计算机模拟建模及应用：微波消融治疗心房颤动的温度场

背景：心房颤动是临床上最为常见的持续性心律失常,微波消融是治疗房颤的一种新技术,在国内外临床应用时间短,经验不足。目的：对国内外微波消融治疗心房颤动温度场的研究现状及新进展作一综述。方法：应用计算机检索CNKI、EI、SCI数据库中关于微波消融温度场的文章,在标题和摘要中以＂消融,心房颤动,微波,温度场＂或＂ablation,atrial fibrillation,microwave,thermal field＂为检索词进行检索。结果与结论：微波导管消融术对引起心律失常的关键部位（即靶点）进行精细标测,使靶点及邻近的心肌组织发生凝固性坏死,以破坏心动过速的病灶及折返途径,从而消除心律失常。在尽量减少对正常组织伤害的同时,保证消融切割线的连续性,对于房颤消融至关重要。实现温度场的计算机模拟能够全面反映温度场的分布规律,医护人员可以在热疗手术进行之前对治疗过程有比较直观的认识,提出比较详细的手术规划,并且可以在术中根据部分参数修正模拟结果和加热的时间与强度,达到理想的治疗效果。     

心房颤动的导管消融治疗进展

心房颤动(房颤)是临床最常见的心律失常之一.随着心肌梗死、心衰患者的存活率增加和人均寿命的延长,房颤的患病率有增高趋势.目前,房颤的主要治疗手段有室率治疗和复律治疗,国内外大多数学者主张复律治疗,包括药物复律、电复律、及导管消融治疗.导管消融治疗针对的是房颤发生与维持机制,故是最有希望根治房颤的技术.现将心房颤动的导管消融治疗进展综述如下.     

经胸腔镜心外膜微波治疗心房颤动1例的护理

心房颤动简称房颤，是临床上最常见的心律失常之一。目前治疗心律失常极为有效的经导管射频消融疗法，对于心房颤动的疗效不佳。20世纪90年代初期，美国Cox首创迷宫手术治疗房颤，获得满意的疗效，成为当代房颤外科治疗的里程碑。但迷宫手术创伤大，需建立体外循环，而电视胸腔镜手术与之相比，明显地减轻了开胸手术给患者造成的较大创伤和痛苦，有利于患者术后迅速恢复，降低了术后并发症的发生率，缩短了住院治疗时间，更早地出院和恢复正常生活和工作，提高了生活质量。而经胸腔镜心外膜微波治疗房颤的病例国内尚未见报道，南京医科大学第一附属医院心脏科于2004年7月顺利对1例房颤患者实施了经胸腔镜心外膜微波治疗房颤手术，现将护理体会介绍如下。     

经胸腔镜心包内双侧肺静脉隔离术治疗房颤的护理配合

心房颤动简称房颤,是临床常见的心律失常之一。通过外科微创手段进行房颤消融治疗,以胸腔镜为辅助,在心脏不停跳的情况下通过双侧胸腔小切口消融房颤,近年来取得了突破性进展。胸腔镜辅助下心包内双侧肺静脉隔离术比传统的迷宫手术方式切口小而美观,手术时间短,术后恢复快,     

节段性肺静脉电隔离术治疗心房颤动的术后护理

心房颤动（房颤）是一种常见的心律失常。随着年龄的增加发生率明显上升，Lasso电极标测下行节段性肺静脉电隔离术是治疗心房颤动最重要的策略之一，因其有明确的消融靶点和消融终点，已成为目前临床应用最广的治疗房颤的技术方法。我院于2001年2月开展此项治疗，效果满意。现将护理总结如下。     

导管冷冻消融治疗心房扑动和心房颤动

自从1994年Haissaguerre和Swartz等首次应用导管射频消融治疗心房颤动（房颤）以来,房颤的消融治疗取得了飞速的发展,并逐渐成为心律失常治疗领域的研究热点。无论是阵发性房颤还是持续性房颤,目前几种消融术治疗房颤的成功率都可以达到90％以上。导管射频消融术因其较高的有效性和安全性已经成为治疗心律失常的常规方法,并且在临床上广泛应用。但是,房颤消融治疗的疗效仍有待于提高。针对房颤发生不同机制的许多新的消融方法和消融能源不断涌现,并正显示出独特的优势。射频消融术仍然存在某些局限性,     

阵发性心房颤动的环肺静脉电隔离单环消融及双环消融术的比较

目的 比较环肺静脉电隔离单环消融和双环消融治疗阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)的疗效.方法 将40例抗心律失常药治疗无效或出现严重不良反应的阵发性房颤患者,按随机数字表法分为单环消融组和双环消融组,每组20例.单环消融组距肺静脉口0.5 cm作肺静脉单环电隔离线;双环消融组距肺静脉口0.5 cm和1 cm处,分别作肺静脉单环电隔离线.对2组患者手术时间、X线曝光时间,术后6、12个月治愈情况及肺静脉狭窄并发症的发生进行比较.结果 术前2组年龄,房颤发病时间、发作频率,左房内径等比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).2组手术时间、术中X线曝光时间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).术后6个月,双环消融组的一次手术治愈率为90％,高于单环消融组的80％(P＜0.05);术后12个月,双环消融组二次手术治愈率为95％,明显高于单环消融组的二次手术治愈率的90％ (P＜0.05).术后6个月2组均未发生肺静脉狭窄.结论 环肺静脉电隔离双环消融治疗阵发性房颤较单环消融效果好.     

1例行磁导航指导下房颤射频消融术VVI患者的护理

正心房颤动是最常见的复杂心律失常,主要临床表现为心悸,心悸也是患者就诊的主要原因;房颤容易形成血栓,特别是脑血栓,也是中老年人中风的一大病因。对于反复发作及药物治疗效果不佳的房颤,导管消融已成为较好的一线治疗手段,本院2017年1月至今已开展超200例的磁导航引导下房颤射频消融手术。磁导航(MNS)系统是通过改变磁场方向而操纵消融导管进行手术的一种新技术,目前国外已应用于心律失常的消融治疗,尤其是对房颤和室性心动过速等复杂性心律失常的消融     

心房颤动经导管射频消融治疗的护理特点

心房颤动(房颤)经导管射频消融治疗是近几年治疗心律失常的一项重要进展,但与其他快速性心律失常的导管消融治疗比较,这项治疗操作较为复杂,发生并发症的风险相对较高[1-2],治疗是否成功往往需要一定的观察时间。因此,在并发症的观察、药物治疗的护理及心理护理等方面具有一定的特点。本文总结了160例房颤经导管射频消融治疗的护理特点,报告如下。1临床资料2004年4月~2006年6月南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管科对160例房颤患者行左心房线性消融治疗,其中,男117例,女43例,年龄24~67岁,平均(50.8±10.9)岁。出现并发症:心包填塞5例,脑栓塞2例…     

心房颤动的驱动机制认识

心房颤动(房颤)是临床常见的心律失常之一,房颤消融治疗目前是绝大多数临床心律失常团队的首要工作,而持续性房颤采用射频消融治疗又是其中较困难的部分。房颤的驱动机制即维持房颤持续的电基质、解剖学基质及相互间的关系,至今仍未被完全阐明,依存争议。随着电生理标测(如新的转子标测)及影像学技术(如磁共振延迟增强显像)的进步,更多研究者开始在房颤射频消融中应用新技术对房颤的驱动机制进行标测。     

Ablation strategies for atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation remains the most common arrhythmia in the USA and is associated with an increased risk for stroke, congestive heart failure and overall mortality. There has been a tremendous advance in the field of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation that has resulted in better outcomes for patients. The approach for ablation of atrial fibrillation can be different depending on patients’ presentation of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary vein isolation remains the cornerstone of any ablation strategy for atrial fibrillation; however, further ablation, end points of the procedure, clinical end points for successful ablation and appropriate follow-up remain controversial. We aim to discuss these different approaches and the major controversies in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.     

Thoracoscopic Epicardial Radiofrequency Ablation for Vagal Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs

Epicardial radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atria in the open-chest dog has been shown to reduce inducibility of atrial fibrillation. Video-assisted endoscopic techniques decrease the operative trauma in adult thoracic surgery. We report our results of video-assisted thoracoscopic radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atria for the prevention of atrial fibrillation induction in canines. In 12 consecutive anesthetized dogs, induction of sustained atrial fibrillation was reproducibly obtained by burst pacing and cervical vagal stimulation. In six dogs, biatrial ablation was performed through right and left minithoracotomies and guided by video-assisted endoscopic techniques. The remaining six dogs underwent a video-guided left atrial procedure. Long continuous and transmural lesions were produced using epicardial temperature controlled radiofrequency energy delivered according to a simplified maze approach. Transmural lesions were demonstrated at the end of the study by examination of the heart. Sustained atrial fibrillation was still inducible after the right atrial ablation but sustained atrial fibrillation could not be induced following left atrial ablation. In acute canine studies: (1) epicardial radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atria is feasible using video-assisted endoscopic techniques; (2) ablation extended or confined to the left atrium appears to be effective in preventing the inducibility of sustained vagal atrial fibrillation; and (3) ablation of the right atrium alone had no antiarrhythmic effect .     

Quality of life and occurrence of atrial fibrillation in long-term follow-up of common type atrial flutter ablation:

Objectives The ablation of common type atrial flutter is mainly performed by two approved techniques, whose efficacy and outcome in terms of quality of life have not been evaluated so far in a long-term follow-up study over years. A high proportion of patients suffer from coexistent atrial fibrillation, which may worsen the ablation result. The question arises whether one technique is more effective than the other when immediate ablation results, the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and the quality of life are compared. Considering these facts, it is reasonable to think about new ablation strategies for common type atrial flutter in the era of new concepts in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Methods In a retrospective study we evaluated a detailed questionnaire in 132 patients who underwent ablation of common type between 1999 and 2004. Radiofrequency ablation was performed irrespective of coexistent atrial fibrillation either with an irrigated tip or the 8 mm tip electrode. Acute and long-term ablation outcome, and the associated quality of life, pre-, under- and post-ablation was compared in the two different ablation groups. Recurrent tachycardia were re-evaluated by 12 lead ECG analysis and assessed for both ablation groups. Results 88 (67%) of the 132 patients contacted answered the questionnaire polling the perceived benefits of the procedure. Of the other 44 patients (33%); 4 (3%) had died, 7 (5.3%) had moved, 33 patients (25%) could not be included due to missing or incoherent answers. Independent of the ablation technique there was a high acute and long-term ablation success rate at about 95%. After a mean of 3 years of follow-up this benefit persists in spite of a high proportion of recurrent tachycardia, mainly atrial fibrillation (55/88 patients, 59.1%). Despite the occurrence of secondary tachycardia, there was a high significant long-term symptomatic benefit in the state of healthy and daily practice work, evaluated with a p-value of < 0.0005. The frequency of episodes and the symptom "tachycardia" were significantly reduced after effective ablation of common type atrial flutter, p-values of 0.003 and 0.002, respectively. Therefore the need for hospitalization was significant reduced (p = 0.001). Comparison of both approaches revealed that there was no significant difference related to the incidence and occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Conclusions The two mainly accepted and applied techniques for the ablation of common type atrial flutter show an excellent outcome under the aspect of ablation efficacy and quality of life in longterm follow-up. Three years after the ablation procedure the majority of patients consider the intervention beneficial. Despite the relatively high appearance of atrial fibrillation in the long-term follow-up this effect is still traceable.     

三维电解剖标测系统结合肺静脉前庭电位指导心房颤动经导管消融

背景:目前常用的肺静脉前庭定位手段主要是通过三维电解剖标测(CARTO)结合X射线影像或CT影像融合等完成,这些方法均是通过解剖指导进行肿静脉前庭定位、消融,消融是否命中心房颤动(房颤)赖以维持的关键部位不得而知.目的:验证三维电解剖标测系统结合肺静脉前庭电位指导房颤经导管消融治疗的可行性.设计、时间及地点:验证性临床试验,于2007-03/2009-06在济南市第四医院及河北省人民医院心内科完成.对象:纳入药物治疗无效的症状性阵发性房颤患者51例.方法:于CARTO标测系统结合肺静脉前庭电位标测指导下行环肺静脉前庭线性消融,消融终点为肺静脉隔离,观察操作相关参数及消融成功率.主要观察指标:观察手术操作时间、X射线照射时间、手术成功率及并发症等操作相关参数.结果:51例患者均实现消融终点.平均操作时间(207±36.7)min,透视时间(38.2±14.3)min,消融时间(56.4±15.7)min.经过(17.5±3.8)个月的随访,累计40例(78.4%)无房颤、心房扑动及房性心动过速等心律失常发生.无严重操作相关并发症发生.结论:肺静脉前庭电位标测有助于肺静脉前庭的解剖定位,结合三维电解剖系统指导房颤消融效果好,安全性高,方法可行.     

CARTO系统指导下行心房颤动导管消融术病人的护理

[目的]探讨CARTO系统指导下行心房颤动经导管射频消融治疗术病人的护理。[方法]对52例心房颤动病人行射频消融治疗,经穿刺房间隔,常规置管,在CARTO指导下构建左房电解剖图,所有病人均完成环肺静脉消融,部分病人加行左房顶部线,二尖瓣峡部线和(或)三尖瓣峡部线消融,同时加强护理。[结果]52例心房颤动病人成功接受经导管射频消融治疗术;术后并发心包渗出1例,迷走神经反射5例,局部出血与血肿2例;18例病人术后因心房颤动发作出现明显的紧张、焦虑、抑郁、失望等心理问题。[结论]加强CARTO系统指导下行心房颤动经导管射频消融治疗术的护理是手术成功的保证。     

Tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy: a common cause of ventricular dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation referred for atrioventricular ablation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy in patients with atrial fibrillation and systolic dysfunction referred for atrioventricular node ablation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted at 16 tertiary care centers. The ejection fraction was measured before and 3 and 12 months after atrioventricular node ablation. Patients with reduced systolic function (ejection fraction < or = 45%) before atrioventricular ablation were included in this study. Patients whose ejection fraction increased by at least 15 percentage points and to higher than 45% were considered to have tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy. RESULTS: Of 63 patients with systolic dysfunction, 48 had at least 1 adequate follow-up echocardiographic study. Sixteen (25%) of the 63 had marked improvement in the ejection fraction (mean +/- SD change, 27 +/- 8 percentage points) to a value higher than 45% after ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy is common in patients with atrial fibrillation and systolic dysfunction referred for atrioventricular node ablation. This diagnosis should be considered in all patients in whom systolic dysfunction occurs subsequent to or concomitant with onset of atrial fibrillation.     

心房颤动导管消融的地位和进展

心房颤动(房颤)是临床常见的心律失常之一,最大风险是血栓栓塞,常见是脑卒中。随着人口的老龄化,房颤人数持续增加,治疗问题也逐渐成为人们关注重点。房颤导管消融是其重要治疗方法之一,可明显改善房颤患者预后。且随着技术发展,消融方法也日趋成熟,故导管消融术治疗房颤地位正在逐步提升。但消融方法尚无固定术式,发生机制尚未完全明确,尤其对于持续房颤。因此房颤消融术仍存在一些问题有待进一步探索。     

Anatomy-Guided Linear Atrial Lesions for Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

The surgical atrial maze procedure has provided proof that atrial fibrillation can be cured by performing atrial incisions based on anatomical and electrophysiological principles. Preliminary reports of attempts at radio frequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation utilizing an anatomy-based "linear incision" method have shown the feasibility of the method. However, postprocedural atrial fibrillation recurrence has been common and in addition new, uniform tachycardias have developed in some patients. Both of these outcomes may be in part due to incomplete or inconsistent lesion deployment. This article details the use of the CARTO system for deploying anatomy guided linear atrial lesions for the purpose of curing atrial fibrillation. The procedure is comprised of three phases, which are discussed in detail: (1) baseline map: (2) lesion deployment and; (3) lesion assessment. Using a single standard ablation electrode, lesions can be deployed safely, and complete lesions can be confirmed. Paradigms for right and left atrial incisions are proposed.     

射频消融心房颤动患者华法林抗凝依从性及其影响因素的调查分析

目的 了解射频消融心房颤动(简称房颤)患者华法林抗凝依从性及其影响因素,为制订针对性的护理干预策略,指导患者安全有效地抗凝提供依据.方法 采用自行编制的华法林抗凝依从性问卷、华法林抗凝知识问卷、健康行为自我效能量表和社会支持评定量表,对140例服用华法林拟行射频消融的房颤患者进行调查.结果 患者抗凝依从性得分为(24.72±2.94)分(总分8～32分);华法林抗凝依从性与抗凝知识得分、健康行为自我效能、社会支持呈正相关.抗凝知识得分和健康行为自我效能为患者抗凝依从性的显著预测因子.结论 拟射频消融房颤患者华法林抗凝依从性总体较好,但在不同服其他药物、定期监测国际标准化比值(INR)及每天需摄入稳定量的维生素K食物方面尚待提高;在设计和实施护理干预时,护理人员应加强对患者华法林抗凝知识的宣教并重视提高患者的健康行为自我效能,从而促进其维持良好的抗凝行为.