O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒的制备及其物理化学性质的测定

目的制备具有肝靶向性的O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒,并对纳米粒药物含量、包封率和粒径大小进行检测。方法制备出O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒,并通过紫外分光光度计测定纳米粒的载药量以及包封率,激光粒度分析仪及电镜测量粒径大小。结果电镜及激光粒度分析仪检测证实纳米粒大小均匀,粒径(197±32)nm,载药量为(44.79±4.27)μg/mg,包封率(67.34±3.32)%。结论该实验制备的纳米粒其粒径小,载药量及包封率高。     

O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒在大鼠体内的靶向性研究

目的探讨O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒在大鼠体内的靶向性。方法全部大鼠随机分为4组，每组30只，A组：游离阿霉素组；B组：O-羧甲基壳聚糖聚乳酸阿霉素组；C组：壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒组；D组：O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒组；经舌静脉，按分组分别注射；取全血、心、肺、肝、脾、肾。全血制成血浆，器官组织制成匀浆，盐酸乙醇法提取阿霉素，用荧光光度计测量。结果静脉注射同等剂量、不同剂型的阿霉素药物后，半乳糖化修饰后纳米粒的肝靶向性明显增强，肝外器官的浓度明显降低。结论O-羧甲基乳糖酰化壳聚糖-聚乳酸阿霉素纳米粒对正常大鼠肝脏具有明显的靶向性。     

多聚赖氨酸氧化铁纳米粒制备与体外转染实验研究

目的 评价多聚赖氨酸氧化铁磁性纳米粒作为基因载体在体外转染中的可行性.方法 应用改进的共沉淀法制备多聚赖氨酸氧化铁磁性纳米粒(poly-L-lvsine iron oxide nanoparticles,PLL-IONP).使用透射电镜检测PLL-IONP的形态和粒径.采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析PLL-IONP结合质粒pEGFP-C1及抵抗DNaseI消化的能力.以PLL-IONP作为基因栽体将质粒pEGFP-C1转染入SMMC-7721细胞中.结果 PLL-IONP分散性好,大小均,粒径在35nm左右.琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示,PLL-IONP在各种质量比均有良好的DNA结合能力.DNA保护实验显示PLL-IONP能有效保护DNA不被DNase Ⅰ降解.荧光显微镜观察到了绿色荧光蛋白在SMMC-7721细胞中表达.结论 成功制备了多聚赖氨酸氧化铁磁性纳米粒,该纳米粒在体外可作为基因载体,有效的介导质粒pEGFP-C1转染.     

肝靶向抗病毒药Lac-PLL-ACV的制备及其趋肝性研究

目的：减少抗病毒药阿昔洛韦（Acyclovir,ACV）在治疗乙型肝炎中的肝外毒副作用，获得肝靶向ACV偶联物。方法：多聚赖氨酸（Poly-L-lysine,PLL)在氰硼酸钠的催化作用下与乳糖反应生成乳糖化多聚赖氨酸，乳糖化多聚赖氨酸与咪唑化阿昔洛韦在37℃pH9.5的条件下反应合成偶联物乳糖化多聚赖氨酸－阿昔洛韦（Lactosaminated poly-L-lysine-acyclovir,Lac-PLL-ACV）。偶联物经尾静脉注射进入小鼠体内后，收集小鼠血浆及肝脏样品，用高效液相色谱法测定药物浓度，研究遇联物的体内分布和药代动力学。结果：HPLC检测证实Lac-PLL-ACV在血浆中十分稳定，不易解离出ACV。偶联物的肝最大摄取率约为60％，是ACV组的10倍以上，偶联物肝中的T1／2，AUC，CL分别为ACV的4．2倍，56．6倍和1／57，具有明显的肝靶向性。结论：乳糖化多聚赖氨酸作为肝去唾液酸糖蛋白受体（Asialoglycoprotein receptor,ASGPR)介导的一种药物载体，能使抗病毒药ACV获得较满意的肝靶向性。     

去甲斑蝥素N-乳糖酰壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其特性研究

目的 合成N-乳糖酰壳聚糖作为肝靶向载体,制备去甲斑蝥素纳米粒。方法 通过碳二亚胺缩合法制备N-乳糖酰壳聚糖,并以之为载体,采用离子诱导法制备去甲斑蝥素N-乳糖酰壳聚糖纳米粒。以粒径分布、包封率、载药量为综合指标,正交试验设计优化载药纳米粒的制备工艺,并考察其体外释放特性。结果 合成的N-乳糖酰壳聚糖的取代度为8.92%。优化工艺制备的N-乳糖酰壳聚糖载药纳米外观圆整,平均粒径(118.7±8.84) nm,包封率(57.92±0.40)%,载药量(10.38±0.06)%,其体外释药遵循Higuchi方程。结论 半乳糖修饰壳聚糖载药纳米粒具有良好的缓释特性。     

靶向血栓诊疗纳米粒的初步实验研究

目的 制备靶向血栓的多功能纳米粒,探究其理化性质、靶向作用、光声成像能力及对血栓的溶解效果.方法 以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)、近红外荧光碘化物(DiR)、全氟戊烷(PFP)、cCGPRPPC环肽等为原料,采用双乳化法制备及碳二亚胺法修饰从而获得cCGPRPPC-DiR-PFP-PLGA纳米粒(TNP).用光学显微镜、激光粒径仪观测其形态、粒径、zeta电位及分散性,用紫外分光光度计测定DiR包封率,用共聚焦显微镜、流式细胞仪检测纳米粒的环肽携带情况,用共聚焦显微镜、荧光显微镜观察TNP的靶向性,用光声成像实验评估TNP的成像能力,用低能聚焦超声仪(LIFU)辐照TNP进行体外、体内溶栓实验.结果 本实验制备的TNP为圆形,平均粒径为(262.67±23.46)nm、zeta电位为(-1.97±0.68)mV、多聚分散系数为0.06±0.05,DiR包封率为(82.00±0.03)％,纳米粒的环肽携带率为(99.58±0.47)％.TNP的体外光声信号强度具有浓度依赖性.TNP对体外和体内血栓都具有靶向作用.LIFU辐照30 min时TNP的体外溶栓率达(71.43±1.00)％;在体内溶栓实验中,血栓部位呈现的光声信号强度随着LIFU辐照时间的延长而降低.结论 本实验成功制备了靶向血栓的造影剂TNP,它具有体内外光声成像能力和溶栓能力.     

透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒的制备及抗肿瘤作用的初步评价

目的 制备透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒,对其修饰程度和载药性能进行考察,并初步评价其抗肿瘤作用.方法 用去溶剂化法制备白蛋白纳米粒,并用透明质酸修饰纳米粒表面,以表面活性氨基的减少作为评价透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒的修饰程度的指标,并筛选最佳处方;考察pH和载药量及包封率的关系.使用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)测定纳米粒对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的抑制率.结果 制备所得的透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒的平均粒径为396 nm,Zeta电位-19.7 mV,表面氨基减少率为34.28%;透明质酸修饰的米托蒽醌白蛋白纳米粒载药量11.13%,包封率94.64%,平均粒径为398 nm,Zeta电位-17.9 mV,且具有明显的缓释作用.透明质酸修饰的米托蒽醌白蛋白纳米粒比米托蒽醌水溶液具有更强的细胞抑制率(P＜0.05).结论 所用制备工艺稳定,可用于制备透明质酸修饰的白蛋白纳米粒.透明质酸修饰的米托蒽醌白蛋白纳米粒具有不低于药物溶液的活性.     

半乳糖与精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸共修饰聚酰胺-胺树状大分子纳米粒的制备及其对肝癌的靶向性研究

目的 构建半乳糖(Gal)与精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)共修饰聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)纳米粒,研究其肝癌靶向性.方法 采用乳化法制备Gal和RGD共修饰纳米粒(Gal/RGD-NPs),考察其形态、粒径、电位等理化性质.通过细胞摄取实验和肝癌肿瘤球穿透实验考察Gal/RGD-NPs与肝癌HepG2细胞的亲和力和肿瘤组织穿透能力.结果 制备的Gal/RGD-NPs粒径为(102.7±17.6)nm,电位为(3.92±1.37)mV.体外细胞摄取实验表明,HepG2细胞对Gal/RGD-NPs的摄取效率分别是Gal-NPs和RGD-NPs的2.6倍和3.1倍,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).细胞摄取实验和肿瘤球摄取实验结果表明,Gal/RGD-NPs具有良好的肝癌细胞亲和力.结论 Gal与RGD共修饰纳米粒具有良好的肝癌靶向性,是一种潜在的肝癌靶向给药系统.     

量子点在叶酸偶联白蛋白纳米粒靶向肿瘤细胞研究中的应用

目的 制备荧光量子点标记的叶酸偶联白蛋白纳米粒,并研究该纳米粒对人结肠癌HT-29细胞的靶向性.方法 先通过缩合荆将量子点与白蛋白纳米粒相结合,再利用叶酸活性酯在碱性条件下与白蛋白表面上的氨基反应,制得叶酸修饰的白蛋白/量子点纳米粒,通过量子点荧光标记的方法对结肠癌HT-29肿瘤细胞摄取Folate-HAS/QDs纳米粒进行相关研究.结果 成功制备了具有良好粒径分布和荧光性能的Fo-late-HAS/QDs纳米粒,并证实该纳米粒对HT-29细胞有较强的靶向性.结论 通过量子点作为荧光标记物,简单直观的证实了叶酸修饰的白蛋白/量子点纳米粒能通过细胞膜上的叶酸受体介导内吞入细胞,可显著靶向于叶酸受体丰富的肿瘤细胞.     

驻极体外电场对季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒制备的影响

目的 研究驻极体外电场对季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒制备及表征的影响,探究季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒的经皮载药转运机制.方法 以表皮生长因子为模型药物、季铵化壳聚糖为材料、三聚磷酸钠为交联剂,在不同表面电位驻极体产生的外静电场作用下,采用离子交联法制备不同电场条件下的季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒.透射电镜观察纳米粒的表面形态,粒径-zeta电位仪测定纳米粒的粒径和zeta电位.结果 (1)用离子交联法制备的季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒呈球形,分布均匀、分散性较好,且具有良好的稳定性.(2)季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒的粒径随季铵化壳聚糖浓度的增加而增大,季铵化壳聚糖的浓度可能是调控季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒粒径的主要因素.(3)外静电场能引起壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒极化.季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒的粒径随静电场场强的增大而减小,zeta电位的变化也与外加电场的极性密切相关.(4)经静电场处理后的季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒的粒径随存放时间的推移而减小.结论 季铵化壳聚糖生长因子纳米粒的形态、粒径和zeta电位与外加电场的场强大小和极性密切相关,要制备粒径适当、稳定性好的纳米粒,必须合理选择电场参数.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.