N末端B型钠尿肽原和大内皮素-1对严重心力衰竭患者的预后作用及其与心血管病关系的研究

目的探讨两检测指标血浆N末端B型钠尿肽原（NT—proBNP）和大内皮素-1（big ET-1）之间，两指标与心力衰竭（心衰）伴心房颤动（Af）、心衰伴肺动脉高压（PAH）等心血管病的关系，以及两指标对严重心衰患者半年期预后的预测价值。方法阜外医院严重心衰患者132人，测定他们入院时的血浆LgNT—proBNP和big ET-1浓度（酶联免疫法）以及纽约心脏病协会心功能分级（NYHA分级）、左室射血分数（LVEF）等指标。随访观察患者出院后半年内心血管事件的再发生。结果严重心衰患者132人（NYHAⅢ-Ⅳ级，年龄24～80岁，男83人，女49人，LVEF13％～66％），其血浆LgNT—proBNP与big ET-1呈正相关（r=0．414，P=0．000）。有、无Af的两组间big ET-1水平比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．022）；有、无PAH的两组间LgNT-proBNP和big ET-1浓度差异均有统计学意义（P=0．019，P=0．000）。以big ET-1诊断严重心衰患者伴PAH的ROC曲线下面积为0．74（95％CI：0．65～0．83，P=0．000），以4．09fmol／ml为big ET-1诊断心衰伴PAH的cutoff值时，灵敏度为71．4％，特异度67．8％。经过6个月的随访，132例严重心衰患者中，有20例发生心源性死亡（15．2％），有25例因心脏原因再住院（18．9％）。Cox比例风险模型分析显示，包括了年龄、性别、NYHA分级、LVEF、LgNT-proBNP、big ET-1等指标后，只有NT-proBNP是独立的心脏事件再发生的预后因素，RR为5．30（95％CI：2．07～13．55，P=0．001）。Logistic回归显示也只有NT—proBNP是独立的心源性死亡发生的危险因素，OR为13．67（95％CI：2．59～72．25，P=0．002）。big ET-1、LVEF、NYHA分级等指标对严重心衰患者心血管事件再发生没有预后价值。结论NT—proBNP与big ET-1间可能存在相互作用；严重心衰伴舡的患者可能有内皮细胞损伤和功能异常；big ET-1可辅助诊断严重心衰患者伴发PAH；NT—proBNP可用于严重心衰患者半年期预后的评估，而big ET-1没有此预测价值。     

B型脑利钠肽对于老年心衰患者的预测价值

目的评价B型脑利钠肽（BNP）对于慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者预后及危险分层的预测价值。方法对中国医科大学附属盛京医院明确诊断为CHF的142例住院患者测定入院时、入院静脉治疗一天后及住院第七天血清BNP（BNP0、BNP1、BNP7）以及入院时按纽约心脏病协会心功能分级（NYHA分级）等指标随访观察患者心脏事件的再发生。结果142例CHF患者,中位随访425．50天（21—668天）,发生心脏事件50例（35．21％）。发生终点事件组与未发生终点事件组相比,患者的年龄、NYHA分级、BNPO、BNP1、BNV7中位数水平均明显偏高;入院静脉治疗一天后BNP指标变化百分比（BNP1—0％）中位数水平均明显偏低。分别以年龄和BNP1-0％及BNV7指标对心衰患者进行危险分层。结果年龄〉76岁的心衰患者,其死亡或心血管事件再住院的风险是年龄≤76岁的心衰患者的2．55倍（95％CI：1．38—4．69,P=0．003）。BNP1-0％≤12．62％的心衰患者,其死亡或心血管事件再住院的风险是BNP1-0％〉12．62％的心衰患者的2．00倍（95％CI：1．10—3．64,P=0．023）。BNP7〉552．15pg／ml的心衰患者,其死亡或心血管事件再住院的风险是BNP7≤552．15pg／ml的心衰患者的2．60倍（95％CI：1．43—4．75,P=0．002）。结论BNP可以用于对心衰患者进行心衰后心脏事件再发生的预后分析及及危险分层评估。     

N末端脑钠肽和大内皮素-1对心衰的预后价值

目的 通过对心衰患者的随访研究,探讨N末端脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)和大内皮素-1(Big ET-1)对心衰患者的预后价值.方法 研究143例心衰住院患者,检测入院时NT-proBNP,Big ET-1,肌钙蛋白I,CK-MB和左室射血分数以及NYHA分级.并随访观察患者出院后360~480 d的心血管事件再发生情况.结果 143例心衰患者的中位随访380 d,发生心脏事件57例.发生与未发生终点事件组相比,患者的年龄(82比52,P=0.000)、NYHA分级(3比1,P=0.000)、NT-proBNP(3 802 pmol/L比891 pmol/L,P=0.000)和Big ET-1(5.13 pmol/L比3.53 pmol/L,P=0.000)中位数水平都明显偏高.Cox比例风险模型分析显示,年龄和NT-proBNP及Big ET-1是独立的心脏事件再发生的预后因素,风险比分别为1.175,3.987和2.691.logistic回归显示,NT-proBNP和Big ET-1是独立的心源性死亡的危险因素,优势比分别为2.515和1.978.结论 检测NT-proBNP和Big ET-1可对心衰患者进行心脏事件再发生的危险分层和预后分析.     

血浆N末端B型利钠肽原水平评估心力衰竭患者预后的价值

【目的】探讨血浆N末端B型利钠肽原（NT-proBNP）水平评估心力衰竭患者预后的价值。【方法】选择100例心衰住院患者,在入院d2常规行心脏彩超及血液生化检查,并测定患者血浆中N T-proBN P水平。对患者的一般资料、心脏彩超、NT-proBNP水平及18个月随访期内心脏不良事件发生率进行分析。按随访期内是否发生心脏不良事件分为事件组与非事件组,根据 NT-proBNP水平高低分为高 NT-proBNP组（NT-proBNP＞3200 pg/mL）和低NT-proBNP组（NT-proBNP≤3200 pg/mL）,并对相关数据进行统计学分析。【结果】事件组NT-proBNP水平较非事件组明显增高（ P ＜0．001）。多因素logistic回归分析显示只有NT-proBNP是预测心脏不良事件发生的独立危险因素。NT-proBNP水平预测心衰患者18个月内死亡的ROC曲线下面积为0．873,以随访患者平均NT-proBNP水平均数3200 pg/mL作为分组的界值,通过Kaplan-Meier法作NT-proBNP不同水平患者在随访期间心脏不良事件发生率曲线,计算Log-rank为29．563（ P ＝0．000）。【结论】 NT-proBNP水平是心衰患者发生心脏不良事件的独立危险因素之一,不同 N T-proBN P水平对心衰患者的预后影响不同,超过3200 pg/mL的患者预后较差。     

慢性心力衰竭患者氨基末端B型钠尿肽与心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平分析

目的了解氨基末端B型钠尿肽（NT-proBNP）在慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者中的水平变化以及与心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）之间的关系。方法将166例CHF患者心功能按美国纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）分级方案分为Ⅰ～Ⅳ级（Ⅰ级15例、Ⅱ级57例、Ⅲ级54例、Ⅳ级40例）,同时测定166例CHF患者和45名正常对照者血清cTnI及NT-proBNP水平并作比较,分析NT-proBNP与cTnI及患者年龄之间的相关关系。结果 CHF组以及NYHA分级各组患者的血清NT-proBNP、cTnI水平均高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）;且随着NYHA分级的提升,NT-proBNP、cTnI水平也随之增高（P〈0.01）,超过正常参考范围的例数也随之增多。CHF组NT-proBNP与cTnI、年龄呈正相关（r分别为0.664、0.217,P均〈0.01）。结论 NT-proBNP是诊断CHF较好的心肌标志物,能反映CHF病情的严重程度。cTnI有随着NT-proBNP升高而增高的趋势。     

N末端脑型钠尿肽定量检测在心力衰竭诊断中的价值

目的评价血清N末端脑型钠尿肽（NT-proBNP）定量检测对不同程度心力衰竭患者的实验室诊断应用价值和血清NT—proBNP水平与心功能问的相关性分析。方法采用电化学发光检测仪Elecsys2010定量检测不同心功状态的心力衰竭患者血清NT—proBNP水平。结果血清NT—proBNP的诊断性实验受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积为0．880（P〈0．01），155pg／ml为界值时，其敏感性，特异性均为81％，阳性似然比为4．25，当NT—proBNP水平〉350pg／ml时，阳性似然比可增至14．32。心衰患者血清NT．proBNP水平明显增高，与心功能正常的疾病对照组比较其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），血清NT-proBNP水平随着心力衰竭程度加重呈指数增加，其秩相关性系数为0．859（P〈0．01）。采用相同的心功分级标准，但中国汉族和欧洲心力衰竭患者不同心功分级时血清NT-proBNP水平的变化趋势不同。结论血清NT-proBNP定量检测是目前用于评价心衰患者心功能状态最佳实验室指标。NT—proBNP实验室诊断标准的确立必须以本地区本实验室为基础。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者NT—proBNP检测及其临床意义

【目的】探讨检测N端脑利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平在老年慢性心力衰竭患者的临床应用价值。【方法】采用电化学发光法测定80例治疗前后老年慢性心力衰竭患者（心衰组）和60例健康对照者血清（对照组）NT-proBNP水平,心力衰竭患者心功能按NYHA心功能分级,以6分钟步行试验评价运动耐量。【结果】心衰组NT-proBNP水平较对照组明显升高E（5052．6土1860．4）pg／mLvs（220．4士99．2）,pg／mL,P〈0．O11;心衰组治疗后NT-proBNP水平较治疗前明显降低[（5052．6±4-1860．4）pg／mLVS（3203±1453．4）pg／mL,Pd0．01）]。NT-proBNP水平与左室射血分数（LVEF）（r=-O．174,Pd0．05）和6分钟步行距离成显著负相关（r=-0．187,Pd0．05）。【结论】老年慢性心力衰竭患者NT—proBNP水平明显增高,其检测水平可反映老年心力衰竭患者心功能状态、运动耐量,并可作为疗效判断指标。     

BNP联合cTnI对充血性心力衰竭近期预后的评估价值

目的 评价B型钠尿肽(BNP)联合心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)对充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者近期预后的价值.方法 测定79例CHF急诊患者来诊时和出院时血BNP和cTnI等,观察、随访住院期间和出院后6个月内不良心脏事件发生率、再住院率及死亡率.结果 NYHA心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者BNP分别为(593.2±211.7)pg/mL、(837.3±286.4)pg/mL、(1289.6±437.8)pg/mL,心功能越差,BNP水平越高;NYHA Ⅱ级有1例(11.1%),而Ⅲ～Ⅳ级有17例(24.3%)检出cTnI≥0.05 ng/mL,心肌损伤与心功能严重程度是关联的.BNP≥500 pg/mL或cTnI≥0.05 ng/mL的患者住院期间与出院后6个月内不良心脏事件、再住院率和心源性死亡率均高于BNP＜500 pg/mL或cTnI＜0.05 ng/mL的患者.同一患者BNP≥500 pg/mL和cTnI≥0.05 ng/mL,其住院期间不良心脏事件和心源性死亡率分别达到40.0%和20.0%,随访期间再住院率和心源性死亡率分别达37.5%和25.0%.结论 联合BNP和cTnI可以更全面地评估CHF患者的危险程度和近期预后.     

N末端B型脑钠肽前体在心力衰竭中的诊断和预后价值

【目的】探讨N末端B型脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）对心力衰竭（简称心衰）的诊断意义以及对心衰的预后价值。【方法】设心衰组65例,对照组92例,测定血浆NT—ProBNP、左室射血分数（LVEF）,左室舒张末内径（LVDd）及评价NYHA心功能分级。出院复查一次,随访病人3个月内的再入院率。【结果】①心衰组NYHAⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级与对照组的血浆lnNT-proBNP水平两两比较有统计学差异（P〈0．01）,心功能越差血浆lnNT—proBNP水平显著升高。②lnNT—proBNP（取自然对数ln）与LVDd呈正相关（r=0．423,P〈0．01）,lnNT—proBNP与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0．407,P〈0．01）。③NT—proBNP诊断心衰的ROC曲线显示,当cut—Off值定为459pg／mL时,正确诊断指数最高（0．578）,此时敏感度76．7％,特异度100％。④心衰患者出院时NT—proBNP升高组45例,正常组20例。升高组3个月内因心衰再住院者20例（44．4％）,正常组2例（10％）。【结论】NT—proBNP是诊断心衰的可靠指标,与心衰的严重程度密切相关,动态观察NT—proBNP变化水平可有效地判断心衰患者的预后。     

盐酸贝那普利对慢性心力衰竭患者的NT-pro BNP影响

目的通过观察慢性心力衰竭患者（CHF）接受盐酸贝那普利（洛汀新）治疗前后血浆氨基末端脑利钠前体（NT-proBNP）水平的变化,探讨洛汀新对CHF治疗的价值。方法选择2007年5月至2008年7月我院心内科收治的按纽约心脏协会（NYHA）分级≥Ⅲ级的慢性心力衰竭患者80例作为研究对象,根据是否接受洛汀新治疗随机分为两组：洛汀新组和对照组。所有患者均接受常规地高辛、利尿剂、β受体阻滞剂治疗,洛汀新组在此基础上加用洛汀新2.5-10.0mg／d。患者入选后立即测定NT-proBNP水平并在同一天内进行超声心动图检查,3个月后复查上述结果。结果CHF患者接受洛汀新治疗后的NT-proBNP水平明显低于治疗前[4531（2160-9127）pg／ml vs.6381（4386-11742）pg/ml,P〈0.05],显著低于对照组[4531（2160-9127）pg／ml vs.9834（5900-18744）pg／ml（P〈0.001）]。而且接受洛汀新治疗患者的左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）显著缩小（57.74±9.69mm vs. 56.00±10.13mm,P〈0.01）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）显著升高（41.37±0.084％ vs. 48.87±0.11％,P〈0.01）,优于对照组。结论洛汀新作为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）药物能够明显降低CHF患者的血浆NT-proBNP水平,显著改善心功能,而血浆NT-proBNP变化可以作为评价洛汀新治疗CHF患者疗效有价值的生化指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.