骨定量超声技术在早产儿骨发育评价中应用和影响早产儿骨发育因素的研究

目的 探讨定量超声(QUS)技术评价早产儿骨发育的作用及早产儿骨发育的影响因素.方法 选取2009年2～7月本院NICU住院的早产儿为观察组,按2:1比例随机选择同期出生的足月儿为对照组,用定量超声仪测量生后2 d之内胫骨声波速度(SOS),同时检测出生24 h内血钙、镁、磷和碱性磷酸酶,分析不同胎龄、体重、性别、母妊娠期高血压疾病及生化指标等因素对SOS值的影响,对有意义的因素进行多元回归分析.结果 (1)胫骨SOS值早产儿低于足月儿;胎龄≤30周早产儿低于胎龄34～36周早产儿和足月儿,胎龄31～33周早产儿低于胎龄34～36周早产儿和足月儿;出生体重<1500 g新生儿低于1500～2500 g和>2500 g的新生儿,P均<0.05;不同性别之间SOS值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);早产适于胎龄儿低于早产小于胎龄儿,P<0.001:母妊娠期高血压疾病组早产儿高于非妊娠期高血压疾病组,P<0.05.(2)SOS值与胎龄(r=0.347,P<0.001)、母妊娠期高血压疾病(r=0.215,P=0.016)、宫内发育迟缓(r=0.367,P<0.001)、血钙(r=0.259,P=0.004)和血镁(r=0.234,P=0.008)正相关,与血磷(r=-0.201,P=0.025)负相关:多元回归分析发现胎龄、宫内发育迟缓和镁是影响SOS的重要因素(P<0.001).结论 QUS可以准确的评价胎儿骨营养状态,胎龄、宫内生长迟缓和镁是胎儿骨发育的重要影响因素.     

骨定量超声技术评价早产儿骨量和早产儿骨发育的影响因素

目的探讨骨定量超声技术(QUS)在评价早产儿骨量中的应用以及影响早产儿骨发育的因素。方法对2008年5月至2009年11月本院新生儿病房收治、<7天的早产儿采用QUS、选择左小腿胫骨中1/3段内侧面测量声波传导速度(SOS),同时通过问卷调查的形式,对新生儿性别、胎龄、出生体重及母孕期钙营养状况、居住状况、有无疾病、不良嗜好等进行调查,分析各因素对早产儿骨发育的影响。结果体重≤1500g、1501～2000g和2001～2500g早产儿SOS值分别为(2501±70)m/s、(2624±89)m/s和(2768±211)m/s,体重越大,SOS值越高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。不同性别早产儿SOS值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。体重≤1500g的早产儿血钙(mmol/L)、血磷(mmol/L)和碱性磷酸酶(U/L)均低于2001～2500g的早产儿[血钙:(1.98±0.12)比(2.10±0.17),血磷:(1.53±0.21)比(1.92±0.28),碱性磷酸酶:(196±38)比(201±19),P均<0.05]。孕期每日摄入牛奶>200ml的母亲所生早产儿SOS值为(2788±95)m/s,不喝牛奶组孕母所生早产儿SOS值为(2659±121)m/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早产儿出生体重越低,SOS值、血钙、血磷和碱性磷酸酶越低;孕期母亲每日摄入牛奶有利于早产儿骨骼发育;QUS可用于早产儿骨量的评价。     

早产儿血清脂联素与骨密度的关系

目的 检测早产儿血清脂联素水平,探讨早产儿血清脂联素与骨密度的关系.方法 共选取72 例新生适于胎龄儿为研究对象,根据胎龄分为早期早产儿组(31~33+6 周,13 例)、晚期早产儿组(34~~36+6周,16 例)、足月儿组(37~42 周,43 例).生后1 周内采集静脉血测定血清脂联素水平;同时行超声定量技术测量左侧胫骨声波的传导速度(SOS)来评估骨密度.结果 早期早产儿组胫骨SOS 值低于晚期早产儿组和足月儿组,晚期早产儿组胫骨SOS 值低于足月儿组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).早期早产儿组血清脂联素水平低于晚期早产儿组和足月儿组,晚期早产儿组血清脂联素水平低于足月儿组,差异均具有统计学意义/(P<0.05).早产儿血清脂联素水平与胫骨SOS 值呈正相关(r=0.664,P<0.05).多元线性回归分析显示血清脂联素和出生体重是早产儿胫骨SOS 值的独立影响因素.结论 早产儿血清脂联素水平低于足月儿,与早产儿骨密度呈正相关.     

定量超声技术对婴儿出生时骨状况的研究

目的　评价定量超声(QUS)技术在新生儿中的应用,取得新生儿出生时骨QUS的基础资料。方法　采用以色列Sunlight公司生产的Omnisense定量超声仪,对 157例新生儿进行出生时胫骨声波速度(SOS)测量。结果　 ①男女婴儿之间SOS值差异无统计学意义 (男 88例,SOS值为2968±115m/s;女 69例,SOS值为 2956±105m/s;P=0. 524)。早产儿 (68例,平均胎龄 33 0±2. 5周)SOS值平均为 2935±96m/s,足月儿(89例, 平均胎龄 39. 4±1 3周)SOS值平均为 2984±116m/s,早产儿SOS值显著低于足月儿 (t=2 837,P=0. 005)。②不同季节出生的新生儿其SOS值差异有统计学意义(F=4.377,P=0 005);新生儿SOS值在春夏季出生者显著低于秋冬季出生者,夏季出生者比冬季出生者低 2 3%。③出生体重<1500g新生儿SOS值 (11例,SOS值为 2908±99m/s)显著低于出生体重>2500g新生儿(86例,SOS值为 2980±113m/s) (P=0 .042)。④在 109例适于胎龄儿中,SOS值与胎龄显著相关(r=0.270,P=0 .005),与出生体重也显著相关 (r=0. 232,P=0 015),多元回归分析发现胎龄和出生季节是影响SOS值的重要因素 (F=8 515.P<0. 001,校正决定系数R2 =0. 141)。结论　QUS适用于新生儿骨状况的研究;本研究取得了新生儿出生时骨SOS值的资料。     

晚期早产儿的母源性影响因素及其近远期风险

晚期早产儿,为胎龄介于34+ (0-7)至36 +(6-7)孕周出生的新生儿.虽然晚期早产儿的外观发育特点与足月儿相近,但因其各系统尚未完全发育成熟,导致其并发症发生率与病死率均高于足月儿.人们逐渐认识到,要降低晚期早产率必须研究其发生原因并进行本质干预.目前发现母亲孕期某些高危因素与晚期早产的发生有着密切联系,如妊娠期高血压、妊娠期贫血、胎膜早破等,并且这些母源性因素将对晚期早产儿出生后的生长发育有重要影响.     

早产婴儿骨密度及其影响因素分析

目的：了解早产儿骨矿发育的情况及影响因素。方法：随机选取儿保门诊随访的早产儿与足月儿各90例,采用定量超声技术测量6月龄时（早产儿为纠正胎龄6月龄）的胫骨骨密度,结果以超声波声速度（SOS）值和Z值表示;同时采用回顾性问卷调查影响骨矿发育的相关因素。结果：足月儿6月龄的SOS值和Z值明显高于纠正胎龄6月龄的早产儿。在早产儿组中,不同出生体重、胎龄婴儿的SOS值和Z值,不同断母乳时间婴儿的SOS值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;早产儿女婴的Z值明显高于男性婴儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,断母乳时间及每天户外活动时间是早产婴儿SOS值的影响因素。结论：适时断母乳或延长每天户外活动时间可能有利于促进早产婴儿骨矿发育。     

MRI和DTI评价早产儿脑白质髓鞘发育

目的 应用磁共振(MRI)、磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)研究早产儿脑白质髓鞘发育的特点。方法 胎龄≤32周、出生体重<1 500 g的31例早产儿根据头部MRI检查分为早产脑损伤组(12例)和早产无脑损伤组(19例)。选取24例足月儿作为对照组。均于胎龄或纠正胎龄37~40周之间完成头部MRI及DTI检查。测定3组相同感兴趣区的部分各向异性参数(FA)和表观扩散系数(ADC)。结果 早产脑损伤组内囊后肢FA值小于早产无脑损伤组和足月对照组 (P < 0.05);早产脑损伤组和早产无脑损伤组的额叶白质和豆状核的FA值小于足月对照组 (P < 0.05);3组间枕叶白质的FA值差异无显著性 (P > 0.05)。早产脑损伤组和早产无脑损伤组内囊后肢、豆状核、枕叶白质、额叶白质的ADC值高于足月对照组 (P < 0.05)。结论 早产儿脑损伤容易出现内囊后肢深部脑白质髓鞘化障碍或延迟。早产儿至纠正胎龄足月时,无论有无脑损伤,脑周围白质及灰质成熟度均低于足月儿。     

新生适于胎龄儿血清瘦素与骨声波传导速度的关系

目的探讨新生适于胎龄儿血清瘦素、骨声波传导速度(SOS)随胎龄的变化,以及瘦素与新生儿骨SOS的关系。方法共收集65例新生适于胎龄儿,根据胎龄分为早期早产儿组(胎龄31~34周,14例),晚期早产儿组(胎龄34~37周,13例),足月儿组(胎龄≥37周,38例)。所有研究对象均测量出生体质量、身长、小腿长度,采用Ponderal指数(PI)估测新生儿营养状态,采用weststrate公式(F%)估测新生儿体脂含量。生后7 d内采集静脉血测定血清瘦素水平,同时采用超声定量技术测量左侧胫骨SOS。结果三组新生儿胎龄、出生体质量、身长、小腿长度、F%、PI、血清瘦素与骨SOS的差异均有统计学意义(F=11.90~140.20,P均0.01);各变量均随胎龄增大而增大(P均0.05)。Pearson相关分析提示,除足月儿身长、PI外,三组新生儿的血清瘦素与其胎龄、出生体质量、身长、PI、F%呈显著正相关(r=0.36~0.78,P均0.05)。三组新生儿骨SOS分别与其瘦素、胎龄、出生体质量及小腿长度呈显著正相关(r=0.33~0.76,P均0.05)。进一步多元线性逐步回归分析发现,仅新生儿的胎龄(β=0.39,P=0.014)和出生体质量(β=0.44,P=0.006)对其骨SOS的影响具显著性。结论新生适于胎龄儿血清瘦素及骨SOS均与胎龄、出生体质量呈正相关,瘦素对骨SOS有影响,但不是其直接影响因素。     

早产儿85例成长至学龄期的体智力发育

目的 了解早产儿成长至学龄期的体智力发育.方法 联系曾住我院NICU的早产儿,胎龄≤35周或体重≤2 000g现已成长至学龄期,自愿参与测查85例,进行智商测定,记录学习成绩,测量身高、体重.将胎龄、体重分别分组进行比较,并将早产组与正常组进行比较,同时整理早期临床资料用多元回归分析寻找母婴疾病对婴儿远期体智力发育的影响.结果 本组早产儿平均胎龄(32.8±1.7)周,平均出生体重(1 793±357)g,平均测查年龄(9.74±1.86)岁,正常同龄对照组209例.早产组胎龄体重不同,成长至学龄期的智商(IQ)及学习成绩组间差异无统计学意义.早产组与正常对照组的学习成绩比较,其中英文、数学较差,t值分别为(5.623)及(4.761),P＜0.001.早产组胎龄体重不同其组间及与对照组8-9岁同龄儿比较,体重及身高差异无统计学意义.除妊高征外,早产儿生后窒息、肺炎、败血症等疾病对成长至学龄期儿童的体智力发育无显著影响.结论 本组早产儿以32～34周及1 500～2000 g为主,成长至学龄期的IQ值及体重身高在正常范围,部分学习成绩较足月正常儿稍差.     

新生适于胎龄儿骨转换标志物与骨声波传导速度的关系

目的：研究新生适于胎龄儿Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽（PICP）、尿脱氧吡啶啉（DPD）及骨声波的传导速度（SOS）随胎龄变化的规律,探讨骨转换标志物和骨SOS的关系。方法：共选取65例新生适于胎龄儿为研究对象,根据胎龄分为早产儿组（≤34周,14例）,晚期早产儿组（>34周至<37周,13例）,足月儿组（≥37周,38例）。所有研究对象均测量出生体重、身长,采用Ponderal指数（PI）估测新生儿营养状态;生后7?d内采集静脉血测定血PICP水平;收集尿液测定尿DPD、尿肌酐（Cr）水平;生后7 d内超声定量技术测量左侧胫骨声波的传导速度（SOS）。结果：胎龄、出生体重、身长及PI值在3组间的差异均有统计学意义（分别F=140.199、47.042、46.877、11.898,均P<0.01）,且出生体重、身长和PI值随胎龄增加而增加。3组之间PICP、DPD/Cr、SOS的差异有统计学意义（分别F=30.384、21.761、20.052,均P<0.01）,且胎龄越大,PICP及DPD/Cr水平越低,骨SOS越高。PICP、DPD/Cr水平与胎龄、出生体重及骨SOS呈负相关（P<0.01）;而骨SOS与胎龄和出生体重呈正相关（P<0.01）,在校正了胎龄、出生体重后依然存在相关关系。结论：新生适于胎龄儿骨转换生化指标和胎龄、出生体重及骨SOS呈负相关;新生适于胎龄儿的高骨转换状态对骨健康不利。     

Assessment of skeletal development in preterm and term infants by quantitative ultrasound

Assessment of skeletal development using a nonionizing method would be desirable in critically ill preterm infants. We investigated the second metacarpus by quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Cross-sectional data were collected in 132 preterm or term infants measured within 24 h from birth and in 142 term infants up to the age of 18 mo. Longitudinal data were collected in 150 preterm infants up to the age of 14 mo. Cross-sectional data were used to devise reference curves for metacarpal speed of sound (mcSOS) and metacarpal bone transmission time (mcBTT). Both parameters increase during the last trimester of gestation. After birth, mcSOS declines up to the 6 mo and then increases up to 18 mo of life. McBTT values remain stable after birth. At birth, QUS values of preterm infants are lower than those observed at birth in term infants. In the longitudinal study, mcSOS showed a trend similar to that observed among term infants, nevertheless, values are lower up to 4-6 mo of life. Among preterm infants, mcBTT increases until it reaches values observed in term infants. Preterm infants in their first months of life have lower QUS values compared with term infants of same weight or length. This study demonstrates that it is possible to follow skeletal development and maturation by QUS in preterm infants. More specifically, the mcBTT values may provide information on bone tissue that is independent of length and weight of the preterm infant. The method here described is safe, repeatable, and reliable.     

早产婴幼儿追赶生长对骨龄发育影响的队列研究

目的了解早产儿在婴幼儿期的追赶生长情况,探索早产儿追赶生长对骨龄发育的影响。方法采用双向队列研究的方法,选取2015年1月1日至12月31日在武汉儿童医院儿童保健科就诊的早产儿为暴露组,按照1∶1的比例选取同年龄、同性别、同种族的足月儿为非暴露组,回顾性收集2组婴儿出生史、既往生长发育史等资料,并随访至3岁。3岁时2组儿童拍摄左腕部X线片进行骨龄评价。结果入组时暴露组和非暴露组研究对象各392例,随访至3岁时暴露组239例,非暴露组247例。随访过程中暴露组儿童的身长、体质量均存在追赶生长的趋势,体质量Z值在2月龄最低,但体质量和身长的总体水平仍落后于非暴露组。体质量的追赶优先于身长,体现在体质量追赶至Z=-2和Z=-1的时间分别为3.78个月、16.18个月,身长追赶至Z=-2和Z=-1的时间分别为7.24个月、22.21个月,身长在5~10月龄和12~21月龄期间追赶速度变缓。2组儿童进行骨龄评价的年龄在2.80~3.20岁(平均3.03岁),暴露组男童骨龄[(3.13±0.61)岁]高于非暴露组[(2.75±0.51)岁],差异有统计学意义(t=-5.52,P<0.01),暴露组女童骨龄[(3.23±0.57)岁]与非暴露组[(3.15±0.54)岁]比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.08,P>0.05)。1月龄、2月龄、4月龄、5月龄、6月龄、12月龄的身长Z值和2月龄、3月龄、4月龄体质量Z值是骨龄发育的促进因素,15月龄、18月龄、36月龄的身长Z值和15月龄的体质量Z值是骨龄发育的阻碍因素。结论早产儿在3岁前存在追赶生长趋势,避免1岁前体质量、身长的快速追赶生长可延缓骨龄发育。     

早产儿胼胝体生长率与智力运动发育的相关性研究

目的 通过超声检测VLBW早产儿胼胝体生长率,为早期评价和改善脑发育提供参考。方法 选取120例胎龄小于33周早产儿,分为26~29+6周组(64例),30~32+6周组(56例),比较两组胼胝体生长率,分析胼胝体长度与小脑蚓部长度之间的关系,胼胝体生长率与临床因素的关系及其与智能发育之间的关系。结果 早产儿胼胝体生长率于生后2周下降,26~29+6周组患儿生后3周~、5周~及7周~纠正胎龄40周时胼胝体生长低于30~32+6周组(P< 0.05)。胼胝体长度与小脑蚓部长度之间呈性线正相关。小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后2周内胼胝体生长率较差(P< 0.05)。12例智力发育严重异常早产儿胼胝体生长率于生后3~6周低于非严重异常组;5例运动发育严重异常早产儿胼胝体生长率于生后3~6周低于非严重异常组(P< 0.05)。结论 早产儿生后2~6周胼胝体生长率下降,可使其发生神经运动发育严重异常的危险性增加。     

Temperament at 9 months of very preterm infants born at less than 29 weeks' gestation: the Epipage study

The objective was to determine whether the temperament of very preterm singleton infants born before 29 weeks' gestation differs from their full-term counterparts at 9 months and to examine the influence of neurological sequelae on temperament in very preterm infants. The parents of very preterm infants from nine French regions and a group of full-term infants were sent the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire when the infants were 9 months old. The analysis included 266 singleton very preterm infants from the same regions born before 29 weeks' gestation and 546 full-term singleton infants. There were no significant differences for the Difficult, Unadaptable, and Unpredictable scales between very premature and term infants. Very preterm infants had a slightly higher Dull scale score than term infants. After taking into account mother's age, duration of hospitalization, and cerebral lesions found on neonatal ultrasound scans, this difference was no longer significant. Among very premature infants, those with cerebral lesions as diagnosed by neonatal ultrasound scan were rated higher on the Dull and Unadaptable scales. Delays in development at 9 months were also related to higher Dull and Unpredictable scales. These data suggest that prematurity does not affect temperament ratings at 9 months as assessed by the mother. However, very preterm infants with neurological insults, documented by the neonatal cerebral ultrasound or by a delay in development, are rated higher by their mothers on the Dull, Unadaptable, and Unpredictable scales.     

早产儿脑额叶发育及其影响因素的研究

目的 应用三维超声技术探讨早产儿脑额叶发育及其影响因素.方法 选取222例无严重脑损伤的早产儿,应用三维超声对额叶体积进行测量.随访中分别在矫正年龄至40周、1个月、3个月、6个月及以后的时间进行全面的神经系统及体格发育检查,6个月内进行体积跟踪测定.结果 早产儿出生时额叶体积随胎龄的增加而增长.生后出现追赶性生长,在矫正年龄40周及1个月时增长最为迅速,达到甚至超过了足月儿,在以后的生长中逐渐落后于正常足月儿.早产儿成熟度越低,额叶体积越小,矫正年龄40周及以后的时间点,各组额叶体积数值相当,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).宫内外营养情况较差的早产儿额叶体积的生长始终落后于生长发育正常的早产儿(P＜0.05).额叶体积生长严重落后的早产儿出现神经发育重度异常的几率较正常早产儿明显升高(50%).结论 早产儿额叶体积随胎龄增长而增加,生后短期内出现追赶性生长,宫内外营养状况影响额叶发育,体积测定值的异常与神经发育异常有关.     

Early gross motor development of preterm infants according to the Alberta Infant Motor Scale

OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine gross motor development in the first 18 months of life of preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 800 preterm infants (356 boys), ages between 1 and 18 months and corrected for degree of prematurity, were assessed with the use of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. RESULTS: Comparison of the mean Alberta Infant Motor Scale scores of the preterm infants with the norm-referenced values derived from term infants revealed that as a group, the preterm infants scored significantly lower at all age levels, even with full correction for degree of prematurity. CONCLUSIONS: In general, preterm infants exhibit different gross motor developmental trajectories compared with term infants in the first 18 months of life. The gross motor developmental profile of preterm infants may reflect a variant of typical gross motor development, which seems most likely to be specific for this population. As a consequence, adjusted norms should be used for proper evaluation and clinical decision-making in relation to preterm infants.     

Value of brain ultrasound studies of newborn infants for prediction of neurological development in the 1st year of life

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in perinatology have been associated with a decrease in perinatal mortality. However, nowadays detailed assessments are of major importance for accurate prediction of neurologic development of extreme low birth weight infants and term infants with severely disturbed postnatal adaptation. This study examined the role of cranial ultrasound for the prediction of developmental progress during the first year of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty nine infants with gestational age less than 33. weeks and fifty seven infants with gestational age above 32. weeks were studied. Each infant was classified as normal, suspect or abnormal using cranial ultrasound and a specialized scoring system during the first days and twelve month of life. Repeated structured neurological examination were carried out during the first year of corrected age. By statistical analysis was investigated the correlation between the degree of ultrasound abnormalities and neurological outcome of neonates of both different gestational age groups. RESULTS: We diagnosed the same share of pathological ultrasound scans in both groups within the first days of life. In contrast there were remarkable differences concerning the results of sonographic investigation at the end of the first year of life. We demonstrated a significant higher incidence of abnormal findings in neonates with a gestational age less than 33 weeks at this point of time. The neurological progress of neonates of both groups was significantly disturbed in cases of major sonographic abnormalities. Cases of mild or moderate ultrasound abnormalities were significantly associated with a poor neurologic outcome only in neonates with a gestational age less than 33 weeks. By statistical analysis we proved a significant value of cranial ultrasound for prediction of neurological development of preterm neonates with gestational age less than 33 weeks. The certainty prediction of neurodevelopmental sequelae in neonates with gestational age above 32 weeks was associated with major sonographic abnormalities but not with mild or moderate sonographic pathology. CONCLUSION: The prognostic accuracy of ultrasound scans performed in the first week of life is important for preterm neonates with gestational age less than 33 weeks. In neonates with gestational age above 32 weeks we revealed no significant predictive value of the method. This limits the value of this technique in this patients as a reliable method for recognising of the infants with the need of early rehabilitation.     

早产儿语言发展的影响因素

随着儿科急救水平的提高,能够存活的早产儿的胎龄和体重越来越小,但其远期神经心理发展的预后更需要得到关注。早产儿语言发展是智力发展的重要组成部分,反映了神经系统的发育情况。早产儿的语言发展情况如何,与哪些因素有关,不同的研究存在不太一致的结果。本文描述了影响早产儿语言发展的因素,如胎龄、出生体重、性别等,为早产儿语言发展的研究及临床干预提供思路。