤。结果　本组占同期胃恶性肿瘤 0 .98% ,平均发病年龄 43 .9岁 ,发病部位胃体占 81.8% ,术前明确诊断 45 .5 %。结论　本病临床少见 ,病变发生于粘膜下层 ,各种病变形态并存较多 ,极易误诊。内镜下活检是诊断的主要手段 ,不断提高术前诊断率 ,对治疗起重要指导意义。     

消化道非何杰金淋巴瘤临床病理分析（附8例报告）

在淋巴结外器官中,消化道是恶性淋巴瘤的好发部位。国外资料发生于消化道恶性淋巴瘤,在何杰金氏病约占2％,非何杰金淋巴瘤NHL为13—25％。消化道的恶性淋巴瘤分为两组(1)单发于胃肠道淋巴滤泡,局限于胃肠道和邻近的肠系膜淋巴结;(2)病变侵及胃肠道和(或)是周身病变的一部分。单发于胃肠道的恶性淋巴瘤的诊断甚为重要,因可施行手术治疗。本病术前诊断困难.极易误诊为胃癌、肠癌和其他恶性肿瘤。而在手术后经病理检查方能确诊。我院自1966年到1991年共收治消化道NHL8例,术前无一例获得正确诊断,都是术后经病理确诊。术前如能及时诊断及时手术切除,辅以化疗和放疗,予后远比其他恶性肿     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.