内镜下胃内血液清除术在急性上消化道出血中的应用及护理

目的 探讨内镜下胃内血液及血凝块清除在急性上消化道出血诊治中的可行性及护理配合.方法 23例患者在常规急诊内镜检查时,发现大量血液及血凝块覆盖胃腔,影响观察.连通洗胃机,应用大口径多侧孔胃管进行内镜直视下胃内血液及血凝块清除,清除后进行内镜下检查和内镜下止血治疗.结果 23例患者经过内镜下胃内血液及血凝块清除后,均能发现出血病灶,进行内镜下止血治疗,并配合有效的护理措施,22例患者有效止血.结论 急性上消化道出血管腔内大量血液和血凝块影响内镜下诊治时,进行内镜下胃内血液及血凝块清除术可以清晰视野,有利于内镜的诊断和治疗.而术前心理护理、熟练的术中配合及术后严密观察病情是治疗成功的重要保证.     

内镜下胃内血液清除术在急性上消化道出血中的应用

18例患者在常规急诊内镜检查时,发现大量血液影响观察,连通洗胃机,进行内镜直视下胃内血液清除,清除后进行内镜下检查和内镜治疗。结果均能发现出血病灶,其中存在多发出血病灶者9例,18例均进行了内镜下止血治疗,17例有效止血。     

1例上消化道大出血患者行内镜下止血突发气胸的急救护理

急性上消化道出血是指屈氏韧带以上的消化道,包括食管、胃、十二指肠、胆管和胰管等病变引起的出血。内镜下止血是临床常见急性消化道出血治疗方法。气胸是内镜检查及治疗时较为严重的并发症。本文回顾性分析了1例上消化道大出血患者行内镜下止血突发气胸的急救护理过程。包括密切的病情观察,内镜止血时突发上消化道大出血的急救护理配合,内镜止血后突发气胸的急救护理配合,院内安全转运及联合多学科(MDT)抢救。     

内镜诊治非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的配合与护理

目的探讨经内镜诊治非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的效果及配合和护理方法。方法对206例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血病人行急诊内镜检查及治疗，术中给予相应的配合及护理。结果206例病人有200例明确诊断，189例内镜下止血成功。结论急诊内镜是诊断和治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的首选方法，护士在非静脉曲张性上消化道出血急诊内镜诊断和治疗中的配合与护理起到重要的作用。     

49例急诊内镜诊治Dieulafoy病的护理配合

目的：探讨急诊内镜下诊治Dieulafoy病的护理配合方法。方法：在内镜下对49例Dieulafoy病病人进行诊治护理,内容主要包括内镜检查前常规准备,活动性出血伴休克的抢救及术中止血治疗的护理配合等。结果：本组病人均在消化道出血12 h内行急诊诊治,其中4例诊断后直接转外科治疗,其余45例经内镜成功止血。49例Dieulafoy病病人均成功获救。结论：急诊内镜诊治应争取在消化道出血后24 h内进行,生命体征不平稳的病人,可在内科抗休克的同时进行内镜下治疗。护士熟练掌握配合内镜止血治疗的护理措施至关重要。     

上消化道出血的急诊内镜诊治与心理分析及护理

目的：探讨心理分析及护理在上消化道出血内镜诊治中的重要性。方法：对35例急性上消化道出血患者进行急诊内镜诊治,并进行心理分析及护理,针对性地实施心理疏导。术后监测并发症及饮食护理,以及进行出院指导。结果：止血成功率达86%。结论：对急性上消化道出血患者给予急诊内镜诊治与心理分析及护理是提高疗效的重要措施。     

静脉曲张性上消化道出血内镜治疗117例护理体会

目的:探讨静脉曲张性上消化道出血内镜治疗的护理方法.方法:对117例食管曲张静脉破裂出血和胃底曲张静脉破裂出血的患者,做好常规的急诊内镜检查和治疗工作,根据不同出血部位分别给予硬化治疗、套扎治疗、组织粘合剂栓塞静脉治疗.结果:117例患者中,115例取得满意的止血治疗效果,2例术后出现再出血,均给予及时处理后止血.结论:做好术前准备、术中配合和术后护理,出院后做好随访工作,可使内镜治疗静脉曲张性上消化道出血顺利进行,取得满意效果.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后并发急性上 消化道出血的急诊内镜诊疗

目的 分析内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后并发急性上消化道出血的临床表现和急诊内镜诊疗情况。方法 回顾性分析2007年9月-2012年9月于该科行ERCP 753例患者资料,其中并发急性上消化道出血8例。表现为黑便和（或）呕血,于ERCP术后1~3 d发生。7例行急诊内镜检查,5例行内镜下止血治疗,2例无需内镜止血治疗,另1例拒绝内镜检查给予抑酸治疗。结果 8例患者完全成功止血。结论 ERCP术后并发急性上消化道出血相对少见,但部分患者出血严重,急诊内镜诊疗简便、有效。     

急诊内镜诊治上消化道大出血的护理配合

急性上消化道大出血，常伴有周围循环衰竭而危及生命。对于原因不明的急性上消化道出血，实施急诊胃镜检查术，能及时明确出血部位，做出正确诊断。同时，对于因溃疡病引起的出血，可在内镜直视下于出血部位用止血药物注射(或用止血夹进行钳夹止血)，均能达到良好的止血目的。我科近6年来开展了非食管胃底静脉曲张破裂急性上消化道出血的急诊内镜检查及镜下治疗工作，取得满意效果，现将护理配合介绍如下。     

内镜下注射止血联合氩离子凝固术治疗Dieulafoy病的护理

目的探讨内镜下注射止血联合氩离子凝固术治疗Dieulafoy病致上消化道出血的护理方法。方法2004年1月至2009年4月,对28例因Dieulafoy病变致上消化道出血的患者进行内镜下注射止血联合氩离子凝固术治疗及其相关护理配合。结果28例患者中,27例急诊止血成功（仅其中1例在术后第3天再出血转外科手术）,1例因出血凶猛直接急转外科手术治疗,治疗成功率为92.8%。结论内镜下注射止血联合氩离子凝固术治疗Dieulafoy病是一种简便易行、止血成功率高、并发症少的治疗方法,在治疗术前、术中、术后给予娴熟有效的护理配合,是治疗成功的重要保证。     

Endoscopic injection treatment in patients with shock and gastrointestinal bleeding or stigmata of recent hemorrhage

Forty cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding were studied. Twenty-three patients had shock and active bleeding (3 spurting, 12 oozing and 2 a clot with oozing) or stigmata of recent hemorrhage (4 with a clot and 2 with a visible vessel). Nineteen of these were submitted to endoscopic injection. In 4 cases with multiple acute hemorrhagic lesions and shock, and in 17 patients with stigmata of recent bleeding without shock, the technique was not carried out. None of the patients had a rebleed. One patient was submitted to surgery 24 hours after injection for a large acute gastric ulcer in the process of perforating, and died of pulmonary embolism 4 days later. No technique-related complications were observed. We believe endoscopic injection treatment might be the technique of choice in patients with shock and active bleeding or stigmata of recent hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract.     

内镜下紧急止血治疗上消化道出血

目的：探讨内镜下治疗上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法：2000年3月至2002年5月人院的36例非门脉高压上消化道大出血患者，人院后24h行紧急内镜下止血。结果：36例上消化道出血患者中，首次出血者10例(27．8％)，多次反复出血者26例(72．2％)。15例采用内镜直视下局部喷射5％碱性硫酸铁溶液(Monseli液)止血，21例采用内镜直视下注射复方硬化剂止血。20例(55．6％)患者在上述处理后即时止血，另15例加用止血剂后在3天内止血。本组胃镜均顺利完成．无严重并发症。结论：内镜下紧急止血治疗是上消化道大出血非常有效的诊断与治疗手段，值得在基层医院推广使用。     

电子胃肠镜在小儿消化道出血中的临床应用

目的回顾性分析进行内镜检查的14岁以下儿童消化道出血的发病年龄、出血原因和出血部位,进一步研究不同原因的消化道出血对外周血红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)和红细胞压积(HCT)的影响。方法选择2012年1月-2018年9月该院消化科因消化道出血住院的123例患儿,对发病年龄、临床表现、出血病因、出血部位以及RBC、Hb和HCT进行归纳总结。结果儿童消化道出血多见于学龄前期儿童,平均发病年龄(4.55±3.90)岁,临床以呕血73例、便血50例、腹痛17例为主要表现,上消化道出血105例,下消化道出血18例。上消化道出血原因为胃溃疡28例、出血性或糜烂性胃炎27例和十二指肠球部溃疡19例等,出血部位于胃体43处、胃窦39处和十二指肠球部16处等。下消化道出血原因为Meckel憩室7例、直肠结肠炎5例、肠息肉4例,出血部位于小肠处7例、直肠处7例和乙状结肠处6例。十二指肠球部溃疡、Meckel憩室、食道胃底静脉曲张导致的消化道出血,其RBC、Hb和HCT影响较大(P 0.05)。结论儿童上消化道出血发病率明显高于下消化道出血;上消化道出血原因以胃溃疡、出血性或糜烂性胃炎、十二指肠球部溃疡最为常见,出血部位以胃体、胃窦、十二指肠球部最常见。下消化道出血原因以Meckel憩室、直肠结肠炎、结肠息肉最为常见,出血部位以小肠、直肠、乙状结肠最常见,而十二指肠球部溃疡、Meckel憩室、食道胃底静脉曲张导致消化道出血对患儿临床危害较大,风险较高。     

Endoscopic hemostasis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by local application of absolute ethanol: a clinical study

The procedure of endoscopic hemostasis with topical injection of absolute ethanol has been developed and applied since 1975 for the control of postoperative hemorrhage associated with diathermic polypectomy. Since June 1979, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhages other than varices have also been subjected to this procedure. This method is based on the principle of dehydration and fixation of the tissue with absolute ethanol. In this procedure, the bleeding vasculatures are dehydrated and fixed with consequent vasoconstriction and necrosis of the vascular wall including its endothelial lining, thereby thrombogenesis and hemostasis are facilitated. The troubled blood vessels fixed in vivo are disintegrated and disappeared. Rebleeding from the ulcer has been extremely rare with this method since the necrotized tissue seldom defoliates but often constitutes a part of the white coating and protects the base of ulcer. Treatment by this method has been successful in all 23 cases of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with endoscopic diathermy, and none has developed rebleeding. The hemostasis has also been successful in 51 cases (72 hemorrhagic lesions) with fresh blood clots adhering to the lesion, exposed blood vessels in the lesion or an actively bleeding lesion out of 126 cases referred for emergency endoscopic examination because of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage during the 3-year period from June 1979 to May 1982. After hemostasis, however, 3 patients received an elective operation and one patient was also operated due to perforation of the gastric wall. Rebleeding occurred in 3 cases more than a week after the hemostasis; one of these was the above-described operated case of perforation. The rebleeding occurred in stress ulcers following surgery for femoral fracture. The other two were at the terminal stage of malignancy and complicated with DIC respectively. Of the patients treated by this method, 8 died by causes other than gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All the rest of 39 cases attained cure of ulcer by the non-surgical treatment alone.     

内镜下治疗十二指肠乳头括约肌切缘出血的护理配合技巧

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后十二指肠乳头括约肌切缘出血内镜下止血治疗的操作护理配合与技巧.方法 纳入2011年3月至2020年2月在我院内镜中心行ERCP治疗后出现十二指肠乳头括约肌切缘或周围出血并行内镜下止血...     

Push enteroscopy in the investigation of small-intestinal disease

We report our experience with small-bowel push enteroscopy in 50 patients. The indications for push enteroscopy were: anaemia/occult gastrointestinal bleeding (22 patients); overt gastrointestinal bleeding (17 patients); abnormal small-bowel radiology (8 patients) and miscellaneous (3 patients). In those with undiagnosed gastrointestinal bleeding/anaemia, abnormalities were detected in 24/39 patients (62%): small bowel arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were detected in 19 (49%), and five (13%) had lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Seventeen patients had heater-probe ablation therapy of vascular lesions: nine patients had small-intestinal lesions, four patients gastric lesions, and four patients combined gastric and small- intestinal lesions. In those with abnormal small-bowel radiology, abnormalities were detected in 6/8 patients. We conclude that (i) push enteroscopy can establish a diagnosis in a high proportion of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding; (ii) heater-probe ablation therapy of vascular lesions can be performed routinely at the time of enteroscopy; (iii) a significant proportion of patients (9/50) referred for enteroscopy with undiagnosed gastrointestinal bleeding have lesions in the stomach/proximal duodenum missed at diagnostic endoscopy. Push enteroscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedure.      

非静脉曲张性上消化道出血内镜下止血的护理配合

目的:总结内镜下注射组织粘合剂、局部注射止血合剂和电凝三联疗法治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的治疗和护理效果。方法:对273例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者进行内镜下三联疗法止血,术前、术中、术后给予了相应的护理措施。结果:273例患者中,无效4例,内镜下止血成功269例,有效治疗率为98.53%。结论:三联疗法是非静脉曲张性上消化道出血内镜下紧急止血的有效方法,而有效的护理措施是内镜下止血的重要保障。