有限性椎板切除术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症

采用有限性椎板切除术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症６８例，经术后平均２７个月的随访，优良率９４．１％。文中将退行性腰椎管狭窄症分为中央性腰椎管狭窄，侧隐窝狭窄，混合性狭窄。分别采用中央开窗、潜行扩大减压，一侧或双侧扩大开窗、侧隐窝扩大，蝶形扩大减压术。作者还对有限性椎板切除术的理论依据及减压范围进行了讨论。     

有限性椎板切除术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症

采用有限性椎板切除术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症68例,经术后平均27个月的随访,优良率94.1%.文中将退行性腰椎管狭窄症分为中央性腰椎管狭窄,侧隐窝狭窄,混合性狭窄.分别采用中央开窗、潜行扩大减压,一侧或双侧扩大开窗、侧隐窝扩大,蝶形扩大减压术.作者还对有限性椎板切除术的理论依据及减压范围进行了讨论.     

手术治疗腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症37例报告

手术治疗腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症３７例报告李文平，靳方运，孙晓林，郭斌，张清江，陈成礼，张明我院自１９８９年至１９９４年共收治腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症患者３７例，均行选择性椎管侧隐窝扩大减压手术。其中男２３例，女１４例；病程１个月～１８０个月，平均１５个月。单纯...     

经Zista通道开窗减压术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效

目的研究经Zista通道开窗减压术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2017年7月到2020年7月在本院诊治的72例腰椎管狭窄症患者。按照手术方法的不同分为研究组与对照组各36例。对照组患者采取常规开放减压手术治疗,研究组采取经Zista通道开窗减压术治疗。比较分析两组患者的手术时间,术中出血量,术后疼痛情况,手术前与术后三个月后的侧隐窝角度的变化情况,患者的术后感染、发热、伤口红肿的发生率。结果研究组术中出血量明显少于对照组,手术时间明显短于对照组,VAS评分与并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组术前的骨性侧隐窝角、软性侧隐窝角与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月,研究组的骨性侧隐窝角、软性侧隐窝角明显大于对照组(P0.05)。结论经Zista通道开窗减压术治疗腰椎管狭窄症治疗效果显著,值得推广运用。     

腰椎管狭窄症的针对性减压治疗

目的 :探讨腰椎管狭窄的手术治疗方法。方法 :根据腰椎管狭窄的因素、形式、范围和程度的不同采取不同的减压术式 :全椎板切除治疗单纯中央管狭窄 8例 ;全椎板切除 小关节部分切除治疗严重的退变性中央管狭窄伴侧隐窝狭窄 12例 ;椎板间隙潜行扩大减压治疗椎板间水平的中央管狭窄伴侧隐窝狭窄 17例 ;半椎板切除 小关节部分切除治疗中央管一侧狭窄伴侧隐窝狭窄 13例 ;椎板间开窗减压治疗单纯侧隐窝狭窄 46例。同时行间盘突出髓核摘除 63例 ,腰椎不稳侧后方植骨融合 9例 (内固定 6例 )。结果 :本组 96例 ,平均随访 2年 8个月。疗效评定优良率 82 3 %。术后继发腰椎不稳 6例 (其中全椎板切除组 2例 ) ,发生率 6 2 5 %。再狭窄 4例 ,发生率 4 17%。腰椎融合失败 1例。结论 :针对性减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症手术疗效满意 ,并可减少继发性腰椎不稳和再狭窄发生率     

经皮椎板间隙入路270°椎管减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症

[目的]探讨经皮椎板间隙入路的椎管减压技术治疗伴有双侧侧隐窝狭窄的腰椎管狭窄症临床疗效。[方法]本组单节段双侧侧隐窝腰椎管狭窄症患者20例,采取单侧经皮椎板间隙入路,通过改变内镜的倾斜角度并利用角度椎板钳和镜下磨钻行双侧侧隐窝和中央椎管270°减压,随访时间超过24个月,分析术后疗效参数如VAS评分、ODI评分、Macnab分级评分、单次连续行走距离和手术并发症。[结果]术后影像学证实所有患者进行了有效的中央椎管和双侧侧隐窝的减压。术后ODI评分和VAS评分较术前显著降低,差异有统计学意义;Macnab评分,80%的患者取得了满意或良好的疗效;单次连续行走距离较术前明显增加。[结论]单侧经皮椎板间隙入路双侧侧隐窝和中央椎管270°减压术,具有良好的中央椎管和双侧侧隐窝手术视野显示,可有效减压,是微创治疗退变性椎管狭窄症特别是合并双侧侧隐窝狭窄的有效安全的手术方式。     

节段性潜行减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的：探讨中央型腰椎管狭窄的手术方式，讨论采用节段性潜行减压这一术式的可行性，方法：对35例病人，根据术前X线，CT，椎管造影等检查，针对性地对一个或两个或多个节段进行潜行减压，对伴有侧隐窝狭窄者同时给予扩大成形。结果：32例病人的获随访，随访时间6－48个月，平均30个月，优良率93．75％，结论：节段性潜行减压术治疗中央型腰椎管狭窄症，通过有限的椎板及关节突切除，能够潜行扩大椎管狭窄的中央部及侧隐窝，并能摘除增厚的黄韧带和退变的椎间盘，较好地保留了腰椎的后部结构，既能解除对马尾和神经根的压迫，又能保持后柱的稳定性，该方法对于后柱的稳定性优于传统的椎板切除术     

腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症的外科治疗（附303例临床分析）

我院从１９８５年１月～１９９４年１０月，外科治疗腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症３０３例，其中男１９３例，女１１０例，年龄２３～３６岁，平均４４．２岁。根据不同的病理特点，分别采用开窗式、半椎板、全椎板切除等方法，摘除椎间盘髓核，切除肥厚黄韧带，关节突和椎体后缘骨赘，扩大狭窄侧隐窝，神经根得到充分减压。手术证实腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄合并腰椎间盘突出２７５例，单纯侧隐窝狭窄２８例，所有病例经１～１０年随访，平均为５年。结果优２７９例，良１１例，进步１２例，差１例，优良率９６％。     

腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症的外科治疗

我院从１９８５年１月－１９９４年１０月，外科治疗腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症３０３例，其中男１９３例，女１１０例，年龄２３－３６岁，平均４４．２岁?根据不同的病理特点，分别采用开窗式，半椎板，全椎板发除等方法，摘除椎间盘髓核，切除肥厚黄韧带，关节突和椎体后缘骨赘，扩大狭窄侧隐窝，神经根得到充分减压。     

退行性腰椎管狭窄症的再认识（附50例分析报告）

目的 :通过 5 0例的分析 ,明确腰椎管狭窄的症状是由中央椎管狭窄还是由侧隐窝狭窄引起的 ,为临床有限手术提供依据。方法 :对 5 0例腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床症状、影像学检查及手术结果进行分析。结果 :针对引起症状的狭窄部位进行有限手术 ,5 0例患者中手术治疗的优良率为 90 %。结论 :诊断腰椎管狭窄症 ,应该明确症状是由中央椎管狭窄引起的还是由侧隐窝狭窄引起的。退行性腰椎管狭窄症 ,绝大多数是侧隐窝狭窄 ,以双侧椎板开窗入路最为适宜。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.