Frozen shoulder

Widespread use of the label "frozen shoulder" as a diagnosis for any stiff and painful shoulder condition has led to its becoming a rather meaningless, catchall term. In addition to confounding both the lay public and health care professionals, this indiscriminate labeling may prevent a patient from receiving appropriate treatment. In this article, I define frozen shoulder and review its pathologic and etiologic factors, epidemiology, natural history, and diagnosis. I present this information in correlation with an examination process to assist physical therapists in identifying suspected cases of frozen shoulder. I also present the current options for treatment, including physical therapy management with physical agents and exercise.     

Frozen shoulder development secondary to proximal humerus fracture and supraspinatus tendon tear following electrical injury

Musculoskeletal injury incidence occurring as a result of low voltage electrical accidents is extremely rare. In the present paper, we report 2 cases of low voltage electrical injuries with frozen shoulder development secondary to proximal humerus fracture and supraspinatus tendon tear. Magnetic resonance imaging, taken due to persistence of shoulder pain and reduction of shoulder joint mobility in cases monitored because of proximal humerus fracture associated with electrical injury, revealed a tear of supraspinatus tendon. Moreover, frozen shoulder status was clinically established in both of the cases. The cases were treated with an appropriate physical therapy and rehabilitation program. Supraspinatus tendon tears accompanying proximal humerus fractures should not be overlooked in low voltage electrical injuries and development of frozen shoulder should be avoided by applying the proper physical therapy and rehabilitation program.     

Frozen platelets

The technical limitations on platelet shelf life and storage have driven research for alternatives, including cryopreservation of platelets. Over the past 60 years, product development has adopted freezing platelets in 6% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and storage in mechanical freezers at ?80?°C for up to 2 years. Frozen platelets show a primed, hypercoagulable in vitro phenotype post-thaw when assayed using morphology, flow cytometry for marker expression, and thrombin capacity. In vivo studies show a role for frozen platelets in the maintenance of hemostasis and data from limited clinical trials show frozen platelets are safe and appear beneficial. As research continues to address the functional role of in vitro assays for clinical outcomes, frozen platelet product development represents a good alternative to room temperature platelets for many applications.     

Frozen red cells

The popularity and the promise of frozen red cells during the 1970s were largely attributable to logistic problems associated with 21-day storage and to the fringe benefits of white cell and plasma depletion that minimized alloimmunization and febrile transfusions and, it was speculated, reduced the risk of HBV transmission. Filtration, particularly with the new generation of filters now appearing on the market, promises to achieve an equivalent reduction in white cells at a fraction of the cost and inconvenience. Donor testing for HBV and anti-HIV and, as would appear from recent data, the ALT assay as a surrogate test for non-A, non-B hepatitis, have reduced the incidence of transmission of these diseases below the level where either evaluating or utilizing red cell freezing would be practically or economically feasible. The use of frozen red cells following rejuvenation will certainly be replaced by effective resuspension solutions that will permit rejuvenation, washing, and additional weeks of refrigerated storage. Barring some wholly unexpected and improbable development bringing the cost and convenience of frozen red cells close to those of refrigerated cells, there is little reason to believe that frozen red cells will find applications in the civilian market, except for the storage of rare types and, possibly, the prevention of CMV transmission in the foreseeable future. The original goal of red cell freezing, to make long term storage possible, has been fully realized. The rest is history.     

非肿瘤性肩关节损伤与人工肩关节置换

目的:分析假体的选择与手术操作技术对非肿瘤性肩关节损伤人工肩关节置换术治疗的影响。方法:选择2001-04/2006-10在上海长征医院、西藏军区总医院、扬州第一人民医院等进行肩关节置换术患者33例。肱骨急性近端粉碎性骨折28例:行单极人工肩关节置换术17例,双极人工肩关节置换术1例,全肩关节置换术3例。肱骨头缺血坏死2例、骨性关节炎3例,均行全肩关节置换术。术后9个月时22例患者参加随访,18个月时17例参加随访,30个月时5例参加随访。结果:33例患者均进入结果分析。①1例肱骨假体留置过长致肩关节上举运动痛、静止不痛,翻修术后缓解。其余32例完全不疼。②术后患者上举85°～130°,平均(98.7±6.0)°,外旋17°～36°,平均(30.0±5.7)°。内旋75°～101°,平均(82.5±4.8)°。③患者假体置位较好,除1例肱骨假体未完全插入髓腔,翻修后正常。④材料与组织的生物相容性能:符合美国FDA及欧洲CE标准。结论:针对患者的具体情况选用合适的人工肩关节假体,术中假体固定方法的选择以及术后外固定材料的佩戴对肩袖功能有重要影响。     

普通冰冻血浆与新鲜冰冻血浆部分血浆组分的比较

目的:比较普通冰冻血浆(FP)和新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)中血浆组分的差异.方法:随机选择北京市红十字血液中心提供的FP和FFP各20份,血浆融化后即刻分别检测凝血因子、纤溶系统及抗凝蛋白指标等12种血浆组分,即活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血因子Ⅷ(FⅧ)活性、凝血因子V(FV)活性、纤维蛋...     

The Frozen Shoulder Workbook

No abstract available for this article.     

人工肩关节假体修复肩关节损伤

背景：肩关节置换成功的关键是尽可能重建肱骨近端的解剖结构,目前人工肩关节假体种类繁多,疗效差异较大。目的：总结人工肩关节假体在肩关节损伤修复中的应用进展。方法：由第一作者用计算机检索万方数据库、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）和PubMed数据库,检索时间为1999/2012,检索词分别为＂肩关节,人工假体＂和＂should erjoint,Artificial falsebody＂。从人工肩关节假体的类型,设计,应用及并发症方面进行总结,全面介绍人工肩关节假体在肩关节损伤修复中的应用进展。共检索到86篇文章,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入25篇文章。结果与结论：目前常用的人工肩关节假体中,UNIVERS3-D和Aequalis骨折型肩关节假体临床效果较好,置换后并发症及翻修率低,生物相容性较好。DeltaⅢ逆置式肩关节假体植入后因肩胛盂下凹槽形成及脱位等并发症,而致翻修率较高,生物相容性较差。因此,正确选择病例、熟悉肩关节的解剖学机制和肩关节特殊的重建技术,并在此基础上制定周密的置换方案可以降低人工肩关节假体置换并发症的发生,从而提高假体和宿主的生物相容性。     

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty

The reverse shoulder arthroplasty emerged as a potential solution for those patients who could not be managed effectively with a conventional total shoulder arthroplasty. Grammont revolutionized the design by medializing and distalizing the center of rotation and utilizing a large convex glenoid surface and concave humeral component with a neck-shaft angle of 155°. This design has been highly successful in cuff deficient shoulders, and indications continue to broaden. Many mid-term studies have improved upon the early encouraging results. Long-term studies are starting to emerge, demonstrating good survivorship, but progressive functional and radiographic deterioration continue to be concerning. Careful patient selection and attention to appropriate technique are required to reduce the current high rate of complications. New prosthesis designs are continuing to develop to address some of these limitations.     

The stiff shoulder

Shoulder stiffness is a common but poorly understood disorder of the glenohumeral joint. Many terms are used to describe a stiff shoulder, including frozen shoulder and adhesive capsulitis. This article reviews the terminology, classification, diagnostic options, and management options of shoulder stiffness. Conservative measures,emphasizing a four-quadrant stretching program, typically produce effective treatment outcomes. Operative interventions, which may be required for the small percentage of patients who fail conservative therapy, are also presented.