术中经颅电刺激运动诱发电位和皮层体感诱发电位联合监护与唤醒试验判断脊髓功能

目的 探讨术中经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEP)和皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)联合监护与唤醒试验判断脊髓功能的作用.方法 2006年7月至2010年3月中山大学附属第一医院脊柱外科脊柱手术中同时实施TES-MEP和CSEP联合监护426例,并对术中出现阳性和仔细检查后原因不明或纠正手术操作后仍没有恢复的23例进行唤醒试验.根据术中联合监护和唤醒试验结果,分别与术后脊髓功能进行比较.结果 联合监护阳性64例(15%),其中51例与脊髓功能符合,另13例不符合.假阳性占3.1%(13/426).本组无假阴性.联合监护判断脊髓功能灵敏度为100%(51151),特异度96.5%(362/375),约登指数0.965.23例唤醒试验中,8例阳性均与脊髓功能符合,没有假阳性.而15例阴性中,与脊髓功能符合9例,不符合6例.唤醒试验判断脊髓功能的灵敏度为57.1%(8/14)、特异度100%(9/9)、约登指数0.571.结论 TES.MEP和CSEP联合监护为目前脊柱外科手术监护的理想选择和首选方法,唤醒试验可用于联合监护真假阳性鉴别的检测.     

脊髓体感与运动诱发电位术中联合监测的应用价值

目的：探讨脊髓体感诱发电位(SEP)与运动诱发电位(MEP)在脊髓手术中联合监测的临床应用价值。方法：对18例脊柱手术患者进行术中SEP和MEP联合监测，并用日本矫形学会量表(JOA)对患者术后神经功能进行评价。结果：全部患者术中SEP的P1、N1波幅有暂时性波动，潜伏期无明显变化。10例患者MEP的D1波波幅降低，但经改变手术方向后恢复正常，另8例患者MEP无明显变化。术后JOA评分较术前明显改善。结论：SEP及MEP术中联合监测，其波形稳定可靠，有利于避免“假阴性／假阳性”结果及术后神经功能障碍的发生。     

经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位和体感诱发电位对HMSN的诊断价值

目的:了解遗传性运动感觉性神经病(HMSN)的经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位(MEP)和体感诱发电位(SEP)的变化。方法:对一家三代HMSN的12例患者和1例无症状者进行这二项检查。结果:MEP和SEP的异常率分别为92.3％,84.6％,结论:绝大多数HMSN患者的MEP和SEP均异常。     

脑卒中患者经颅电刺激运动诱发电位的临床研究

目的：研究经颅电刺激运动诱发电位（MEP）与脑卒中患者运动功能状态的关系,评估MEP对脑卒中病人运动功能恢复的预测价值。方法：对54例有偏瘫的脑卒中患者在病后10天内行MEP检查,同时作肌力和临床神经功能评分测定,并于10周后对其中的28例复查,正常对照组为30例健康者。结果：脑卒中病人急笥期MEP的异常率为89％,主要表现为MEP缺失,潜伏期延长,波幅降低或波形异常,中枢运动传志时间（CMCT）延长,患侧与健侧及与对照组比较,有显著差异（P＜0．01）,MEP缺乏者,瘫痪重,MEP可引出者,瘫痪程度轻,两者间差异亦显著（P＜0．01）。10周后复查时发现MEP有不同程度的改善。／这种改善与临床上的功能恢复相一致,早期MEP缺乏者,功能恢复差,早期MEP仅仅波幅低或CMCT延长者,其功能恢复好,两者间差异显著（P＜0．01）,结论：MEP可定量分析脑卒中病人运动功能的缺损情况,并可作为运动功能恢复的早期预测指标。     

用电刺激运动诱发电位作骨科手术中的监测

用运动诱发电位作骨科手术中的监测，国内迄今罕见报告。我们用CCS—1型大脑皮层电刺激仪与Keypoint肌电仪(用Inching程序)联机，对2例病人作了电刺激运动诱发电位(E—MEP)术中监测．现报告如下。     

电刺激与磁刺激运动诱发电位的比较研究

在２２名正常成人志愿者的上下肢比较电与磁两种经皮运动皮层、脊髓刺激法所引出之运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）的差异。结果表明，电刺激诱发成功率为１００％，磁刺激在下肢肌诱发成功率为０％～１４．３％（皮层刺激）和０％～４２．９％（脊髓刺激）；电刺激ＭＥＰ波幅比磁刺激高２．４７～４１倍（平均１１．３倍）；电刺激ＭＥＰ潜时比磁刺激平均短２．７８ｍｓ（皮层刺激）和１．３４ｍｓ（脊髓刺激）。作者认为，易引出高大而可靠的ＭＥＰ的电刺激方法值得临床推广应用，而磁刺激法则应加强基础和方法学研究。     

皮层运动诱发电位监测在脑中央区术中的应用

目的:探讨在全凭静脉麻醉下,使用皮层运动诱发电位(MEP)对脑中央区手术进行术中监测的方法。方法:使用皮层电极对12例中央区肿瘤患者进行诱发电位术中监测,在中央后回感觉皮层区相应部位记录皮层体感诱发电位(SEP)的N20-P25波,沿中央后回功能区皮层向前移动电极,直至记录到一个波型相反(位相倒置)、波幅相近的波型P20-N25,将其定为运动中枢刺激点。使用高频串刺激(TS)直接刺激该点,在上肢肌肉记录MEP。结果:12例患者均能成功地记录到MEP。术中注意保护此区,术后患者症状无明显加重,被监测的上肢肌力无明显减退。结论:对于脑中央区手术,在全凭静脉麻醉下找出运动中枢刺激点并作MEP监测(术中注意保护此区)是一种优良的术中监测手段。     

经颅电刺激对大鼠脑梗死后运动功能恢复的影响

目的 :观察经颅皮层电刺激治疗对大鼠脑梗死后运动功能恢复的作用。方法 :选择12 0只SD成年雄性大鼠制作大脑中动脉闭塞 (MCAO)模型 ,将大鼠随机分为治疗组和对照组各 6 0只 ,治疗组在术后 3天给予经颅电刺激治疗 ,对照组术后不进行治疗 ,于术后第 1、2、3、4、5、6周末 ,分别以横木行走试验 (BWT)及运动诱发电位为指标评价大鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果 :经颅磁刺激治疗的大鼠 ,运动功能较对照组明显改善 (P <0 .0 1)。第 6周末治疗组患侧MEP波幅与潜伏期基本恢复正常 ,而对照组患侧MEP波幅仅恢复到 73.5 % ,潜伏期仍有所延长 ,两组相比有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :经颅电刺激可以促进急性脑梗死大鼠瘫痪肢体运动功能的恢复 ,其机理可能与电刺激直接兴奋大脑皮层的运动中枢有关     

无痛性经颅大脑皮层电刺激的运动诱发电位及其临床应用

方法学与安全性 1980年，Merton与Morton用电容充-放电武电刺激器经颅刺激人运动皮层，在手肌引出运动诱发电位(MEP)。后因被认为存在头皮疼痛问题，Barker于1985年开发的磁刺激器引起人们更大兴趣。     

中老年人脑白质疏松症的电刺激运动诱发电位研究

目的 :探讨电刺激运动诱发电位在中老年人脑白质疏松的临床应用价值。方法 :用大脑皮层电刺激仪刺激大脑上、下肢皮层运动区及颈椎7、胸椎1 2 棘突的相应皮肤 ,在大鱼际肌及胫前肌记录相应的运动诱发电位 (MEP) ,分别对 30例脑白质疏松的中老年人和 30例无白质疏松的对照组进行测定。结果 :脑白质疏松MEP的异常率 37% ,和正常人比较有显著性差异 (χ2 =9 79,P <0 0 1) ,其异常形式有 :中枢运动传导时间 (CMCT)延长 ,MEP潜伏期 (PL)延长 ,波幅增大和波形消失。下肢CMCT和PL延长与对照组比较有显著差异 (t=11 8,P <0 0 1)。结论 :MEP客观反映了脑白质疏松中老年人的运动传导功能 ,对判断亚临床锥体束损害有实用价值。     

The pig model of chronic paraplegia: a challenge for experimental studies in spinal cord injury

The regenerative medicine techniques that are beginning to be applied to the nervous system have led to increased hope in the treatment of diseases that have been considered incurable and that require experimental models on which to test new therapeutic strategies. We present our experience with adult pigs (minipigs) that have undergone a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) experimental model, and that have been followed for 1 year. We describe the surgical aspects of our SCI model by acute compression and also describe protocols for daily care and rehabilitation that are necessary to maintain the paraplegic pigs in good health during the months following the injury. Furthermore, we provide in detail the main complications that arise with this experimental model and the treatments used to address these complications. Suitable housing conditions, daily rehabilitation and prevention of complications (i.e., taking the same care applied to patients following SCI) are essential for achieving the absence of mortality and long-term maintenance of the animals. We consider the model that is described here to be feasible and useful for preliminary testing of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at regeneration of the injured spinal cord in paraplegic patients.     

运动诱发电位和BBB评分在大鼠脊髓损伤功能评价中的相关性研究

目的 探讨大鼠脊髓损伤功能评价指标运动诱发电位(MEP)和Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB)评分的相关性。方法 成年雌性SD大鼠16只,采用数字表法随机分为对照组和实验组,每组8只。对照组只施行手术,不给予外力打击。实验组应用PSI-IH装置复制脊髓损伤模型。记录并分析损伤前以及损伤后3 h、1 d、3 d、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周大鼠脊髓运动诱发电位(scMEP)和肌肉运动诱发电位(mMEP),同时采用BBB评分对大鼠后肢运动功能进行评定。6周后观察大鼠脊髓组织学结构变化。结果 实验组大鼠脊髓损伤后3 h scMEP波幅减小,为正常波幅的32.69%±0.83%,2周后为正常波幅的52.93%±2.23%并处于稳定状态,但均低于对照组(P值均＜0.01);损伤后3 h mMEP波形消失,1 d后恢复至正常波幅的1.16%±0.17%,3 d后波幅明显恢复,4周后达正常波幅的48.20%± 3.70%并处于稳定状态,但均低于对照组(P值均＜0.01)。实验组大鼠脊髓损伤后3 h和1 d,所有大鼠BBB评分均为0分,3 d后评分(1.38±0.52)分,4周后评分(11.50±0.93)分,达到稳定状态,但均低于对照组(P值均＜0.01)。实验组大鼠脊髓损伤后3 h~6周,scMEP与BBB评分均为显著相关(r值为0.732~0.908,P值均＜0.05)。实验组大鼠脊髓损伤后1~6周mMEP与BBB评分呈中度至高度相关(r值为0.718～0.951,P值均＜0.05)。对照组大鼠以上各指标均无显著变化。结论 大鼠脊髓损伤发生后,scMEP、mMEP和BBB评分三个脊髓功能指标会先后顺序恢复,而且scMEP、mMEP与BBB评分均存在着一定的相关性。大鼠脊髓损伤后,scMEP、mMEP是较BBB评分更为灵敏的脊髓功能评价指标。     

Neurophysiological examination of the corticospinal system and voluntary motor control in motor-incomplete human spinal cord injury

This study employed neurophysiological methods to relate the condition of the corticospinal system with the voluntary control of lower-limb muscles in persons with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury. It consisted of two phases. In a group of ten healthy subjects, single and paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex was used to study the behavior of the resulting motor evoked potentials (MEP) in lower-limb muscles. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 15–100 ms were examined for augmentation of test MEPs by threshold or subthreshold conditioning stimuli. The second phase of this study examined eight incomplete spinal cord injured (iSCI) subjects, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale C (n =5) and D (n =3) in whom voluntary motor control was quantified using the surface EMG (sEMG) based Voluntary Response Index (VRI). The VRI is calculated to characterize relative output patterns across ten lower-limb muscles recorded during a standard protocol of elementary voluntary motor tasks. VRI components were calculated by comparing the distribution of sEMG in iSCI subjects with prototype patterns collected from 15 healthy subjects using the same rigidly administered protocol, The resulting similarity index (SI) and magnitude values provided the measure of voluntary motor control. Corticospinal system connections were characterized by the thresholds for MEPs in key muscles. Key muscles were those that function as the prime-movers, or agonists for the voluntary movements from which the VRI data were calculated. Results include healthy-subject data that showed significant increases in conditioned MEP responses with paired stimuli of 15–50 ms ISI. Stimulus pairs of 75 and 100 ms showed no increase in MEP peak amplitude over that of the single-pulse conditioning stimulus alone, usually no response. For the iSCI subjects, 42% of the agonists responded to single-pulse TMS and 25% required paired-pulse TMS to produce an MEP. American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale component motor scores for agonist muscles, Quadriceps, Tibialis Anterior, and Triceps Surae, were significantly lower where MEPs could not be obtained (p <0.05). VRI values were also significantly lower for motor tasks with agonists that had no resting MEP (p <0.01). Therefore, the presence of a demonstrable connection between the motor cortex and spinal motor neurons in persons with SCI was related to the quality of post-injury voluntary motor control as assessed by the VRI.     

电刺激联合神经营养素3可促进脊髓损伤大鼠内源性神经干细胞的增殖和分化

文题释义： 神经营养素3：是神经生长因子基因家族的成员,可促进多种中枢和外周神经元的存活和分化,调节神经元突触活动,并对神经系统发育和成熟起重要作用。神经营养素3在损伤条件下对神经元具有保护作用,因而在治疗神经系统疾病和神经损伤中有临床应用前景。 内源性神经干细胞：正常机体中,神经干细胞一般处于静息状态,在特定的生理或病理刺激下被激活,其中侧脑室外侧壁的室下带和海马齿状回的颗粒下带是产生神经干细胞最为活跃的区域,神经系统损伤后,在多种细胞因子、调控基因的调节下发生增殖、迁移和分化等。 背景：由于外源性神经干细胞的获取有限,且容易产生免疫排斥以及伦理问题等严重制约其向临床转化,因此如何激活内源性神经干细胞并促进其生长增殖、分化,成为近期科研工作者究的热点。 目的：探讨电刺激联合神经营养素3对大鼠脊髓损伤后内源性神经干细胞增殖及向神经元分化的作用。 方法：将96只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脊髓损伤组、电刺激组、电刺激+神经营养素3组,每组24只。假手术组仅暴露脊髓,其他3组大鼠应用改良Allen法建立脊髓损伤模型,造模后给予相应措施进行干预。造模后7,14,21,28 d时,以BBB评分评价大鼠后肢运动功能,电生理学检查运动诱发电位潜伏期;造模后28 d取材,进行苏木精-伊红染色观察脊髓病理变化,免疫组化染色观察内源性神经干细胞的增殖和分化情况。实验方案经兰州大学第二医院医学伦理委员会批准。 结果与结论：①与假手术组相比,脊髓损伤组大鼠的BBB评分明显降低(P < 0.01),脊髓组织可见大量炎症细胞浸润,并存在多个空洞;与脊髓损伤组相比,电刺激组、电刺激+神经营养素3组大鼠后肢功能开始逐渐恢复,电刺激+神经营养素3组BBB评分明显高于电刺激组(P < 0.05),上述病理损伤变化明显改善;②脊髓损伤组7,14 d及电刺激组大鼠7 d时双后肢运动诱发电位潜伏期均未测出,电刺激组、电刺激+神经营养素3组21,28 d时运动诱发电位潜伏期较模型组缩短(P < 0.05),电刺激+神经营养素3组潜伏期缩短更显著    (P < 0.05);③BrdU和Nestin阳性细胞数、微管相关蛋白2的表达：电刺激+神经营养素3组>电刺激组>脊髓损伤组;胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达：脊髓损伤组>电刺激组>电刺激+神经营养素3组。结果表明脊髓损伤大鼠经电刺激及神经营养素3干预后,促进内源性神经干细胞增殖和向神经元分化,病理损伤明显减轻,后肢运动功能显著改善。 ORCID: 0000-0002-6353-8874(张培根) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Role of vagal nerve activity during suckling. Effects on plasma levels of oxytocin,prolactin, VIP,somatostatin, insulin,glucagon, glucose and of milk secretion in lactating rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of vagal nerve activity for the release of oxytocin, prolactin and gastrointestinal (GI) hormones during suckling as well as for the secretion of milk in lactating rats. We have therefore performed experiments on vagotomized lactating rats. The animals were decapitated and trunk blood was collected from nonsuckling rats and from suckling rats in connection with milk ejection. Oxytocin, prolactin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and glucose levels in plasma were measured by RIA-technique. In addition, maternal weight as well as the weight of the litters were recorded 7 d after vagotomy. As expected, oxytocin and prolactin levels rose in response to suckling in sham-operated controls. In vagotomized animals the suckling-induced increase of oxytocin was blocked and prolactin levels were significantly decreased. VIP levels in plasma increased following suckling in sham-operated animals and failed to respond after vagotomy. In contrast, somatostatin levels that rose significantly in sham-operated rats were even more significantly raised in vagotomized animals. In addition, insulin but not glucagon levels were increased by suckling. The insulin response, however, persisted after vagotomy. Interestingly, suckling was followed by a lowering of blood-glucose levels in vagotomized, but not in sham-operated animals. The vagotomized rats ate as much and increased in weight as sham-operated rats during the 7 d of vagotomy. The litters of vagotomized rats, however, gained significantly less weight in comparison with control litters. In conclusion, this study shows that vagal nerve activity is of importance for the release of oxytocin, prolactin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin during suckling. In addition, vagal nerve activity was found to be of fundamental importance for adequate milk secretion, since litters of vagotomized rats increased in weight less than litters of sham-operated operated animals.     

The effect of high cervical spinal cord stimulation on the expression of SP, NK-1 and TRPV1 mRNAs during cardiac ischemia in rat

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is used to reduce angina that accompanies cardiac ischemia, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating this effect. We studied the expression of SP, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) mRNA in the rat spinal cord at thoracic 4 (T4), cervical 2 (C2) and caudal brain stem by RT-PCR during intermittent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (CoAO), during sustained SCS by itself at the C2 spinal segment, and during sustained SCS plus intermittent CoAO. Only SP mRNA was increased significantly in T4 and brainstem during CoAO, while SCS decreased the mRNA levels of SP, NK-1 and TRPV1 significantly in T4 and the brainstem. SCS attenuated the increase of SP and TRPV1 mRNA levels at T4 level induced by intermittent CoAO when the stimulation was applied prior to the initiation of the cardiac ischemia. These results support the role for SP as a putative neurotransmitter for the myocardial ischemia-sensitive afferent neuron signal to the spinal level. They suggest that modification of the ischemic cardiac nociceptive afferent signal by SCS involves a change in SP and TRPV1 expression.