胰岛素抵抗对尿毒症血脂代谢的影响

目的：探讨尿毒症患者胰岛素抵抗与血脂代谢紊乱的关系。方法：对58例尿毒症患者进行血脂测定，口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验，计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI），机体糖代谢率（M），糖及胰岛素反应曲线下面积（AUCG，AUCINS），并进行统计学分析。结果：尿毒症患者餐后2h血糖及胰岛素水平，AUCG，AUCINS显著增,ISI,M显著降低，与正常对照组相比有显著差异（P＜0．05），尿毒症组TG，LDL－C明显增,HDL-C明显降低（P均＜0．05），与非胰岛素抵抗（NIR）组相比，胰岛素抵抗（IR）组LDL－C明显增,HDL-C明显降低（P＜0．05），直线相关分析LDL－C与ISI呈负相关(r=-0.43,P=0.001)，与AUCINS呈正相关（r=0.28,P=0.5)。结论：尿毒症患者存在IR及血脂代谢紊乱，IR可能是引起尿毒症脂质代谢紊乱的重要原因之一。     

全麻联合硬膜外阻滞对胃癌根治术中血糖、糖代谢激素及白介素6的影响

目的 比较全麻联合硬膜外阻滞和单纯全麻下胃癌根治术中血糖、部分糖代谢激素和白细胞介素6的变化。方法 30例选择性胃癌手术患者随机分成全身麻醉联合硬膜外阻滞（G＋E）和单纯全麻（G）两组，分别于麻醉前、麻醉后手术前、切皮后30、60、90、120、150和180min、拔管后10min抽取静脉血，测定血清血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、皮质醇和白细胞介素6的浓度。结果 术中G＋E组血糖升高迟于G组，但两组均于拔管后10min达高峰（P＜0．01）；整个术程血糖水平仅于切皮后60minG＋3组低于G组（P＜0．05）。血皮质醇升高G＋E组也较G组迟，切皮后180min时两组均达高峰（P＜0．01），拔管后10min时有所下降，但仍高于术前水平（P＜0．05）；皮质醇升高幅度于切皮后30minG＋3组比G组小（P＜0．05）；胰高血糖素和白细胞介素6在两组均于切皮后90min时明显升高，于拔管于10min时达高峰，组间比较无差异（P＞0．05）。术中胰岛素水平变化不明显（P＞0．05）。血糖与胰高血糖素和IL－6密切相关（r＝0．72和0．63，P＜0．01）；白介素6与胰高血糖素和皮质醇的相关系数分别为0．75和0．44（P＜0．05或0．01），与胰岛素变化无明显相关（P＞0．05）。结论 全麻联合硬膜外阻滞对胃癌根治术程早期的伤害性刺激消除效果比单纯全麻好，但术程后期均不能消除由IL－6等体液介质介导的应激性内分泌和代谢改变。     

胆囊结石及胆囊癌与ABO血型相关性研究

目的 探讨胆囊结石及胆囊癌的发病机会与ABO血型分布有无关联。方法 分析600例胆囊结石和57例胆囊癌病人的ABO血型分布情况，并与2363例自然人群的血型分布做对比研究。结果 本组胆囊结石病人的ABO血型分布与对照组相比无显性差异（P＞0．05），而胆囊多发性结石较多发生于A血型病人（P＜0．05）；与对照组相比，A型血患胆囊癌的机会明显增加（P＜0．05）。结论 胆囊癌的发病机会与A血型有明显关联，而胆囊结石的发病机会与ABO血型无关。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体就激反应的影响

目的 研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体应激反应的影响。方法 将70例胆囊炎、胆囊结石患者随机分成腹腔镜胆囊切除组（LC）和开腹胆囊切除组（OC）。术前和术后第1,3,5,7d采集外周静脉血,测定白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）,肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）,白细胞介素6（IL－6）和C－反应蛋白（CRP）。结果 两组手术前后IL－1β和TNF-α均无明显差异（P＞0．05）,两组间手术前后比较也无明显差异（P＞0．05）;两组手术后IL－6第1d升至最高,与术前及术后第3,5,7d比较有高度显著差异（P＜0．01）而术前与术后第3,5,7d比较无显著差异（P＞0．05）,两组之间比较亦无显著差异（P＞0．05）;两组手术后CRP第1,3,5d均较术前有明显升高（P＜0．05）,以术后第1和第3d升高最明显,而两组之间比较无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论 LC对机体应激反应与OC相比没有明显差异。     

胆囊结石病人胆囊胆汁中游离Ca^2＋升高

胆囊结石成因中钙非常重要，本研究旨在了解胆囊结石病人与非结石病人间睑汁中是否钙有量的不同。术中穿刺胆囊从57例病人抽取胆汁，其中22例病人无胆囊结石，19例为胆固醇结石，16例为胆色素结石，测定胆汁游离Ca2+，胆色素结石病人为1．79±0．44mmol／L，胆固醇结石病人为1．31±0．32mmol／L，非结石病人为1．05±0．10mmol／L。明石病人与非结石病人间测定值有明显的重叠，胆色素组与胆固醇组间P＜0．05，胆色素结石组与非结石组间P＞0．05，其他组间P＞0．05。这种异常变化与胆囊结石形成有关。     

深静脉血栓形成血管张力因素的研究

目的：研究血管收缩因素ET－1和TXA2、舒张因素PGI2以及TXA2与PGI2的平衡与深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的关系,为防治措施的进一步改进提供依据。方法：36例DVT患者根据病程分为A、B、C、D4组,并设正常对照组。均采用放免的方法测定血浆ET－1、TXB2、6－keto-PGF1α浓度。结果：①DVT各组的血浆ET－1水平均高于对照组（P＜0．01）。②A组、B组和D组血浆TXB2水平均高于对照组并有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。③C组血浆6－keto-PGF/1α水平低于对照组并有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。B组与A组和C组均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,B组分别高于A组和C组（P＜0．05）.④CDVT各组TXB2与6－keto-PGF1α比值（T／P）均高于对照组并有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。A组高于B组并有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：DVT存在血管收缩与舒张的失调,血管收缩强于血管舒张。血管收缩与舒张失调参与了DVT的病理生理过程,可能是血栓形成的辅助因素。     

吡格列酮干预对糖尿病前期病情演变的影响

目的观察吡格列酮对糖尿病前期人群糖代谢、胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将筛查出来的处于糖尿病前期的患者135例随机分为吡格列酮组（81例）和对照组（54例），两组均进行生活方式干预，吡格列酮组在此基础上给予口服吡格列酮15mg／d，连续12周。干预前后分别测定空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS），同时计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）。结果对照组干预前后FBG、FINS、HOMA—IR、HOMA-β比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。吡格列酮组干预后FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR明显下降[分别为（6．82±0．31）mmol／L比（5．17±0．13）mmol／L、（12．03±4．63）mU／L比（9．90±3．85）mU/L、1．24±0．48比0．74±0．44]（P〈0．05），HOMA—β明显上升（4．20±0．31比4．78±0．33）（P〈0．05）。两组干预前FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR和HOMA-β比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），干预后吡格列酮组FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR均低于对照组（P〈0．05），HOMA-β高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论吡格列酮治疗可以减低糖尿病前期人群的胰岛素抵抗，部分恢复胰岛β细胞功能，从而降低该类人群向糖尿病转化的危险。     

槲皮素抑制乳腺癌发生及增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨槲皮素抑制乳腺癌发生及增殖的作用。方法 建立三甲基苯丙蒽（DMBA）诱导的乳腺癌动物模型。79只雌性SD大鼠随机分为A组（DMBA）、B组[DMBA 三苯氰胺（TAMC)],C组（DMBA＋槲皮素）及D组（空白对照）。持续喂养28周,经光镜、电镜观察,抗PCNA及H－ras免疫组化分析。结果 （1）A组大鼠乳腺肿瘤发生率为76．2％,明显高于B组（40．9％）、C组（45．5％）及D组（0％）,P＜0．05;B组与C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（2）A组大鼠乳腺癌平均直径2．37cm,明显大于B组（1．82cm)及C组（1．71cm),P＜0．05;B组和C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（3）PCNA免疫组化染色显示;A组和B组和C组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）;B组和C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（5）H－ras免疫化染色显示;A组与B组和C组比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,B组和C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论 槲皮素有降低DMBA诱导的SD大鼠乳腺癌发生率及抑制肿瘤生长的作用,其机理可能与抑制ras基因活性、阻抑细胞增殖有关。     

细菌代谢产物在胆囊结石成石中的作用

目的 探讨细菌在胆固醇形成中的作用。方法 测定50例胆囊结现人和15例对照组胆囊胆汁中β-葡萄糖醛酸酶（β-G），内毒素（ET），超氧化的歧化酶（SOD）和糖蛋白含量及它们之间的相关性。结果 胆囊结石组上述指标均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01－0．001）。上述指标结石组细菌培养阳性组均明显高于阴性组（P＜0．05－0．01），β-G，ET及SOD均与糖蛋白有相关性，尤以SOD明显（P＜0．001）。ET与β-G（pH6.8)和SOD之间呈相关关系（P＜0．01）。多因素分析表明SOD与ET糖蛋白的影响最大。结论 细胞可能通过其代谢产物（β-G，ET，SOD等）影响糖蛋白的分泌，参与胆囊结石的形成。     

情志因素对原发性肾病综合征患者糖代谢的影响

目的 探讨情志因素对原发性肾病综合征患者糖代谢的影响，以采取相应的护理对策。方法 将60例原发性肾病综合征患者根据情志状态分为情志稳定组（A组）及情志不稳定组（B组）．选择30例未用胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿患者作为对照组。分别测定空腹及口服葡萄糖后30～180min血糖及血浆胰岛素水平。结果 B组口服葡萄糖后60、120min血糖显著高于A组（P〈0．01、P〈0．05）；空腹及口服葡萄糖后各时点血中胰岛素水平均显著高于A组，且表现出与对照组类似的上升缓慢且释放延迟的情形。结论 情志状态对原发性肾痛综合征患者的糖代谢存在影响．其原因可能与情志不稳定引起的血压升高。血脂、尿酸代谢紊乱相关；临床工作中情志调治及整体施护极为重要。     

IgA肾病患者糖代谢异常和胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的:研究原发性IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)患者中糖代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的发生率及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析107例IgAN患者(IgAN组)和106例健康对照者(对照组)的口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)结果,并收集一般临床及实验室资料,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI),评估糖代谢异常及胰岛素抵抗发生率。结果:IgAN组糖代谢异常的发生率高于对照组;IgAN组血压、血清肌酐、尿酸、三酰甘油、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、血糖(空腹及OGTT2h)、血清胰岛素(空腹及OGTT2h)、HOMA-IR均高于对照组,血清白蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、ISI低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄(OR=1.061)、24h尿蛋白定量(OR=1.387)、三酰甘油(OR=2.553)是IgAN患者发生糖代谢异常的独立危险因素。与糖代谢正常的IgAN患者相比,合并糖代谢异常的IgAN患者年龄、BMI、24h尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油、空腹血糖、OGTT2h血糖及血清胰岛素、HOMA-IR均较高(P<0.05),而高密度脂蛋白、ISI较低(P<0.05)。IgAN合并IR的患者BMI、24h尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油、空腹血糖、空腹血胰岛素、OGTT2h血糖及血清胰岛素水平均显著高于不伴IR的IgAN患者(P<0.05),血肌酐、高密度脂蛋白、ISI则较低(P<0.05);BMI(OR=0.059,P<0.05)、血清白蛋白(OR=0.033,P<0.01)、24h尿蛋白定量(OR=0.077,P<0.05)为IgAN患者发生胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素。结论:IgAN患者糖代谢异常的发生率高于正常人,存在明显的高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗;年龄、24h尿蛋白定量、三酰甘油是IgAN患者发生糖代谢异常的独立危险因素;BMI、血清白蛋白、24h尿蛋白定量为IgAN患者发生胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素。     

Roux-en-Y胃肠道重建手术对胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及胰岛素抵抗的影响

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨Roux?鄄en?鄄Y消化道重建手术对胃癌合并糖尿病患者血糖控制及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法〓选择我院普外科住院的胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者31例,行胃癌根治及Roux?鄄en?鄄Y吻合消化道重建术,对比患者术前及术后6个月体重、体质指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽(FCP0、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)、餐后2小时胰岛素(2hINS)、餐后2小时C肽(2hCP)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA?鄄IR)等指标变化。结果〓术前31例患者中27例给予胰岛素治疗,2例给予口服药物治疗,2例给予单纯饮食运动控制血糖。术后6个月随访,14例患者继续给予胰岛素治疗,6例口服药物治疗,11例未使用任何降糖药物单纯饮食运动控制血糖良好,术前与术后间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月研究对象体重、BMI、FPG、2hPG、FINS、2hINS、HbA1c及HOMA?鄄IR均明显低于术前水平(P<0.05),但术后6个月患者FCP及2hCP水平高于术前(P<0.05)。结论〓Roux?鄄en?鄄Y胃肠道重建术能改善胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制,减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

Beta-cell function of the pancreas after necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the late sequellae of necrotizing pancreatitis on the endocrine function of the pancreas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients, 15 men (mean +/- SEM age 52.2+/-2.6 years and BMI 26.8+/-0.8 kg/m2) and 5 women (age 51.0+/-7.6 years and BMI 26.7+/-0.8 kg/m2) were submitted to a glucagon stimulation test 63 (range 8-136) months after an attack of pancreatitis. All nondiabetic patients (n = 15) were also submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test. For comparison, 16 healthy volunteers, 8 men (age 56.0+/-0.9 years and BMI 26.3+/-0.4 kg/m2) and 8 women (age 50.5+/-1.0 years and BMI 28.2+/-0.6 kg/m2), were also studied. RESULTS: Five patients (25%) had diabetes mellitus and needed insulin treatment, 6 patients (30%) had an impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Nondiabetic patients (IGT included) had a significantly higher basal insulin level (15.8+/-1.9 vs. 10.9 +/-2.2 mU/l, p < 0.05) and a lower glucose/insulin ratio (p < 0.05) compared with controls. The serum concentrations of insulin and C peptide, after stimulation with glucagon, calculated as peak value, maximal increment and as area under the curve were not significantly different in the nondiabetic patients compared to controls. The subgroup of IGT patients had a significantly higher basal C peptide (p < 0.05) and a reduced maximal increment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After nonresectional therapy for necrotizing pancreatitis, there is a high prevalence of disturbances in glucose metabolism. Patients with IGT have signs of both loss of beta-cell function and insulin resistance.     

脂联素、胰岛素抵抗在胆囊胆固醇结石形成中的作用

目的 进一步研究血浆脂联素水平、胰岛素抵抗在胆囊胆固醇结石形成的作用.方法 应用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)测定50例胆囊胆固醇结石患者(实验组)与30例对照组其血浆脂联素、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖水平,并计算出体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI).结果 实验组血清中FINS、HOMAIR、BMI较对照组高,而脂联素、ISI低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 脂联素、胰岛素抵抗与胆囊胆固醇结石的形成关系密切.     

Insulin and hypertension. Relationship to obesity and glucose intolerance in Pima Indians

The relationships among blood pressure, obesity, glucose tolerance, and serum insulin concentration were studied in 2873 Pima Indians aged 18-92 yr (mean 37 yr). Age- and sex-adjusted to the Pima population, the prevalence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mmHg, or receiving drug treatment) was 7.1% for subjects with normal glucose tolerance compared with 13.0% for subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 19.8% for those with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (P less than 0.001). The prevalence ratio of hypertension was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.5) for IGT and 2.6 (95% CI 2.0-3.2) for NIDDM compared with normal glucose tolerance, controlled for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). In logistic regression analysis, hypertension was positively related to age, male sex, BMI, glucose tolerance, and fasting but not 2-h postload serum insulin concentration. Among subjects not taking antihypertensive drugs, however, neither fasting nor 2-h postload serum insulin was significantly related to hypertension. Furthermore, in 2033 subjects receiving neither antihypertensive nor antidiabetic drugs, blood pressure was not significantly correlated to fasting insulin concentration, and 2-h postload serum insulin was negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, insulin is not significantly related to blood pressure in Pima Indians not receiving antihypertensive drugs. Higher insulin concentrations in drug-treated hypertensive patients might result from the treatment rather than contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Thus, these data do not support a major role for insulin in determining the occurrence of hypertension or regulation of blood pressure in Pima Indians.     

腹腔镜下Roux-en-Y胃空肠转流术治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病14例

目的探讨腹腔镜下Roux-en-Y胃空肠转流术(LRYGB)对肥胖型2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法以14例肥胖型2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,实施LRYGB,观察患者术前及术后体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPBG)、C肽(C-P)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)的变化情况,分析手术预后的相关因素。结果 14例患者手术顺利,均无术中并发症的发生及中转开腹。术后随访3个月。1例出现腹泻,经饮食调整及口服药物改善,术后3月BMI、FBG、2hPBG、HbA1C均较术前明显降低(P<0.05);C-P在术后1个月开始下降,术后3月明显,但术后3个月与术前比较无明显差异(P=0.08)。结论腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃空肠转流术治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病近期疗效明显,远期疗效有待进一步观察研究。     

中老年糖尿病Ⅱ型患者骨密度与骨代谢变化的研究

为观察中老年糖尿病（ＤＭ）患者的骨代谢变化，我们应用单光子骨密度仪对９８例中老年ＤＭ患者和正常对照组６３人进行骨密度测量比较，同时对ＤＭ患者进行空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、血钙、血磷、血ＡＫＰ及尿钙、尿磷测定。结果提示：（１）ＢＭＤ降低３５例，占３５．７％，男性ＢＭＤ降低发生率为３２．８％，（Ｐ＜０．０５），女性ＢＭＤ降低率为４０．０％，（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）ＤＭ患者ＢＭＤ正常组与降低组的各项血尿生化指标（血Ｃａ、Ｐ、ＡＫＰ、ＦＢＧ、ＦＩＮＳ，尿Ｃａ、Ｐ）无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；（３）ＤＭ患者各病程组间ＢＭＤ无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），病程与ＢＭＤ亦无明显相关；（４）除血Ｃａ外（ＢＭＤ与血Ｃａ有明显相关，ｒ＝０．２５，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＢＭＤ与它们之间亦无明显相关，说明一般血尿生化指标对中老年ＤＭ患者的骨代谢变化不敏感、无特异性、不可靠。而ＢＭＤ检查则可早期发现骨量减少，预测骨质疏松的发生和骨折的危险性，不失为早期诊断的主要依据     

Glucagon-like peptide 1 increases secretory burst mass of pulsatile insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance

The insulinotropic gut hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 increases secretory burst mass and the amplitude of pulsatile insulin secretion in healthy volunteers without affecting burst frequency. Effects of GLP-1 on secretory mechanisms in type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) known to have impaired pulsatile release of insulin have not yet been studied. Eight type 2 diabetic patients (64+/-9 years, BMI 28.9+/-7.2 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.7+/-1.3%) and eight subjects with IGT (63+/-10 years, BMI 31.7+/-6.4 kg/m2, HbA1c 5.7+/-0.4) were studied on separate occasions in the fasting state during the continued administration of exogenous GLP-1 (1.2 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1), started at 10:00 P.M. the evening before) or placebo. For comparison, eight healthy volunteers (62+/-7 years, BMI 27.7+/-4.8 kg/m2, HbA1c 5.4+/-0.5) were studied only with placebo. Blood was sampled continuously over 60 min (roller-pump) in 1-min fractions for the measurement of plasma glucose and insulin. Pulsatile insulin secretion was characterized by deconvolution, autocorrelation, and spectral analysis and by estimating the degree of randomness (approximate entropy). In type 2 diabetic patients, exogenous GLP-1 at approximately 90 pmol/l improved plasma glucose concentrations (6.4+/-2.1 mmol/l vs. placebo 9.8+/-4.1 mmol/l, P = 0.0005) and significantly increased mean insulin burst mass (by 68%, P = 0.007) and amplitude (by 59%, P = 0.006; deconvolution analysis). In IGT subjects, burst mass was increased by 45% (P = 0.019) and amplitude by 38% (P = 0.02). By deconvolution analysis, insulin secretory burst frequency was not affected by GLP-1 in either type 2 diabetic patients (P = 0.15) or IGT subjects (P = 0.76). However, by both autocorrelation and spectral analysis, GLP-1 prolonged the period (lag time) between subsequent maxima of insulin concentrations significantly from approximately 9 to approximately 13 min in both type 2 diabetic patients and IGT subjects. Under placebo conditions, parameters of pulsatile insulin secretion were similar in normal subjects, type 2 diabetic patients, and IGT subjects based on all methodological approaches (P > 0.05). In conclusion, intravenous GLP-1 reduces plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients and improves the oscillatory secretion pattern by amplifying insulin secretory burst mass, whereas the oscillatory period determined by autocorrelation and spectral analysis is significantly prolonged. This was not the case for the interpulse interval determined by deconvolution. Together, these results suggest a normalization of the pulsatile pattern of insulin secretion by GLP-1, which supports the future therapeutic use of GLP-1-derived agents.     

Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Abnormalities in vascular reactivity in the micro- and macrocirculation are well established in type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about changes in vascular reactivity in those at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. To address this situation, the vascular reactivity in both the micro- and macrocirculation was studied in four age and sex comparable groups: 30 healthy normoglycemic subjects with no history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (controls), 39 healthy normoglycemic subjects with a history of type 2 diabetes in one or both parents (relatives), 32 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 42 patients with type 2 diabetes without vascular complications (diabetes). Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to measure vasodilation in the forearm skin in response to iontophoresis of 1% acetylcholine chloride (Ach) (endothelium-dependent) and 1% sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (endothelium-independent), whereas high-resolution ultrasound images were used to measure brachial artery diameter changes during reactive hyperemia. Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) were also measured as indicators of endothelial cell activation. The vasodilatory responses to Ach, expressed as percent increase of blood flow over baseline, were reduced in relatives (98 +/- 48, mean +/- SD), IGT (94 +/- 52), and diabetes (74 +/- 45) compared with controls (126 +/- 67) (P < 0.001 controls versus relatives, IGT, and diabetes). The responses to SNP were similarly reduced: controls (123 +/- 46), relatives (85 +/- 46), IGT (83 +/- 48), and diabetes (65 +/- 31) (P < 0.001 controls versus relatives, IGT, and diabetes) as were the responses in the brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperemia: controls (13.7 +/- 6.1), relatives (10.5 +/- 6.7), IGT (9.8 +/- 4.5), and diabetes (8.4 +/- 5.0) (P < 0.01 controls versus relatives, IGT, and diabetes). Women had greater responses than men in both the micro- and macrovascular circulatory tests, but a similar progressive reduction was observed in both sexes with increasing degrees of glucose intolerance. A significant inverse correlation was found between microvascular reactivity and systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, HDL cholesterol, fasting plasma insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) values, an index of insulin resistance. BMI and diastolic blood pressure had a significant inverse correlation only with endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In the macrocirculation, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, and HOMA had significant correlation with brachial artery diameter changes. Compared with control subjects, ET-1 was significantly higher in all groups, vWF was higher only in the diabetic group, sICAM levels were higher in the IGT and diabetic groups, while sVCAM concentrations were higher in the relatives and those with diabetes (P < 0.05). On stepwise multivariate analysis, age, sex, fasting plasma glucose, and BMI were the most important contributing factors to the variation of vascular reactivity. Addition of all clinical and biochemical measures explained only 32-37% of the variation in vascular reactivity. These results suggest that abnormalities in vascular reactivity and biochemical markers of endothelial cell activation are present early in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, even at a stage when normal glucose tolerance exists, and that factors in addition to insulin resistance may be operative.     

腹腔镜与开腹阑尾切除术对小儿体液免疫和蛋白质代谢影响的比较

目的比较腹腔镜阑尾切除术（laparoscopic appendectomy,LA）和开腹阑尾切除术（open appendectomy,OA）术后体液免疫与蛋白质代谢指标水平的变化,评价LA在小儿阑尾疾病中的应用价值。方法阑尾炎患儿56例,依患儿家长意愿分为LA组和OA组,分别于术前、术后24h和72h采取外周静脉血检测免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,补体C3、C4,C-反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）,血清前白蛋白（prealbumin,PA）和转铁蛋白（transferrin,TRF）,进行统计学处理,并比较2组患儿术后胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间。结果2组术后24、27h免疫球蛋白IgM、IgA比较均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。IgG在LA术后24h明显降低（P〈0.05）,术后72h与术前无差异（P〉0.05）;与OA组间比较,术后24、72h均有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.05）,但2组的变化均在正常生理范围内。补体C3在LA和OA术后24、72h组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。C4在LA术后24h较术前明显降低（P〈0.05）,但与OA组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。CRP水平在LA术后24、72h持续明显降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.05）,在OA术后则先有升高再降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.05）,组间比较术后24h有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,72h差异消失（P〉0.05）。PA在OA术后24h有明显降低（P〈0.05）,与LA组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。TRF在LA和OA术后24h均有降低（P〈0.05）,术后72h恢复接近术前水平（P〉0.05）,2组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。与OA组比较,LA组胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间明显缩短（P=0.000,P=0.000）。结论LA较OA对小儿机体体液免疫和蛋白质代谢影响小,LA更具有切口微小、胃肠功能恢复快、住院时间短的临床优点。