河北省农村老年人慢性代谢性疾病流行现状

目的了解河北省农村老年人慢性代谢性疾病流行和防治现状。方法随机抽取河北省藁城市梅花镇1085名老年人，统计分析其常见6种慢性代谢性疾病患病率及防治状况。结果老年人慢性代谢性疾病总患病率按患病人数计为85．5％，按患病例数计为178．3％；患病率女性高于男性；中心型肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中、血脂异常患病率分别为54．5％、61．4％、9．8％、9．8％、6．7％和30．2％；同时具有至少3种上述疾病特征的代谢综合征患病率为23．4％；慢性病患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为高血压：37．1％、23．9％和5．7％，糖尿病：32．1％、4．2％、8.5％。结论农村老年居民慢性代谢性疾病患病率高，患病知晓率、治疗率和控制率低，亟需加强农村老年人慢性病预防控制工作。     

北京市社区老年患者疾病谱的变化研究

目的 了解北京市社区老年人慢性病患病率情况,明确社区慢性病谱10年来的变化趋势,为慢性病的早期预防提供思路.方法 调查北京3类地区:城区(宣武区)、郊区农村(大兴区)和山区农村(怀柔区)3 257名55岁以上老年人慢性病患病情况.结果 社区老年人前5位慢性病为:高血压、冠心病、骨关节病、白内障及慢性支气管炎(慢支).女性在高血压、冠心病、骨关节病、白内障、糖尿病、青光眼、肿瘤的患病率均高于男性(均P＜0.001);而男性在慢支、脑卒中、溃疡病、肝病的患病率上高于女性(均P＜0.001).城区与农村在慢性病患病率顺位上基本一致.结论 社区老年人患病率呈增长趋势的有:高血压、脑卒中、冠心病、骨关节病、白内障、糖尿病;10年来各慢性病在城乡均有增长趋势,农村增长更显著.当前老年慢性病的防治重点为心、脑血管疾病.     

老年人代谢综合征患病调查分析

目的调查武汉1550例老年人代谢综合征（MS）患病情况。方法选择1550例老年人健康体检资料进行MS患病情况及其组分分析。结果MS总患病率为29．4％，男性为27．3％，女性为32．9％，女性高于男性（P〈0．01）；知识分子、在岗老年人MS患病率显著高于非知识分子及离退休老年人（P〈0．01）；80岁前MS及代谢异常组分患病率随年龄增加而增高；各年龄组女性MS患病率显著高于男性。具有1种以上代谢异常者达89．9％。无论男女均〉40％患有高血压；老年人MS以超重／肥胖＋血脂异常＋高血压为最主要表现形式，占50．7％。结论MS是老年人严重的健康问题，早发现、早预防控制意义重大。     

农村留守老年人健康状况的性别差异

目的 分析农村留守老年人健康状况的性别差异.方法 对209例农村留守老年人的慢性病患病率、两周患病率进行调查分析.利用Logistics回归分析探讨农村留守老年人健康状况的性别差异.结果 本次调查的农村留守老年人两周患病率为33.0％,其中男性为24.4％,女性为39.5％;其慢性病患病率为63.2％,其中男性为64.4％,女性为62.2％;女性留守老年人两周患病率显著高于男性(x2=5.250,P=0.022);分层回归显示在控制人口统计学变量、社会经济地位及慢性病患病情况的模型中,性别因素对于两周患病的影响均有统计学意义.结论 农村老年留守老年人的健康状况并不理想,其两周患病的性别差异显著,女性留守老年人的健康问题尤其值得关注.     

日照市农村老年人慢性病调查分析

目的了解日照市农村老年人健康状况、常见慢性病患病率及分布特征。方法方法面对面访谈。结果农村老年人慢性病患病率为74.35%,患病率位于前3位的是风湿病(36.31%)、高血压(24.50%)和慢性支气管炎(18.16%);女性风湿病患病率高于男性(P=0.000 4),慢性胃炎患病率则低于男性(P=0.009 1);随着增龄,风湿病、慢性支气管炎、慢性胃炎和慢性前列腺疾病患病率均有增加趋势(P<0.05),高血压则有降低趋势(P=0.005 9),随着经济收水平升高风湿病患病率有降低趋势(P=0.030 4);不同居住方式间慢性胃炎患病率有差别(P=0.000 1)。结论日照市农村老年人慢性病患病率较高,医疗卫生部门要充分考虑其疾病谱和人群特点,有针对性地开展医疗服务。     

银川市城区老年慢性病患病率的调查分析

１９９５年银川市城区６３４名老年人的慢性病患病情况为：老年慢性病总患病率为６０．５７％（男性５４．５２％，女性６８．７７％），居前７位的慢性病依次为：冠心病、高血压、骨关节炎、肺气肿、脑血管病、糖尿病、慢性支气管炎，它们占慢性病总病例数的８９．５７％。经统计分析表明与慢性病有关的因素为文化程度、过去职业、经济收入、家庭结构、医疗制度、婚姻状况。     

山东省威海市老年人慢性病患病现状及其影响因素分析

目的探讨威海市老年人（≥60岁）慢性病患病现状及其影响因素。方法利用分层整群随机抽样方法对威海市4个市区老年人慢性病患病情况进行基线调查。结果威海市老年人慢性病患病率为332．6‰，城市为400．6‰，农村为319．2‰，慢性病患病率位于前5位的依次是高血压（72．7‰）、其他运动系统疾病（36．2‰）、其他冠心病（33．8‰）、糖尿病（24．7‰）、脑血管病（21．7‰），影响威海市老年人慢性病患病率的因素为性别、年龄、职业及受教育程度。结论明确了影响威海市老年人慢性病患病率的因素为加强预防控制慢性病提供了依据。     

老年军人生活质量与慢性病关系的研究

目的研究西安地区老年军人慢性病患病情况及其生活质量现况，分析老年性疾病与其生活质量的关系。方法采用分层、整群抽样的方法，对西安地区934名老年军人进行体格检查和使用SF-36量表中文版进行问卷调查。结果老年军人慢性病患病率达98．6％，同时患两种病及以上的占87．3％。慢性病患病率由高到低前7位依次为心脏病、前列腺增生、高血压、白内障、肺气肿或慢性支气管炎、关节炎或风湿病、糖尿病，其患病率分别依次为56．7％，55．6％，50．1％，44．1％，38％，26．7％，17．9％。同时，该人群中生活质量“良”为35．3％、“中”为60．3％、“差”为4．4％。大多数老年慢性病对生活质量有较大的影响，而且。老年人生活质量也会影响疾病的发生、发展和结局。结论老年军人人群的生活质量受到各种疾病的影响，有必要采取综合措施来改善他们的整体健康水平，促进老年军人生活质量不断提高。     

河北省燕郊社区717名老年人慢性病现况调查

目的 了解影响三河市开发区老年人健康状况的几种常见慢性病的现况，为开展社区老年卫生服务提供依据。方法 采用整群抽样方法对河北省燕郊年龄≥60岁717名老年人进行问卷调查。结果 老年人慢性病总患病率为92．1％，其中男性患病率91．2％，女性93．0％，两者差异无显著性。70．0％的老年人同时患有2种及以上慢性病。患病率位于前5位的病种依次是高血压(46．2％)、心脏病(26．9％)、骨关节炎或风湿性关节炎(21．9％)、口腔与牙病(16．2％)、颈椎病(16．0％)。文化程度、离退休前职业、医疗保障、居住状况、是否经常主动获得医疗保健知识、支付医疗保健费用有无困难是影响老年人患多种慢性病的因素。结论 慢性病是危害老年人健康的主要卫生问题，应充分考虑老年人疾病谱的特点，开展有针对性的社区卫生服务，提高老年人健康水平。     

江苏省老年高血压流行病学调查资料分析

本文对１９９１年１０月江苏省高血压流行病学抽样调查中６０岁以上老年人群资料进行了分析。结果显示：①城市老年人确诊高血压患病率为２９．０％，农村为１５．１％，城市非常显著高于农村（Ｐ＜０．０１）；②随着年龄的增加，老年人收缩压继续增加，而舒张压则略有下降；③老年人高血压的显著特点是以纯收缩期高血压为主，城市占６２．２％，农村占６４．４％，女性纯收缩期高血压的比例显著高于男性；④城市老年人在７０岁以前高血压患病率男性高于女性，７０岁以后女性高于男性，而农村老年人在各年龄组女性均非常显著高于男性。     

Role of the placenta in the control of the ante-partum surge of prolactin in the rat

A nocturnal surge of prolactin secretion occurs in the dark period preceding parturition in the rat. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the placenta in the control of this prolactin surge. Plasma prolactin and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial blood samples collected after surgical removal of conceptuses during late pregnancy, and after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of placental lactogen (PL) before the prolactin surge. In intact control animals, prolactin secretion remained low until a nocturnal surge of secretion occurred in the dark period preceding parturition, peaking at 269 +/- 51 (S.E.M.) micrograms/l at 03.00 h on day 21. Progesterone levels fell from greater than 200 nmol/l on day 19 to less than 40 nmol/l by 12.00 h on day 20 of pregnancy. PL levels during late pregnancy were modified by partial or complete removal of conceptuses at 10.00 h on day 19 of pregnancy. Removal of all but one or two conceptuses did not change the normal pattern of prolactin or progesterone secretion. Removal of all conceptuses, however, induced a large nocturnal surge of prolactin secretion, peaking at 211.7 +/- 78 micrograms/l at 03.00 h on day 20, 24 h earlier than the surge in intact animals. Progesterone levels after removal of all conceptuses fell to less than 40 nmol/l by 23.00 h on day 19, approximately 12 h before the decline in intact animals. Maintenance of increased progesterone levels after conceptus removal using silicone tubing implants significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the peak of the premature prolactin surge to 79.7 +/- 18 micrograms/l at 05.00 h on day 20.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

On the Role of the Septal Area in the Development of Doca-Salt Hypertension in the Rat

The extensive destruction of forebrain noradrenergic nerve terminals by the intraventricular injection of 250 μg of 6-hydroxy-dopamine prevents the subsequent development of DOCA-salt experimental hypertension in rats while the lesser destruction of noradrenergic nerve terminals produced by 90 μg of 6-hydroxydopa does not. The greatest difference in brain part noradrenaline levels between these two neurotoxins was in the septal area where noradrenaline was less than 15% of controls after 6-hydroxydopamine but was the same as controls after 6-hydroxydopa. The non-specific destruction of the lateral septal area by radiofrequency lesions prevented the subsequent development of DOCA-salt hypertension. The relatively selective destruction of catecholamine nerve terminals in the lateral septal area by the injection of 1 μg 6-hydroxydopamine in 1 μl vehicle also prevented the development of DOCA-salt hypertension. These data suggest that the lateral septal area may be the location of the forebrain catecholaminergic neural activity that is necessary for the development of DOCA-salt experimental hypertension in rats.     

Oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly

Controversy continues to surround the value of drug treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Epidemiologic evidence implicates hypertension as a major risk factor in the precocious development of stroke and coronary heart disease in the elderly subject as clearly as it is implicated in the younger person. The hemodynamic and neuroendocrine profiles of the older patient with essential hypertension are similar to those of younger patients in the stable phase of the disease. However, the arterial ravages induced by many years of sustained hypertension render the circulation of the elderly subject more sensitive to pharmacologic intervention. The benefit-risk ratio of most antihypertensive drugs appears to be inversely related to age. Diuretics reduce the blood pressure at rest but have no influence on the increases in systolic pressure during normal activity; in addition, they carry potentially serious metabolic hazards in the elderly hypertensive patient. Centrally acting drugs likewise lower the blood pressure at rest without influencing the high systolic pressures induced by exercise. They also enhance the tendency to endogenous depression. Adrenergic-neurone blocking drugs and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists are contraindicated because of the frequency of impaired cardiovascular reflexes in the elderly. The beta-blocking drugs can reduce the risk of coronary and cerebrovascular disease in the older patient with hypertension. They appear to be well tolerated, but because of their impaired metabolic handling in many elderly patients they should probably be used in smaller doses than those prescribed in younger patients. The influence of antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly hypertensive patient is not known.     

Tissue Oxygen Demand in Regulation of the Behavior of the Cells in the Vasculature

The control of arteriolar diameters in microvasculature has been in the focus of studies on mechanisms matching oxygen demand and supply at the tissue level. Functionally, important vascular elements include EC, VSMC, and RBC. Integration of these different cell types into functional units aimed at matching tissue oxygen supply with tissue oxygen demand is only achieved when all these cells can respond to the signals of tissue oxygen demand. Many vasoactive agents that serve as signals of tissue oxygen demand have their receptors on all these types of cells (VSMC, EC, and RBC) implying that there can be a coordinated regulation of their behavior by the tissue oxygen demand. Such functions of RBC as oxygen carrying by Hb, rheology, and release of vasoactive agents are considered. Several common extra‐ and intracellular signaling pathways that link tissue oxygen demand with control of VSMC contractility, EC permeability, and RBC functioning are discussed.