人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞诱导胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞及体内造血重建

背景：研究证实多种造血生长因子、基质细胞饲养层及其条件培养液可促进胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。目的：以人主动脉-性腺-中肾（aorta-gonad-mesonephros,AGM）区基质细胞为饲养层体外诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞,并比较不同移植途径对造血干细胞体内造血重建能力的影响。方法：将小鼠E14胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体,采用Transwell非接触共培养体系在人AGM区基质细胞饲养层上诱导6d,接种NOD-SCID小鼠检测体内致瘤性。再将诱导后的拟胚体细胞移植经致死量60Coγ射线辐照的BALB/C雌鼠,受鼠随机分为静脉移植组、骨髓腔移植组、照射对照组及正常对照组。结果与结论：拟胚体细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1＋c-Kit＋细胞占（13.12±1.30）%。NOD-SCID小鼠皮下接种经人AGM区基质细胞诱导的拟胚体细胞可出现畸胎瘤,经骨髓腔接种未见肿瘤形成。静脉移植组动物全部死亡,骨髓腔移植组生存率为55.6%,移植后21d外周血象基本恢复,存活受鼠检测到供体来源Sry基因。提示小鼠胚胎干细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导分化的造血干细胞通过骨髓腔移植安全并具有一定的造血重建能力。     

按造血发育程序诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞为造血干细胞重建体内造血的实验研究

为研究小鼠胚胎干细胞(ESC)定向诱导分化为造血干细胞(HSC)在体内重建造血的功能,将小鼠E14ESC诱导为拟胚体(EB),EB细胞利用Transwell非接触共培养体系在人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区、胎肝(FL)及骨髓(BM)基质细胞饲养层上依次诱导,收获各阶段EB细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞含量,并接种于NOD-SCID小鼠以检测体内致瘤性。再将不同诱导阶段的EB来源细胞移植到经致死量60Coγ射线照射的BALB/c雌鼠,将受鼠随机分为5组:①AGM组,②AGM+FL组,③AGM+FL+BM组,④照射对照组,⑤正常对照组。观察各组生存率、造血重建和植入状况。结果显示:EB细胞经人AGM区和FL基质细胞共培养后Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞达到峰值(21.96±2.54)%;NOD-SCID小鼠在接种经人AGM区基质细胞诱导的EB细胞后可出现畸胎瘤,而接种经人AGM区+FL基质细胞诱导EB细胞后未见肿瘤形成;AGM组及照射对照组动物全部死亡,而AGM+FL组及AGM+FL+BM组生存率分别为77.8%、66.7%,移植后21天外周血象基本恢复,在存活受鼠检测到供体来源Sry基因。结论:按胚胎造血发育程序,体外经人AGM区、FL及BM基质细胞连续诱导小鼠ESC分化的HSC可安全、有效地重建体内造血。     

含人AGM区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞培养体系程序化诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞的分化

背景:前期已分别制备人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞系及胎肝基质细胞系,发现前者可促进小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为造血干细胞.目的:模拟胚胎发育过程中永久造血发育的时空顺序,探讨人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区、胎肝(FL)及骨髓(BM)基质细胞对小鼠胚胎干细胞体外诱导分化为造血干细胞的支持作用,以寻求更佳的诱导条件.方法:将小鼠E14 胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体(EB),并利用Transwell 非接触共培养体系依次在人主动脉-性腺-中肾区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,按不同诱导阶段分为拟胚体对照、EB/AGM、EB/AGM+FL 和EB/AGM+FL+BM共4 组.共培养6 d 后分别收获各组拟胚体来源细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞含量,进行各系造血细胞集落形成单位分析并观察细胞形态.结果与结论:①EB/AGM+FL 组和EB/AGM+FL+BM 组收获细胞涂片均发现原始造血细胞.②拟胚体来源细胞经AGM 区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1+c-Kit+ 细胞明显升高(P < 0.05).③拟胚体对照组造血细胞集落形成单位低于其他各组(P < 0.05),而EB/AGM+FL、EB/AGM+FL+BM组造血细胞集落形成单位计数亦较EB/AGM组明显增高.提示AGM+FL 和AGM+FL+骨髓基质细胞微环境对原始造血干细胞的扩增效应均明显高于单纯主动脉-性腺-中肾饲养层.     

含人AGM区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞培养体系程序化诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞的分化

背景：前期已分别制备人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞系及胎肝基质细胞系,发现前者可促进小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为造血干细胞。目的：模拟胚胎发育过程中永久造血发育的时空顺序,探讨人主动脉-性腺-中肾（AGM）区、胎肝（FL）及骨髓（BM）基质细胞对小鼠胚胎干细胞体外诱导分化为造血干细胞的支持作用,以寻求更佳的诱导条件。方法：将小鼠E14胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体（EB）,并利用Transwell非接触共培养体系依次在人主动脉-性腺-中肾区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,按不同诱导阶段分为拟胚体对照、EB/AGM、EB/AGM＋FL和EB/AGM＋FL＋BM共4组。共培养6d后分别收获各组拟胚体来源细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1＋c-Kit＋细胞含量,进行各系造血细胞集落形成单位分析并观察细胞形态。结果与结论：①EB/AGM＋FL组和EB/AGM＋FL＋BM组收获细胞涂片均发现原始造血细胞。②拟胚体来源细胞经AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1＋c-Kit＋细胞明显升高（P〈0.05）。③拟胚体对照组造血细胞集落形成单位低于其他各组（P〈0.05）,而EB/AGM＋FL、EB/AGM＋FL＋BM组造血细胞集落形成单位计数亦较EB/AGM组明显增高。提示AGM＋FL和AGM＋FL＋骨髓基质细胞微环境对原始造血干细胞的扩增效应均明显高于单纯主动脉-性腺-中肾饲养层。     

含人AGM区基质细胞对小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导体外分化为造血干/祖细胞的作用

为探讨人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区基质细胞对小鼠胚胎千细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESC)体外诱导分化为造血干细胞(HSC)的影响及其作用机制,将小鼠E14 ESC诱导为拟胚体(EB),收获的EB细胞以Tran-swell非接触共培养体系分别在人AGM区、胎肝(FL)或骨髓(BM)基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,分为EB对照、AGM诱导、FL诱导、BM诱导、AGM + FL诱导和AGM + BM诱导共6组.分别收获各组EB来源细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1+ c-Kit+细胞含量,并进行各系造血细胞集落形成单位(CFU)分析.结果显示:经不同基质细胞饲养层诱导后EB来源细胞中Sca-1+ c-Kit+细胞比例均较诱导前明显升高(p<0.01),AGM+FL诱导组为(21.96±2.54)%,显著优于其它诱导组(p<0.01),AGM+BM诱导组阳性细胞比例亦较单纯BM诱导组明显增加(p<0.O1);EB对照组造血集落产率明显低于其它诱导组,AGM+FL、AGM+BM诱导组集落产率较高,尤以AGM+FL诱导组最佳(p<0.01).结论:人AGM区基质细胞有助于维持一定的原始HSC数目及高增殖潜能,在AGM区基质细胞诱导基础上可明显提高FL或BM基质细胞对ESC源性原始HSC的进一步扩增作用.     

人胚胎干细胞HuES17向造血干细胞的分化

背景:人类胚胎干细胞是来源于着床前囊胚的内细胞团,能在长期培养中无限增殖并保持未分化状态,且具有分化成人体组织各种细胞类型能力的细胞。目的:进一步验证人胚胎干细胞HuES17细胞株向造血干细胞分化的能力。方法:人胚胎干细胞HuES17采用与人包皮成纤维细胞二维共培养的方式培养,采用人胚胎干细胞与小鼠骨髓基质细胞(OP9)二维共培养的方法诱导胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。结果与结论:人胚胎干细胞与小鼠骨髓基质细胞(OP9)二维共培养诱导造血分化的第四五天即开始出现OP9细胞逐渐老化,很快死亡;可以观察到人胚胎干细胞分化,然而,随着OP9细胞死亡,分化的人胚胎干细胞亦死亡,不能诱导人胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。提示人胚胎干细胞HuES17细胞株可能不能向造血干细胞分化,或向造血干细胞分化的能力较低。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对胚胎干细胞造血分化的影响

骨髓间充质干细胞作为骨髓基质细胞的前体细胞 ,在体外具有一定的造血支持作用 ,与造血干细胞共移植可促进其植入。本研究旨在初步探讨应用小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞与胚胎干细胞共培养作为一种新的分化体系的可行性。首先分离、培养并鉴定小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞 ,然后利用扩增培养的骨髓间充质干细胞与胚胎干细胞共培养 ,通过造血集落培养和RT PCR观察造血分化的特点。结果表明 ,分离、扩增培养至第四代之后的骨髓间充质干细胞形态均一 ,高表达Sca 1,CD2 9,CD4 4和CD10 5 ,而CD34和CD4 5等造血与内皮细胞特异性表面标志呈阴性 ;特异性诱导体系内传代后 (>4代 )的骨髓间充质干细胞可向脂肪细胞和成骨细胞分化。与悬浮分化体系相比 ,骨髓间充质干细胞共培养体系中初始分化的胚胎干细胞含有显著增加的拟胚体形成细胞而没有造血集落形成细胞。此外 ,RT PCR检测发现 :共培养细胞表达胚胎干细胞特异性转录因子Oct 4 ,而造血标记Flk 1,GATA 1和 β H1为阴性。结论 :间充质干细胞在一定程度上抑制了胚胎干细胞的初始分化 ,但是共培养体系来源的拟胚体产生造血集落的能力显著高于悬浮体系     

造血干细胞联合AGM基质细胞移植对骨髓移植小鼠造血重建的影响

目的探讨造血干细胞与主动脉-性腺-中肾(Aorta-gonad-mesonephros,AGM)区来源的基质细胞联合移植对同基因骨髓移植(bone marrow transplantation,BMT)小鼠BMT后骨髓造血的影响。方法建立同基因骨髓移植小鼠模型,随机分成4组:空白对照组、BMT组、BMT联合AGM基质细胞移植组(联合移植组)及川芎嗪组,另设正常组。分别于BMT后第7、14、21、28d检测外周血细胞、骨髓单个核细胞(bone marrow mono-nuclear cells,BMMNC)、第3、7、10、14、 21、28d检测骨髓组织学变化。结果联合移植组骨髓单个核细胞较川芎嗪组恢复快,联合移植组及川芎嗪组外周血血细胞、骨髓单个核细胞、骨髓组织恢复均较单纯BMT组快,有显著性差异。结论 BMT联合AGM基质细胞移植对骨髓移植造血重建具有促进作用。     

造血干细胞的研究进展

造血干细胞具有自我更新和多向性分化潜能,尤其神经干细胞移植后能产生各种血细胞类型以及CD34^-Lin^-细胞群体,经HESS－5基质细胞滋养并补充生长因子,转移得到CD34^ ,SRC检测人－鼠造血干细胞异体移植重建造血,为进一步认识和研究干细胞创建新开端。     

造血干细胞的研究进展

造血干细胞具有自我更新和多向性分化潜能,尤其神经干细胞移植后能产生各种血细胞类型以及CD34~-Lin~-细胞群体,经HESS-5基质细胞滋养并补充生长因子,转换得到CD34~+,SRC检测人-鼠造血干细胞异体移植重建造血,为进一步认识和研究干细胞创建新开端。     

CXCR4 is required for the quiescence of primitive hematopoietic cells

The quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is critical for preserving a lifelong steady pool of HSCs to sustain the highly regenerative hematopoietic system. It is thought that specialized niches in which HSCs reside control the balance between HSC quiescence and self-renewal, yet little is known about the extrinsic signals provided by the niche and how these niche signals regulate such a balance. We report that CXCL12 produced by bone marrow (BM) stromal cells is not only the major chemoattractant for HSCs but also a regulatory factor that controls the quiescence of primitive hematopoietic cells. Addition of CXCL12 into the culture inhibits entry of primitive hematopoietic cells into the cell cycle, and inactivation of its receptor CXCR4 in HSCs causes excessive HSC proliferation. Notably, the hyperproliferative Cxcr4(-/-) HSCs are able to maintain a stable stem cell compartment and sustain hematopoiesis. Thus, we propose that CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling is essential to confine HSCs in the proper niche and controls their proliferation.     

An in vitro model for grafting of hematopoietic stem cells predicts bone marrow reconstitution of myeloablative mice

Homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to bone marrow (BM) is a complex process that primarily depends on the cell-surface expression of adhesion molecules on stem and stromal cells. Here we report an in vitro model for homing of stem cells on pre-established stromal layer; the stroma-adhered cells were found to engraft, multiply, and differentiate in BM of age-matched mice. In vitro study revealed that initially the adhesion of BM cells on irradiated stroma was increased with time, and it attained a peak at 2 h of contacts. During that time, 44.1 +/- 6.5% (n = 8) cells were adhered, and this value was maintained up to 6 x 10(6) cells. The adhered cell fraction was enriched by 3.9-, 2.5-, and 1.7-fold Sca-1, colony forming cell (CFC), and cobblestone area forming cells (CAFC), respectively, as compared to the fresh BM cells. These adhered cells homed to BM with an engraftment efficiency of 11.8 +/- 2.5% (n = 6). The homed cells reconstituted BM of myeloablative mice by self-renewing and differentiating into myeloid cells. Overall, a simple in vitro model system has been described to study homing and grafting of HSCs that can be deployed to any possible experimental conditions to investigate the interactions between stromal and stem cells.     

New approaches to expand hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

INTRODUCTION: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into all blood cell lineages, and are currently the foundation of HSC transplantation therapy. A variety of methods have recently been explored to find a way to expand hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs/PCs) ex vivo in order to improve the efficiency and outcome of HSC transplantation. AREAS COVERED: Recent studies of HSCs/PCs have led to the development of new ways to detect and purify HSCs/PCs and have also revealed several intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control the molecular signals fundamental to self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs. These findings have provided new approaches for expanding HSCs/PCs ex vivo utilizing protein factors and small-molecule compounds (SMCs) and have also demonstrated promising outcomes in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION: Although further technical innovation is still needed, elucidation of the whole picture of signaling pathways critical to HSCs/PCs and manipulation of such pathways by SMCs could establish efficient, cost-effective, riskless and robust methods for ex vivo expansion of HSCs/PCs. With these efforts, more sophisticated HSC transplantation would be possible in the near future.     

Embryonic stem cells as an alternate marrow donor source: engraftment without graft-versus-host disease

A single embryonic stem cell (ESC) line can be repetitively cryopreserved, thawed, expanded, and differentiated into various cellular components serving as a potentially renewable and well-characterized stem cell source. Therefore, we determined whether ESCs could be used to reconstitute marrow and blood in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mice. To induce differentiation toward hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro, ESCs were cultured in methylcellulose with stem cell factor, interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-6. ESC-derived, cytokine-induced HSCs (c-kit+/CD45+) were isolated by flow cytometry and injected either intra bone marrow or intravenously into lethally irradiated MHC-mismatched recipient mice. From 2 wk to 6 mo after injection, the peripheral blood demonstrated increasing ESC-derived mononuclear cells that included donor-derived T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes without clinical or histologic evidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Mixed lymphocyte culture assays demonstrated T cell tolerance to both recipient and donor but intact third party proliferative responses and interferon gamma production. ESCs might be used as a renewable alternate marrow donor source that reconstitutes hematopoiesis with intact immune responsiveness without GVHD despite crossing MHC barriers.     

Transduction of long-term-engrafting human hematopoietic stem cells by retroviral vectors

Gene therapy using retroviral vectors to transfer functional exogenous genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) promises to provide a permanent cure for a wide array of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic disorders by virtue of the fact that retroviral vectors permanently integrate into the host cell genome and HSCs are able to self-renew and give rise to differentiated progeny throughout the life span of the patient. However, for transduction and genomic integration to occur, the target cells must undergo cell division and express the appropriate retroviral receptor, requirements that have thus far hindered attempts at inserting exogenous genes into human HSCs in vitro. In the present studies, we used the fetal sheep xenograft model of human hematopoiesis to evaluate whether human long-term engrafting HSCs could be transduced in vivo, within a fetal microenvironment. We transplanted adult human bone marrow-derived CD34(+)Lin(-) cells into preimmune fetal sheep recipients and subsequently (19 days later) administered clinical-grade murine retroviral vector supernatants to these fetal hematopoietic chimeras. Our results demonstrate that this approach successfully transduced adult human HSCs within all seven sheep that survived the procedure, and that these transduced HSCs had the ability to serially engraft primary, secondary, and tertiary fetal sheep recipients. Transgene expression persisted throughout the serial transplantation. The successful in vivo transduction of long-term engrafting human HSCs with the existing generation of murine retroviral vectors has significant implications for developing new approaches to pre- and postnatal gene therapy.     

Children are not little adults: just ask their hematopoietic stem cells

HSCs differ during ontogeny in some important parameters, including anatomic site of residence and cell cycling characteristics. In this issue of the JCI, Bowie et al. show that postnatal HSCs as well as fetal liver HSCs in mice are active in the cell cycle at much higher rates than that of adult HSCs; however, this increased frequency of cycling abruptly ceases 4 weeks after birth (see the related article beginning on page 2808). The cycling postnatal HSCs expressed high levels of CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 [SDF-1]), a chemokine previously implicated in stem cell trafficking to the marrow cavity and shown to be expressed by cells within the hematopoietic microenvironment. These cells also possessed an engraftment defect impeding reconstitution in irradiated recipient mice, which was reversible by pretransplant administration of antagonists of the CXCL12 receptor, CXCR4. Such agents are currently clinically available, suggesting that this approach could be used to improve stem cell transplantation and engraftment.