显微镜下多血管炎的胸部CT表现

目的 提高对显微镜下多血管炎（MPA）胸部CT表现的认识。方法 回顾性分析5例明确诊断的MPA胸部CT资料。所有病例均行胸部常规CT检查，其中4例行高分辨率CT（HRCT）扫描。结果 胸部CT主要表现为磨玻璃影3例，实变影2例，纤维化2例，肺大泡3例，胸膜增厚3例，胸腔积液2例，胸内淋巴结增大3例；外周型为主3例，中央型及无明显区域分布各1例。2种及以上肺部病变并存4例。肺部病变合并纵隔淋巴结增大的3例。结论 MPA胸部CT无特异性，主要表现为磨玻璃影，明确诊断需结合临床、影像表现和实验室检查。     

肺脂肪栓塞综合征的CT表现

目的:探讨肺脂肪栓塞综合征的胸部CT表现。方法:回顾性分析5例肺脂肪栓塞综合征患者最初的胸部CT及复查CT表现。结果:5例患者的胸部CT均显示双肺弥漫性分布磨玻璃样影,呈"暴风雪样"改变;4例见边缘模糊小结节影;2例见实变影;5例均有双侧少量胸腔积液。复查CT示磨玻璃影和小结节影消失。结论:长骨骨折患者,骨折后3d内出现双肺弥漫磨玻璃样改变及小结节影,应考虑到肺脂肪栓塞综合征可能,结合临床表现及室验室检查可确诊。     

甲型H1N1流感患者胸部CT首诊表现

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感患者的胸部MSCT首诊表现.方法 回顾性分析19例经实验室检测显示甲型H1N1流感病毒阳性患者的首诊胸部MSCT影像资料.由3名副教授影像医师独立阅读并最终讨论达成一致.影像的异常表现包括实变、磨玻璃密度影、结节影,网格影.病变的分布包括单侧或双侧.病变部位按病变累及肺叶的解剖划分,同时评估胸腔积液单双侧及纵隔和肺门的淋巴结增大、心包积液及胸膜异常.用自建半定量甲型H1N1病变评分表评价磨玻璃密度影及实变影.采用Spearman相关分析检验半定量磨玻璃样变和实变CT评分与患者的发热时间之间有无相关关系.结果 19例患者中18例胸部CT首诊为阳性,肺内见实变影3例、磨玻璃密度影3例、实变影+磨玻璃密度影12例.病变全部为双侧分布,并且主要为弥漫分布(14例),多灶病变均分布在中下叶(4例).2例患者首次胸部CT检查发现心脏增大,其中1例合并心包积液.5例胸腔积液患者中,2例为双侧,3例为单侧.2例纵隔淋巴结增大,1例胸膜增厚.半定量磨玻璃密度影CT评分有2例4.25分,1例3.75分,1例2.25分,1例1.75分,6例1.00分,2例0.75分,2例0.50分,4例0分.半定量实变影CT评分有1例4.25分,1例4.00分,1例3.75分,1例2.75分,3例1.25分,2例1.00分,2例0.75分,1例0.50分,3例0.25分,4例0分.半定量磨玻璃密度影CT评分与发热时间存在正相关性(r=0.776,P<0.01),半定量实变影CT评分与发热时间无相关性(r=0.322,P>0.01).结论 甲型H1N1患者胸部CT首诊表现多以双侧磨玻璃密度病变伴或不伴实变影为主,主要为弥漫分布.甲型H1N1肺炎在发病初期病程进展以磨玻璃密度影范围扩大为标志.     

重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像学表现

目的探讨重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像特征。方法 29例经病毒核酸检验确诊的重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎患者,其中,22例经胸部X线摄影,12例经胸部CT扫描,8例同时接受了上述两种方法检查。对所有患者的临床与影像资料进行了回顾性分析,并比较了X线胸片与CT的诊断潜能。结果 22例经胸部摄影患者表现为肺纹理增重,两肺野内、中带有边界模糊的斑片状致密影。12例经胸部CT扫描的患者表现为两肺野散在分布的斑片状致密影及磨玻璃样密度影,其中6例X线胸片未见病变。同时,CT显示胸腔积液与心包积液各2例。结论重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的影像学表现是以两肺斑片状及磨玻璃样密度影为主,CT可以发现两肺上野及外带的较淡致密影,对判定病变的有无及累及范围明显优于X线胸片。     

慢性肾脏病合并肺孢子菌肺炎胸部CT表现分析

目的：探讨慢性肾脏病合并肺孢子菌肺炎（ PCP）的胸部CT表现特点。方法回顾分析2006年1月～2014年2月医院肾内科确诊的23例慢性肾脏病合并肺孢子菌患者的胸部CT影像资料。结果23例慢性肾脏病合并PCP患者的胸部CT表现主要有：斑片结节影、磨玻璃影、肺实变、肺气囊、纤维网格影、纵隔淋巴结肿大、胸腔积液。病变可表现为两肺或单侧肺。疾病早期以斑片结节影为主,逐渐进展呈弥漫磨玻璃及肺实变,伴有纤维网格影。结论慢性肾脏病合并肺孢子菌患者的胸部CT表现具有一定的特征性,对于该病的诊断具有明显的价值。     

重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像表现

目的 探讨重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺部感染的胸部影像表现.方法 回顾性分析18例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者的临床及影像资料,将其分为重症组(11例)及危重症组(7例),所有患者均经胸部X线检查,其中2例行CT检查.结果 重症组11例,8例X线表现为双侧肺野中内带分布的、边缘模糊的小斑片和结节状阴影,3例X线表现为局灶性边缘模糊的片状阴影,其中1例胸部CT表现为右下肺大片实变影.危重症组7例,4例X线表现为双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃密度阴影伴部分实变,其中1例出现胸颈部皮下气肿,1例胸部CT表现为双肺广泛分布的、沿支气管走行的斑片状磨玻璃密度影,双下肺结节状实变病灶和胸腔积液;其他3例表现为双侧肺野内大范围实变影.结论 甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像表现包括重症患者肺内的结节样和斑片状阴影,危重患者肺内弥漫的支气管周围分布的磨玻璃密度灶和多灶性实变.     

甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像学表现

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析15例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者的临床及影像资料,按照肺内病变程度分为轻度型(3例)、中度型(5例)、重度型(7例),所有患者均行X线检查,其中3例行CT检查.结果 轻度型患者3例,X线表现为肺内局限性小片状阴影;中度型5例,X线表现为肺内片状阴影超过2个肺野,单侧病变1例,双侧病变4例;重度型(7例),X线表现为双侧肺野中内带分布的、边缘模糊的小斑片和结节状阴影,1例CT表现为左下肺大片状实变影,2例CT表现为双肺弥漫分布的、沿支气管走行的斑片状磨玻璃密度影,胸腔积液.成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)4例,并发皮下气肿1例.结论 甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎以片状影及磨玻璃密度阴影为主,可见间质病变,重型患者部分可进展为ARDS.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎CT表现动态变化的初步探讨

目的:探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)胸部CT表现的动态变化过程。方法:回顾性分析26例新冠肺炎的年龄、性别、临床病史、流行病学病史及胸部CT资料。结果:26例中,普通型19例,其中2例表现为单个磨玻璃结节或双肺多个磨玻璃影,达到出院标准时结节或磨玻璃影未见明显改变;13例病变磨玻璃影多次检查均表现为逐渐吸收;4例磨玻璃影范围先扩大,并新增肺实变或磨玻璃病灶,后期病灶再逐渐吸收变淡。重型或危重型7例,表现为双肺弥漫性磨玻璃影;首次复查3例CT表现为病变轻度吸收,4例病灶较前增多、密度增高;继续复查肺内病灶均表现为少许吸收,且开始向纤维化转归,但达到出院标准时病变仅大部吸收或向纤维化陈旧病灶发展。结论:新冠肺炎的CT表现及其动态变化过程有一定的特征和规律,能对临床治疗效果及预后进行评价,并为研究新冠肺炎的病理机制提供影像依据。     

学龄前儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎CT诊断

目的探讨学龄前儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎CT表现。方法回顾性分析湖北襄阳市第一人民医院及十堰太和医院8例经临床及核酸检测确诊为COVID-19学龄前儿童的胸部CT表现。其中男性3例,女性5例,年龄8个月～5岁,中位年龄2岁。由2名放射科医师共同观察肺部纹理情况,病变分布、形态、密度等特征及有无肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大、有无胸膜增厚或胸腔积液改变。结果 8例患儿中,1例患儿无肺部及胸膜腔病变,1例患儿仅表现左侧少量胸膜增厚;5例患儿双肺病变,表现为双肺纹理增多,增粗,可见夹杂的斑片状高密度影,实变影与磨玻璃影,部分磨玻璃影见晕征;3例患儿病变多分布于肺外带,1例病变分布于双肺中内带;所有患儿均未见肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大,未见胸腔积液。结论学龄前儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎临床表现及胸部CT表现不典型,与成人不同,多为轻症,诊断需结合流行病学资料、实验室检测综合判断,准确的肺部CT表现可作为临床早期诊断和防控干预的重要依据。     

6例重症甲型H1N1流感的肺部CT影像分析

目的:探讨重症甲型H1N1流感患者的肺部CT影像表现。材料和方法:回顾性分析6例经临床综合确诊的重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床和CT资料,男4例,女2例,年龄25～61岁,平均39.83±12.41岁,所有患者均于住院期间行2～4次胸部64层螺旋CT扫描。结果:所有患者肺部阴影均较明显,发展迅速,表现为两肺多叶弥漫性渗出,病灶位于中下叶并呈外周分布居多。异常胸部CT表现包括:多发斑片状磨玻璃阴影6例,单发小圆形磨玻璃阴影4例,小结节状高密度影4例,大结节状高密度3例,磨玻璃密度影内出现结节或索条影1例,不规则肺实变3例,部分肺不张2例,细支气管扩张2例,少量胸腔积液3例,胸膜增厚2例,纵隔淋巴结肿大3例。当病变逐渐吸收后主要表现为两肺残留索条状或斑片状阴影。结论:发展迅速,双肺受累,弥漫分布,大片磨玻璃阴影伴有实变、结节,多累及两肺中下叶呈外周分布是诊断重症甲型H1N1流感的相对特征性表现。     

X-ray computed tomography of thoracic injuries. Apropos of 40 cases]

On chest radiographs, the precise assessment of thoracic injuries consecutive to blunt trauma is often compromised by the nonspecific appearance of many lesions. Furthermore, significant injuries are frequently overlooked. However, the management of the patients with chest trauma is still often based primarily upon clinical and radiographic findings and Computed Tomography (CT) is often performed secondarily on the basis of unexplained clinical signs or suspected radiographic abnormality. Some authors have reported that CT was a highly sensitive method for detecting thoracic lesions frequently not seen or underestimated on conventional supine chest radiographs. However, the value that these new CT findings could have in the therapeutic management of these patients, have not been systematically investigated to our knowledge, except in a limited series suggesting that the course of critically ill patients could be substantially altered after thoracic CT. In order to estimate the role of early CT in the management of patient care, we report the therapeutic consequences of CT findings in forty patients who we report the therapeutic consequences of CT findings in forty patients who had a thoracic CT within few hours following a chest injury. We showed that early thoracic CT scan in patients with blunt trauma detected significantly more lesions than did chest X-Ray and appreciably modified the treatment modalities in 70% of our patients. We then recommend that all the patients admitted in ICU after chest trauma undergo a thoracic CT scan as soon as possible in order to optimize their treatment modalities.     

Role of contrast-enhanced helical CT in the evaluation of acute thoracic aortic injuries after blunt chest trauma

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the value of contrast-enhanced helical CT for detecting and managing acute thoracic aortic injury (ATAI). Between June 1995 and February 2000, 1419 consecutive chest CT examinations were performed in the setting of major blunt trauma. The following CT findings were considered indicative of ATAI: intimal flap; pseudoaneurysm; contour irregularity; lumen abnormality; and extravasation of contrast material. On the basis of these direct findings no further diagnostic investigations were performed. Isolated mediastinal hematoma on CT scans was considered an indirect sign of ATAI: In these cases, thoracic aortography was performed even if CT indicated normal aorta. Seventy-seven patients had abnormal CT scans: Among the 23 patients with direct CT signs, acute thoracic aortic injuries was confirmed at thoracotomy in 21. Two false-positive cases were observed. The 54 remaining patients had isolated mediastinal hematoma without aortic injuries at CT and corresponding negative angiograms. The 1342 patients with negative CT scans were included in the 8-month follow-up program and did not show any adverse sequela based on clinical and radiographic criteria. Contrast-enhanced helical CT has a critical role in the exclusion of thoracic aortic injuries in patient with major blunt chest trauma and prevents unnecessary thoracic aortography. Direct CT signs of ATAI do not require further diagnostic investigations to confirm the diagnosis: Isolated aortic bands or contour vessel abnormalities should be first considered as possible artifacts or related to non-traumatic etiologies especially when mediastinal hematoma is absent. In cases of isolated mediastinal hematoma other possible sources of bleeding should be considered before directing patients to thoracic aortography.     

64排容积CT扫描在严重多发伤快速评估中的应用

目的 探讨64排容积CT扫描在严重多发伤快速评估中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2006年1月-2008年6月收治的72例严重多发伤患者.致伤原因:交通伤28例,坠落伤24例,钝器伤10例,刀刺伤6例,爆炸伤4例.根据患者当时受伤情况及可疑损伤部位均及时行全身64排容积CT扫描.结果 本组72例严重多发伤患者中,头、胸部均有损伤30例,头部损伤16例,胸腹盆部均有损伤10例,四肢及头部损伤14例,全身软组织损伤2例.平均扫描耗时约10.2 s.64排容积CT各向同性特点和强大的后处理功能使其能准确地对组织器官的损伤情况及损伤程度进行术前诊断及评估.结论 64排容积CT检查在严重多发伤快速评价中的运用可以有效地缩短检查时间、减少搬动,避免了影像重叠与遗漏,为临床诊治提供了较为完整、准确的影像学资料,是一种快速、有效地评估严重多发伤患者伤情的方法.     

Head trauma: comparison of MR and CT--experience in 100 patients

The results of CT and MR imaging were reviewed retrospectively and compared in 100 patients who experienced clinically significant head trauma. The findings were analyzed on the basis of several parameters in an attempt to establish objective clinical guidelines for the use of each diagnostic technique. CT remains the screening method of choice in evaluating acute severe head trauma; however, MR revealed additional clinically relevant findings in all four cases in which the patient's clinical symptoms were disproportionate to the CT findings. MR was equal or superior to CT in the evaluation of all patients with acute minor head trauma and in 94 of 95 patients examined in the subacute, chronic, or remote phase of injury, irrespective of the severity or pathologic nature of their injuries. All subacute contusions (21 lesions) and white-matter shearing lesions (18 cases) were demonstrated to particular advantage on MR compared with CT, as were all subdural hematomas (of 52 small subdural collections, 58% were detected only by MR). Although surgical management was not altered by the additional information provided by MR, the implications regarding the medical management and disposition of the patients with head trauma were significant.     

CT diagnosis of cardiac and pericardial injuries

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the CT findings diagnostic of cardiac and pericardial injury, including signs of pericardial tamponade, in patients suffering from blunt and penetrating trauma. A search of the CT radiology database at a level I trauma center was performed to identify cases in which injury to the heart or pericardium was diagnosed, as well as to identify cases of pericardial tamponade. All cases were reviewed to ascertain the specific CT findings, and medical records were reviewed to assess the influence of CT findings on management and to assess for clinical evidence of pericardial tamponade. Eighteen patients had direct CT evidence of cardiac or pericardial injury, including nine cases of pneumopericardium, eight cases of hemopericardium, and one case of intrapericardial gastric herniation. Four of these patients were found to have direct cardiac injuries. Three additional cases with CT evidence of pericardial tamponade were identified, two secondary to cardiac compression by an anterior mediastinal hematoma and one following repair of left ventricular rupture. Of 11 patients with CT evidence of tamponade, only three were suspected clinically. Cardiac and pericardial injuries are usually diagnosed surgically and are often clinically unsuspected, particularly in blunt trauma. As CT is increasingly utilized as a general screening test for thoracic/abdominal trauma, these injuries may be first suspected on the basis of CT findings, and knowledge of the CT findings of cardiac injury or tamponade is crucial.     

外伤后迟发性膈疝合并胃坏死的CT诊断

目的探讨胸腹部外伤后迟发性膈疝所致胃坏死的CT表现特征。资料与方法回顾性分析6例经外科手术证实的闭合性胸腹部外伤后膈疝合并胃坏死患者的临床和CT检查资料。6例均行常规胸腹部CT平扫,除1例病情危重外,另5例均行双期增强扫描,图像分析结合多平面重组(MPR)和最大密度投影(MIP)等CT后处理技术。结果6例膈疝发生于外伤后3个月～6年不等,单侧发生,均为左侧。胃底坏死3例,小弯侧1例,大弯侧2例,其中1例伴穿孔。胃经膈肌破口进入胸腔,胃不同程度扩张,坏死区胃壁稍厚与未坏死部分分界较清楚;3例增强扫描早期坏死区不强化,其中1例周围胃动脉分支无对比剂充盈,延迟期坏死区轻度强化,2例增强早期轻度强化;胃坏死区周围脂肪层模糊、密度增高;1例胃腔内可见少量溢出对比剂,表现为动脉期斑点状高密度影;1例大弯侧穿孔处胃壁连续性中断,可见小缺口,胃内容物经缺口溢出;胸腔积液3例,其中1例穿孔者呈混杂密度。1例伴左肾疝入胸腔,1例伴局部陈旧性脾梗死。结论外伤后迟发性膈疝合并胃坏死具有一定的直接和间接特征性CT表现,运用合适的检查技术并正确认识胃坏死的CT征象有助于提高诊断准确率,为尽早手术治疗提供客观依据,避免全胃坏死等严重后果     

嗜铬细胞瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)双期扫描对嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法分析经手术病理证实的嗜铬细胞瘤25例CT双期扫描征象。结果 CT扫描显示,嗜铬细胞瘤发生于肾上腺者22例,异位者3例,多是单侧发病(21/22)。肿块较大,边界清楚,多为类圆形或椭圆形(20例)。肿块内密度多不均,出血、坏死常见(13/25),1例坏死严重。钙化较少见,增强扫描肿瘤实体部分明显强化。结论 MSCT双期扫描对嗜铬细胞瘤的定位、定性诊断有重要价值,并且可以显示肿瘤与周围组织结构、血管的关系,有助手术方案的选择和术后随访。     

Nerves of the thorax: atlas of normal and pathologic findings.

An anatomic and imaging atlas was created to provide detailed information about the six pairs of thoracic nerves (phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves, sympathetic trunks, costal nerves, long thoracic nerves). Serial axial computed tomographic (CT) scans of the normal thorax were obtained and included in the atlas, along with drawings showing the proper location of each nerve relative to adjacent anatomic structures. CT scans obtained in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with various thoracic diseases were paired with appropriate drawings and normal CT scans in the atlas. This format was designed to help determine the presence and severity of related disease, including injury from surgery, trauma, or penetrating injury, metastatic disease involvement, and, rarely, primary tumor. Although the nerves of the thorax are rarely identified at cross-sectional imaging, their location can be inferred by localizing easily identified anatomic landmarks. Familiarity with the functional anatomy and clinical significance of the nerves of the thorax is important for the correct interpretation of thoracic images.     

CT对儿童急性颅脑外伤的诊断价值及合理应用

目的 探讨CT检查对儿童急性颅脑外伤的诊断价值及合理应用。方法 回顾性分析702例儿童急性颅脑外伤的CT检查结果，按有无损伤及损伤部位分类。结果 702例患儿，447例CT平扫未见异常，占63.68%；单纯头皮血肿79例，占11.25%；颅骨损伤（不伴颅内损伤）132例，占18.80%；颅内损伤44例，占6.27%。结论 对于颅脑外伤患儿，CT检查难准确诊断颅脑损伤，但阳性率偏低，因此，CT检查是颅脑损伤的首选检查方法，但不应作为颅脑外伤的常规检查方法，应根据小儿颅脑外伤后的临床症状和体征，决定是否需要CT检查，而不能滥用。     

肾螺旋CT平扫与增强延时扫描对肾损伤的诊断

目的探讨螺旋CT平扫与增强延时扫描对肾损伤的诊断价值。方法57例肾损伤患者外伤后30min～3d均经螺旋CT平扫,其中,23例又经增强延时扫描,回顾分析其CT表现特点。结果Ⅰ型肾挫伤（肾内血肿）25例,Ⅱ型肾包膜下血肿11例．Ⅲ型严重肾损伤（肾撕裂或肾断裂）15例,Ⅳ型肾例血肿6例。23例肾损伤CT增强扫描和延时扫描不仅显示了平扫所见,而且,还硅示了肾集合系统损伤导致尿外液渗9例。结论肾螺旋CT平扫与增强延时扫描能显示肾损伤的的部位、范围、类型以及合并其他的损伤,并能指导怖床治疗。