Immunocompetence of human microvascular brain endothelial cells: cytokine regulation of IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-10, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1

Endothelia from the brains of four patients undergoing neurosurgery, including one multiple sclerosis (MS) patient, were studied in vitro to determine cytokine and chemokine production; the release of soluble adhesion molecules was also investigated. The same procedure was repeated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in order to detect possible district-specific differences. After isolation, the endothelium was cultured and stimulated with γ-interferon (IFN), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and LPS. The results showed that brain endothelium, in our experimental conditions, does not produce interleukin (IL)-10 and produces lower amounts of IL-1β and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) than HUVECs do; no differences were detected in soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) production. MCP-1 mRNA was detected both without and after stimulation with TNF-α and γ-IFN in HUVECs and MS human brain endothelial cells (HBECs), while in non-MS-HBECs it was found only after γ-IFN stimulation. Received: 24 June 1997 Received in revised form: 20 February 1998 Accepted: 5 March 1988     

The interaction of 1-alkyl-4, 4-diphenylpiperidines with the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine receptor binding site

Summary 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a selective neurotoxin which produces degeneration of the nigrostriatal bundles in the central nervous system of man and animals. In these areas of the brain are concentrated the receptor binding sites for [³H]MPTP. 1-Alkyl-4, 4-diphenylpiperidines displace [³H]MPTP from these binding sites with K₁ values in the micromolar range. The t-butyl analogue in this class of substances, budipine, is a novel therapeutic agent for Parkinsonism whose mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. The affinity of budipine for the MPTP receptor binding site was determined as a K₁ value of 2.2M. Other 4, 4-diphenylpiperidine derivatives such as 1-methyl-4, 4-diphenylpiperidine and 1-i-propyl-4, 4-diphenylpiperidine have substantially lower affinities. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as deprenyl, pargyline and harmaline have affinities to the MPTP receptors which parallel their affinity for the B type of monoamine oxidase (MAO B). This supports the theory that the MPTP receptor binding sites is identical with membrane bound MAO B.     

Spatial, temporal and subcellular localization of islet-brain 1 (IB1), a homologue of JIP-1, in mouse brain

Islet-brain 1 (IB1) was recently identified as a DNA-binding protein of the GLUT2 gene promoter. The mouse IB1 is the rat and human homologue of the Jun-interacting protein 1 (JIP-1) which has been recognized as a key player in the regulation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. JIP-1 is involved in the control of apoptosis and may play a role in brain development and aging. Here, IB1 was studied in adult and developing mouse brain tissue by in situ hybridization, Northern and Western blot analysis at cellular and subcellular levels, as well as by immunocytochemistry in brain sections and cell cultures. IB1 expression was localized in the synaptic regions of the olfactory bulb, retina, cerebral and cerebellar cortex and hippocampus in the adult mouse brain. IB1 was also detected in a restricted number of axons, as in the mossy fibres from dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, and was found in soma, dendrites and axons of cerebellar Purkinje cells. After birth, IB1 expression peaks at postnatal day 15. IB1 was located in axonal and dendritic growth cones in primary telencephalon cells. By biochemical and subcellular fractionation of neuronal cells, IB1 was detected both in the cytosolic and membrane fractions. Taken together with previous data, the restricted neuronal expression of IB1 in developing and adult brain and its prominent localization in synapses suggest that the protein may be critical for cell signalling in developing and mature nerve terminals.     

Dickkopf-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1在脑出血中的表达水平变化及其与病情严重程度的关系

目的 探讨Dickkopf-1(DKK-1)、LINGO-1、小窝蛋白1(caveolin-1)在脑出血中的表达水平变化及其与病情严重程度的关系。方法 选取2017年5月-2019年5月在本院就诊的脑出血患者70例,少量出血25例,中量出血24例,大量出血21例; 根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分评估脑出血患者的病情严重程度其中轻型26例、中型24例、重型20例; 采用多田氏公式计算患者出血量,其中少量25例、中量24例、大量21例; 手术入路通道中临近血肿0.5cm脑组织作为脑出血组,将远隔血肿位置的脑组织作为对照组; 采用免疫组化染色检测相关因子的表达水平。结果 脑出血组DKK-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1阳性表达率高于对照组(P<0.05); 大量出血患者阳性表达率高于中量和少量出血患者(P<0.05); 中量出血患者DKK-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1阳性表达率高于少量出血患者(P<0.05)。重型脑出血患者DKK-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1阳性表达率高于中型和轻型脑出血患者(P<0.05); 中型脑出血患者DKK-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1阳性表达率高于轻型脑出血患者(P<0.05)。结论 Dickkopf-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1在脑出血患者脑组织中高表达,并随着患者病情严重程度的加重,Dickkopf-1、LINGO-1、caveolin-1表达水平越高     

Characterization of HPC-1 antigen, an isoform of syntaxin-1, with the isoform-specific monoclonal antibody, 14D8

We raised polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against rat recombinant HPC-1/syntaxin 1A lacking a transmembrane domain. The polyclonal antibody recognized two major bands at 35 and 40 kDa from rat brain membranes. A hybridoma clone designated 14D8, however, recognized only one band at 35 kDa. A polyclonal antibody detected recombinant syntaxin 1B, as well as HPC-1/syntaxin 1A on an immunoblot, whereas 14D8 recognized recombinant HPC-1/syntaxin 1A, but not syntaxin 1B. Therefore, 14D8 is specific for HPC-1/syntaxin 1A. Using this monoclonal antibody, we investigated the expression of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in the rat hippocampal membranes. HPC-1/syntaxin 1A was present even in the embryonic d 19 (E19) hippocampal membranes, and it increased during the next two postnatal wk. Pyramidal cell axons were intensely stained with the 14D8 monoclonal antibody, suggesting that HPC-1/syntaxin 1A was not restricted to the presynaptic terminal. Furthermore, we investigated the phosphorylation of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in the rat brain membranes. HPC-1/syntaxin 1A affinity-purified on a 14D8 IgG-coupled column was recognized by antiphophoserine antibody, but not by antiphosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine antibodies.     

RACK1, a novel hPER1-interacting protein

PER1, an important component of circadian clock systems, plays a critical role in regulating the period length and maintaining the precision and stability of the period of circadian rhythms. RACK1 (receptor for activated protein kinase C-1), a member of the WD-40 family of proteins, can interact with numerous signaling proteins and is regarded as a scaffolding, anchor, or adaptor protein in multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways. In the present study, we identified and confirmed RACK1 as a novel protein interacting with human clock protein, hPER1, using the yeast two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation experiment. Further study by RT-PCR showed that RACK1 was expressed widely in tissues and there was no obvious expressional rhythmicity. However, RNA interfering plasmid inhibiting, hPER1 (pTER/hPER1-II) could not interfere expression of RACK1. These results together suggested that RACK1 might act as a novel signal molecule to mediate or regulate the functions of PER1 through, protein interaction. These two authors contributed equally to this work.     

Parkin,PINK1 and DJ1 as possible modulators of mTOR pathway in ganglioglioma

Purpose: Ganglioglioma (GG) is a non-malignant tumor classified as G1 by the WHO. Although we currently know that the neoplasm may result from the hyperactivity of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) or extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk), which upregulates mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) and leads to translation of proteins responsible for cell cycle regulation, there are still many questions to be answered. In the current paper we try to analyze the link between GG formation and activity of three proteins known to play a role in neuroprotection (parkin, PINK1 and DJ1).

Materials and Methods: In our paper, we review the current information on the involvement of these proteins in the transmission of information in the cell and triggering various cell signals, like survival or apoptosis. We also review current literature data on involvement of parkin, DJ1 and PINK1 in the regulation of mTOR, the pathway probably contributing to the development of GG.

Results: Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, shown to trigger proteasome-dependent degradation and autophagy, necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis in neurons. PINK1, a mitochondrial protein kinase, is required for mitochondrial maintenance and neuronal survival. DJ1 is a sensor of reactive oxygen species, and protects the cells against oxidative stress. Mutations in the genes encoding these three proteins are known to underlie autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson's disease, as well as other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.

Conclusion: It appears that mutations of parkin, PINK1 and DJ1 may result in the development of both neurodegeneration and tumors. Also, these proteins might be used as markers of disease, thus allowing better diagnosis and therapy.     

β-七叶皂甙钠对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达的影响

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注脑组织缺血区不同时间点NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1蛋白表达的变化,及β-七叶皂甙钠干预效果.方法 采用大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞法(MCAO)制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠脑缺血再灌注不同时间段,NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1蛋白的表达.并在大鼠于脑缺血前24h、1h及再灌注即刻分别腹腔给予β-七叶皂甙钠5mg/kg,2h MCAO,再灌注24h、48h后取脑,运用TTC染色测算脑梗死体积,免疫组化染色检测NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1蛋白表达,分析β-七叶皂甙钠的干预效应.结果 (1)脑缺血后缺血区脑组织NF-κB及ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达均增加,NF-κB于再灌注后12～24h表达达高峰,ICAM-1于再灌注后24h表达达高峰,VCAM-1于再灌注后24～48h表达达高峰.(2)NF-κB的表达与血管内皮ICAM-1、VCAM-1的表达呈正相关.(3)β-七叶皂甙钠能显著降低脑缺血再灌注后24h和48h缺血区NF-κB、ICAM-1及VCAM-1的表达增加.(4)β-七叶皂甙钠能明显减轻脑缺血再灌注后的脑组织损伤,再灌注24h脑梗死体积减少41.8%.结论 (1)脑缺血再灌注后NF-κB、ICAM-1、VCAM-1大量表达,这可能是脑缺血再灌注损伤机制之一.(2)脑缺血后NF-κB的活化可能与微血管内皮细胞ICAM-1、VCAM-1蛋白表达调控有关.(3)β-七叶皂甙钠能够减轻脑缺血后的脑组织损伤,有神经保护作用.     

大鼠脑出血后脑组织蛋白酶连接素-1、凝血酶和蛋白酶激活受体-1表达变化的实验研究

目的 研究大鼠实验性脑出血后脑组织内蛋白酶连接素-1(PN-1)、凝血酶及蛋白酶激活受体-1(PAR-1)的表达及变化规律. 方法采用自体血注入法制备大鼠脑出血模型,Westernblot方法检测假手术组及脑出m模型组不同时程(3 h、6 h、10 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、120 h)PN-1、凝血酶和PAR-1蛋白的表达水平. 结果假手术组可以检测到少量PN-1、凝血酶和PAR-1蛋白的表达;PN-1于脑出血后3 h开始增加,此后持续上升,10 h达高峰,后逐渐回降;凝血酶于脑出血后12h显著增加,48 h达高峰;PAR-1于脑出血后3 h即显著增加,48 h达高峰,120 h仍处于较高水平.脑出血后各时间点PN-1、凝血酶和PAR-1蛋白的表达量与假手术组比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).PN-1与PAR-1在脑出血后10h时呈负相关(r=-0.900,P<0.05),PN-1与凝血酶在脑出血后12h、120h时呈负相关(r=-0.900,P<0.05:r=-0.895,P<0.05). 结论脑出血后增多的凝血酶通过不断激活PAR-1从而介导了脑出血后的神经损伤过程,与此同时凝血酶抑制剂PN-1也大量表达,一定程度上抑制凝血酶过表达所引起的毒性效应:脑出血后三种蛋白的表达增加可能与脑出血后神经损伤的发病机制有关.     

糖尿病大鼠血-脊髓屏障紧密连接蛋白claudin-1、claudin-5、ZO-1表达变化

目的动态观察糖尿病大鼠血-脊髓屏障紧密连接蛋白claudin-1、claudin-5、ZO1表达。方法雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为糖尿病模型组和正常对照组2组,每组30只,以链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型,分别于造模后第15天、30天、90天(各时间点均设对照)取脊髓组织(每次各取6只鼠)以Westernblot和实时荧光定量PCR法检测claudin-1、claudin-5、ZO-1蛋白和mRNA表达。结果 (1)claudin 1、claudin-5蛋白相对表达在糖尿病模型组第30天[分别为(0.324±0.01 5)、(0.289±0.032)]、第90天[分别为(0.220±0.029)、(0.242±0.034)]均较对照组[第30天分别为(0.464±0.009)、(0.475±0.035),第90天分别为(0.468±0.031)、(0.489±0.018)]降低(P0.01),且糖尿病模型组第15天、30天、90天三时间点claudin-1、claudin-5蛋白表达逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。各组均未检出ZO-1表达。(2)claudin-1、claudin-5 mRNA相对表达在糖尿病模型组第30天[分别为(2.67±0.71)×10~(-4) 、(2.87±0.74)×10~(-4)]、第90天[分别为(0.081 4±0.034)×10~(-1)、(0.122±0.027)×10~(-1))]均较对照组[第30天分别为(13.13±3.09)×10~(-1)、(14.81±2.24)×10~(-4),第90天分别为(13.21±1.98)×10 、(1 4.50±2.72)×10~(-4)]降低(P0.01),且糖尿病模型组第15天、第30天、第90天三时间点mRNA相对表达水平逐渐降低,三时间点差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ZO-1 mRNA表达在糖尿病模型组第15天、第30天及第90天[分别为(4.40±1.94)×10~(-1)、(2.33±0.64)×10~(-1)、(2.32±0.45)×10~(-1)]亦均较对照组[分别为(29.89±6.27)×10~(-1)、(30.68±1 7.64)×10~(-1)、(29.27 ±7.55)×10~(-1)]降低(P0.01)。结论糖尿病可能导致血-脊髓屏障紧密连接蛋白claudin-1、claudin-5、ZO-1表达降低,而且随病程延长claudin-l、claudin-5表达呈逐渐降低趋势。     

Analysis of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-RA polymorphisms in dysthymia

Investigators of independent studies reported alterations in cytokine serum levels in patients with different mood disorders. Several polymorphisms associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease have been reported at the interleukin-1 (IL-1) panel. Here we report the results of three specific polymorphisms at the IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1RA genes, which were analyzed in 128 Brazilian subjects: 59 dysthymic patients and 69 normal controls. We found a statistically significant difference (p=0.002) in the frequency of haplotypes with alleles 2⁺ (IL-1RA), T⁺ (IL-1α), and C⁺ (IL-1β) in patients as compared to controls. We also observed that haplotype IL-1RA1.2/IL-1α CT/IL-1β CC, present in 6 dysthymic patients (10%) was absent in the normal control group (p=0.012). These results suggest that these polymorphisms might confer a greater susceptibility to develop dysthymia in Brazilian patients. However, to validate these data it will be of great interest to repeat this study in larger samples and other ethnic groups. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

1,2-二氯乙烷中毒性脑白质病7例报告

目的 报告7例1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCE)中毒性脑白质病的临床及影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析经广东省职业病防治院确诊的7例1,2-二氯乙烷中毒性脑白质病患者的临床资料.结果 患者中男3例、女4例,年龄17～46岁.为散发性发病,提示发病存在个体易感因素.主要临床表现包括头痛、呕吐、意识改变、癫痫发作等,3例仅有头痛,经CT和/或MR检查诊断脑白质病而后确诊.腰穿检查脑脊液压力增高,头颅CT均表现为两侧大脑半球脑白质对称性"佛指状"密度减低、侧脑室变窄、脑回肿胀和脑沟变浅.头颅MRI均表现两侧大脑半球白质广泛受累,T1WI呈略低信号,T2WI明显高信号,FLAIR亦为高信号,脑回肿胀,脑沟模糊不清,脑沟、脑池变浅,脑室变窄.经脱水降颅压及糖皮质激素等治疗,5例患者症状好转,2例死于脑疝.结论 1,2-二氯乙烷中毒性脑白质病,临床表现以颅高压表现为主,头颅MRI检查T2WI及FLAIR上双侧大脑半球白质高信号是主要的影像学特征,结合接触史调查可做出诊断.治疗以脱水降低颅内压及糖皮质激素为主.     

Altered expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 alpha after acute diffuse brain injury Effect of the competitive antagonist 1-aminoindan-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid

The diffuse brain injury model was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats, according to Marmarou’s free-fall attack. The water content in brain tissue, expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α mRNA and protein were significantly increased after injury, reached a peak at 24 hours, and then gradually decreased. After treatment with the competitive antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α, (RS)-1-aminoindan-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid, the water content of brain tissues decreased between 12-72 hours after injury, and neurological behaviors improved at 2 weeks. These experimental findings suggest that the 1-aminoindan-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid may result in marked neuroprotection against diffuse brain injury.     

大鼠脑出血后脑组织蛋白酶连接素-1、凝血酶和蛋白酶激活受体-1表达变化的实验研究

目的 研究大鼠实验性脑出血后脑组织内蛋白酶连接素-1(PN-1)、凝血酶及蛋白酶激活受体-1(PAR-1)的表达及变化规律. 方法采用自体血注入法制备大鼠脑出血模型,Westernblot方法检测假手术组及脑出m模型组不同时程(3 h、6 h、10 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、120 h)PN-1、凝血酶和PAR-1蛋白的表达水平. 结果假手术组可以检测到少量PN-1、凝血酶和PAR-1蛋白的表达;PN-1于脑出血后3 h开始增加,此后持续上升,10 h达高峰,后逐渐回降;凝血酶于脑出血后12h显著增加,48 h达高峰;PAR-1于脑出血后3 h即显著增加,48 h达高峰,120 h仍处于较高水平.脑出血后各时间点PN-1、凝血酶和PAR-1蛋白的表达量与假手术组比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).PN-1与PAR-1在脑出血后10h时呈负相关(r=-0.900,P<0.05),PN-1与凝血酶在脑出血后12h、120h时呈负相关(r=-0.900,P<0.05:r=-0.895,P<0.05). 结论脑出血后增多的凝血酶通过不断激活PAR-1从而介导了脑出血后的神经损伤过程,与此同时凝血酶抑制剂PN-1也大量表达,一定程度上抑制凝血酶过表达所引起的毒性效应:脑出血后三种蛋白的表达增加可能与脑出血后神经损伤的发病机制有关.     

α1-adrenergic,D1, and D2 receptors interactions in the prefrontal cortex: Implications for the modality of action of different types of neuroleptics

The activation of rat mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) neurons evoked by the electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) induces a marked inhibition of the spontaneous activity of prefrontocortical cells. In the present study, it was first shown that systemic administration of either clozapine (a mixed antagonist of D₁, D₂, and α₁-adrenergic receptors) (3–5 mg/ kg, i.v.), prazosin (an α₁-adrenergic antagonist) (0.2 mg/ kg, i.v.), or sulpiride (a D₂ antagonist) (30 mg/ kg, i.v.), but not SCH 23390 (a D₁ antagonist) (0.2 mg/ kg, i.v.), reversed this cortical inhibition. Second, it was found that following the systemic administration of prazosin, the VTA-induced cortical inhibition reappeared when either SCH 23390 or sulpiride was applied by iontophoresis into the prefrontal cortex. Third, it was seen that, whereas haloperidol (0.2 mg/ kg, i.v.), a D₂ antagonist which also blocks α₁-adrenergic receptors, failed to reverse the VTA-induced inhibition, the systemic administration of haloperidol plus SCH 23390 (0.2 mg/ kg, i.v.) blocked this inhibition. Finally, it was verified that the cortical inhibitions obtained following treatments with either “prazosin plus sulpiride” or “prazosin plus SCH 23390” were blocked by a superimposed administration of either SCH 23390 or sulpiride, respectively. These data indicate that complex interactions between cortical D₂, D₁, and α₁-adrenergic receptors are involved in the regulation of the activity of prefrontocortical cells innervated by the VTA neurons. They confirm that the physiological stimulation of cortical α₁-adrenergic receptors hampers the functional activity of cortical D₁ receptors and suggest that the stimulations of cortical D₁ and D₂ receptors exert mutual inhibition on each other's transmission. Synapse 30:362–370, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.