急诊手术内固定结合植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折48例疗效分析

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折行急诊切开复位钛板内固定植骨术后疗效。方法对48例(51足)跟骨骨折于急诊行切开复位钛板内固定及植骨术,术后测量Bohler角、Gissane角,评价复位效果。结果随访12～30个月。按照美国足踝外科协会AOFAS评分系统评价术后功能:优20足,良23足,可6足,差2足,优良率84.3%。结论对跟骨关节内骨折行急诊切开复位钛板内固定植骨术,临床效果基本满意,早期手术并发症无明显增加。     

切开复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效分析

目的 分析切开复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床疗效.方法 对28例31足严重跟骨骨折,采用切开复位支撑钢板内固定及髂骨(或人工骨)植骨进行治疗.通过手术将跟距关节面解剖复位,恢复Bohler角和Gissane角.结果 经长期随访,骨折全部愈合.术后按Kerr足部评分系统评价,优7足,良19足,可5足,优良率83.87%.结论 切开复位内固定是治疗严重跟骨骨折的有效方法.     

跟骨关节内骨折钢板内固定手术疗效及并发症分析

目的探讨切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效及手术并发症。方法对68例（75足）跟骨关节内骨折行切开复位钢板内固定治疗,均行跟骨外侧L形切口,复位关节面骨折,恢复Bohler角和±issane角后用钢板固定。采用AOFAS评分评定手术效果。结果68例均获得平均22（12—46）个月随访,骨折均愈合。Bohler角由术前（6．5±11．6）°恢复至术后（27．2±6．8）°,Gissane角由术前（88．7±10．4）°恢复至术后（123．5±10．2）°。19足出现并发症。结论切开复位、钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折疗效满意,适当的手术时机和熟练的手术技巧可以减少手术并发症。     

跟骨关节内骨折的治疗

目的分析采用切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析32例跟骨关节内骨折分别接受切开复位、闭合复位治疗,术后定期随访,测量Bohler角和跟骨增宽幅度、Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能。结果 32例病例随访10～18个月,手术组和闭合复位组术后Bohler角和跟骨增宽幅度及Maryland足部评分分别为：（32.30±2.10）°、（26.10±1.80）°;（0.30±0.20）cm、（0.60±0.40）cm;（86±6）、（67±12）。结论 手术组术后Bohler角和跟骨增宽幅度及Maryland足部评分的结果均较闭合复位组的效果好,切开复位内固定治疗是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的一种有效方法。     

广泛外侧入路内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨外侧入路切开复位跟骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的效果。方法自2001年8月至2009年3月,采用切开复位内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折72例81足。采用广泛外侧入路,跟骨钢板内固定。应用影像学检查和美国足踝协会的后足评分系统进行结果评价,有65例77足患者获得随访。平均随访时间17.2个月（12～29个月）。结果共完整随访Ⅱ型骨折47足,Ⅲ型骨折30足。术前平均Bohler角是6.6度,随访时平均Bohler角是29.3度。X线测量表明在单侧跟骨骨折患者跟骨高度恢复为健侧的97.1%。88.4%的患者取得关节面的解剖复位或近解剖复位。平均评分在SandersII型骨折为89.2分,Ⅲ型骨折81.3分。优良率在SandersII型骨折为89.7%,Ⅲ型骨折为80.8%。总的优良率为86.2%。结论对于SandersⅡ型和Ⅲ型骨折患者采用切开复位内固定治疗,可以取得较满意的效果。     

锁定钢板联合斯氏针内固定治疗移位跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨锁定钢板联合斯氏针内固定治疗移位跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法对23例(25足)移位跟骨关节内骨折采用切开复位锁定钢板联合斯氏针内固定。结果本组平均随访12.6个月,术后Bohler角和跟骨宽度明显改善,AOFAS评分:优13足,良9足,可2足,差1足,优良率88%;其中SandersⅣ型2足,可1足,差1足。结论锁定钢板联合斯氏针内固定治疗移位跟骨关节内骨折对SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型疗效满意,对SandersⅣ型疗效欠佳。     

跟骨关节内骨折内固定疗效分析

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折切开复位内固定治疗的临床效果。方法对59例跟骨关节内骨折患者（76足）经跟骨外侧L形切口解剖型跟骨钢板内固定治疗,术前术后进行放射学评估,术后1年临床评估采用Maryland足部评分系统。结果 59例均获随访,时间6-36（24±10.5）个月。患者B hler角与Gissane角均恢复至正常范围。足部评分：优38足,良24足,中11足,差3侧,优良率为81.6%。结论掌握好手术指征和手术时机,解剖复位,早期功能锻炼,切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可以取得满意的疗效。     

解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨应用解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的方法和优势。方法采用切开复位解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折33例36足,术后足趾早期活动,无需石膏固定,12周内避免负重,12周后X线检查,骨折愈合后方可逐渐负重行走。结果所有患者术后随访3~24个月,平均随访10.6个月,复查X线片示,跟骨解剖结构恢复满意,Gissane角恢复至平均126°,Bhler角恢复至38°,按Maryland足部评分系统评定术后功能,优26足,良7足,可3足,优良率91.7%。结论跟骨骨折是临床常见的复杂骨折之一,过去采用手法复位、克氏针撬拔复位、石膏外固定,治疗效果较差。应用解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折,只要把握好手术时机,术前充分准备,术后规范处理,是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的良好方法,适合在基层医院开展。     

植骨联合可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 总结切开复位植骨联合可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的手术方法和临床疗效.方法 2005年1月-2007年12月,采用切开复位、自体髂骨(30～80 g)植骨、可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折32例37足.其中男21例,女11例:年龄18～56岁,平均41.2岁.双足5例,单足27例.开放性骨折2例,闭合性骨折30例.根据Sanders分型标准:Ⅱ型11足,Ⅲ型18足,Ⅳ型8足.术前Bohler角(-9.6±4.2)°,Gissane角(101.4±10.6)°.其中9足行急诊手术,28足于伤后5～7 d手术.结果 术后34足伤口Ⅰ期愈合;3足伤口皮缘灰白伴少量无色渗液,经换药后延迟愈合.32例均获随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16个月.X线片示骨折均愈合,愈合时间3～4个月.术后6个月Bohler角(28.5±6.1)°,Gissane角(128.9±4.8)°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).按Maryland足部功能评分系统,优15足,良18足,差4足,优良率89.19%.结论 切开复位植骨联合可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折能获得较好疗效.选择适当的手术时机、必要的关节面下植骨、合适的可塑形钛板内固定能最大限度减少术后并发症的发生.     

撬拨复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨跟骨关节内骨折手术复位技术及内固定方法.方法 对波及距下关节的跟骨关节内骨折48例(52足)采用切开克氏针撬拨复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗.结果 获得6～30个月的随访,骨折均获得骨性愈合,术后Bohler角得到良好恢复,根据Fernandez评分标准,优良率87％.结论 采用克氏针撬拨复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折,具有疗效可靠、操作简单、创伤小、手术时间短、出血少的特点,能有效预防各种并发症,是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的良好方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.