经造影导管局部给药对桡动脉痉挛的预防作用

目的：探讨经造影导管肱动脉注射硝酸甘油对经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗（TRI）中桡动脉痉挛（RAS）的预防效果。方法连续入选TRI冠状动脉造影（CAG）成功并需行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）[包括经皮穿刺冠状动脉腔内成形术和（或）支架置入术]患者810例,其中试验组413例,对照组397例。试验组当造影导管回撤到达肱动脉水平时经造影导管注射硝酸甘油稀释液400μg（稀释至100μg/ml）,对照组在造影导管抽出后经由鞘管侧管注射硝酸甘油400μg（稀释至100μg/ml）,比较两组患者在指引导管送入过程中的RAS发生率。结果试验组较对照组RAS发生率降低,差异有统计学意义（18%比33%,P=0.021）。结论经造影导管肱动脉注射硝酸甘油能降低TRI中RAS的发生率。     

不同剂量硝酸甘油及肝素对经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗患者桡动脉痉挛的影响

目的探讨不同剂量硝酸甘油及肝素对经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗患者桡动脉痉挛的影响。方法选择经桡动脉冠状动脉介入患者258例,根据造影时硝酸甘油、肝素应用剂量不同分为A组54例、B组52例、C组52例、D组50例、E组25例、F组25例。A组注入硝酸甘油200μg、肝素3 000 U,B组注入硝酸甘油200μg、肝素5 000 U,C组注入硝酸甘油500μg、肝素3 000 U,D组注入硝酸甘油500μg、肝素5 000 U,E组注入3 000 U肝素,F组注入5 000 U肝素。分别于给药后1 min及冠脉造影术后即刻行桡动脉造影,比较各组桡动脉直径及桡动脉痉挛、闭塞情况。结果多组间比较,用药后1 min及术后桡动脉直径有统计学差异(P均<0.05);用药后1 min及术后桡动脉直径C、D组大于A、B、E、F四组,C组大于D组(P均<0.05)。C、D组与A、B、E、F组比较,术后桡动脉痉挛发生率有统计学差异(P均<0.05)。结论经桡动脉冠状动脉造影时,应用硝酸甘油500μg及肝素3 000U患者桡动脉直径最大,且桡动脉痉挛的发生率较低。     

硝酸甘油联合地尔硫对桡动脉入路冠状动脉造影辐射量的影响

目的:探讨硝酸甘油注射液联合盐酸地尔硫注射剂对桡动脉入路(TRA)冠状动脉(冠脉)造影辐射量的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法,将符合条件的300例患者依CAG术前经桡动脉予不同的血管扩张剂随机分成3组:A组(100例)硝酸甘油200μg,B组(99例)盐酸地尔硫5mg,C组(101例)硝酸甘油200μg+盐酸地尔硫5mg。观察并比较3组患者术中桡动脉痉挛的发生率(冠脉造影第1阶段、第2阶段、第3阶段及全程的桡动脉痉挛发生率);桡动脉直径(给药前、给药后2min、冠脉造影结束后的桡动脉直径);辐射量指标(曝光时间、球管辐射总剂量、剂量-面积乘积),记录生命体征(给药前及给药2min后的有创平均动脉压、心率)及观察药物所致的不良事件。结果:(1)3组患者在合并疾病(高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇、高三酰甘油)、吸烟、年龄、体重、穿刺次数等方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组患者手术时间有差异,联合用药组短于硝酸甘油组和地尔硫组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但硝酸甘油组和地尔硫组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)术中桡动脉痉挛发生率:用药后在冠脉造影第1阶段桡动脉痉挛发生率B组高于A组和C组,冠脉造影第3阶段桡动脉痉挛发生率A组高于B组和C组,冠脉造影全程桡动脉痉挛发生率C组低于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(3)桡动脉直径:3组患者用药前桡动脉直径参考值的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);给药2min后及冠脉造影结束后的桡动脉直径均有扩张,但给药2min后桡动脉直径C组A组B组,冠脉造影结束后桡动脉直径C组B组A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)辐射量指标比较:用药后C组曝光时间、球管辐射总剂量、剂量-面积乘积等均少于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但A组和B组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:TRA冠脉造影中,与单用硝酸甘油或地尔硫比,硝酸甘油和盐酸地尔硫联合应用,可充分扩张桡动脉直径,减少桡动脉痉挛,缩短X线曝光时间,减少造影辐射剂量,二者合并用药安全。     

经桡动脉冠脉造影联合应用硝酸甘油和维拉帕米防治桡动脉痉挛有效性和安全性的对比研究

目的对比研究经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉造影时局部应用硝酸甘油、维拉帕米及联合硝酸甘油和维拉帕米防治桡动脉痉挛的有效性及安全性。方法160例经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉造影的患者，成功置入鞘管后分别在鞘管内注入硝酸甘油200μg，维拉帕米5mg，联合硝酸甘油200μg和维拉帕米2．5mg，用心电血压监护仪记录注入药物前、注入后患者最高（或最低）心率、最低血压、心电及观察桡动脉痉挛、局部和全身症状发生情况。结果（1）联合药物组桡动脉痉挛发生率、局部和全身症状发生率均低于硝酸甘油组和维拉帕米组，组间差异均有统计学意义。（2）联合药物组对心率和心电的影响低于硝酸甘油组和维拉帕米组，但三组间对血压的影响无统计学意义。结论经桡动脉介入治疗时，局部联合应用硝酸甘油和维拉帕米可以更有效地防止桡动脉痉挛的发生，并且对心率、血压和心电无明显影响，且患者耐受能力好，并发症少，比单一应用硝酸甘油或维拉帕米具有明显的优越性，易为患者所接受。     

预防桡动脉痉挛的前瞻性随机双盲研究

目的在使用维拉帕米的基础上,观察维拉帕米加量或联用硝酸甘油预防经桡动脉介入诊疗中桡动脉痉挛（rad ial artery spasm,RAS）的效果。方法前瞻性入选经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗的患者,按照随机、双盲原则将患者分为A组（维拉帕米200μg）、B组（维拉帕米1 mg）和C组（维拉帕米200μg＋硝酸甘油200μg）。在动脉鞘管置入后,随机给予不同药物。使用造影证实的临床RAS定义。记录并比较各组患者RAS和不良反应的发生率。结果共入选患者621例,其中A组205例、B组206例、C组210例。三组患者的基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义。单因素方差分析显示,A组患者RAS发生率高于B组（17.1%比10.2%,P=0.045）和C组（17.1%比9.5%,P=0.029）,B组和C组间差异无统计学意义（10.2%比9.5%,P=0.870）。Logistic回归分析显示,B组和C组比A组发生RAS相对风险分别降低了32.1%（P=0.038）和43.8%（P=0.017）。不良反应A组和C组相似,均较少。B组不良反应发生率高于A组（9.7%比2.4%,P=0.003）和C组（9.7%比3.8%,P=0.019）。结论在经桡动脉介入诊疗中,推荐国人使用维拉帕米200μg＋硝酸甘油200μg预防RAS,该剂量安全、有效,且不良反应较少。     

法舒地尔在经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗中预防桡动脉痉挛疗效分析

目的观察法舒地尔在经桡动脉冠状动脉介入中预防桡动脉痉挛（RAS）的疗效。方法入选300例行经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗的冠心病患者,随机分为法舒地尔组（n=102）、硝酸甘油＋维拉帕米组（n=88）、对照组（n=110）。法舒地尔组术前半小时静滴法舒地尔30mg;硝酸甘油＋维拉帕米组在置入动脉鞘管后经鞘管注入硝酸甘油200μg＋维拉帕米5mg;对照组无特殊处理。结果法舒地尔组、硝酸甘油＋维拉帕米组与对照组RAS发生率分别为5.88%、5.68%、15.45%;前两组无统计学差异（P〉0.05）但均低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。法舒地尔组局部症状和全身症状发生率均低于硝酸甘油＋维拉帕米组及对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论法舒地尔能减少经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中RAS的发生率,且较少发生局部及全身症状。     

罂粟碱对桡动脉痉挛的疗效观察

目的 对比研究在冠脉介入治疗中应用罂粟碱治疗桡动脉痉挛的有效性和安全性.方法 20例插管后桡动脉痉挛患者随机分为2组,分别给予罂粟碱3～6 mg和硝酸甘油200～400 μg经鞘管内注入,观察桡动脉痉挛解除时间,心率、血压的变化,以及局部和全身症状的发生情况.结果 应用罂粟碱桡动脉痉挛的缓解时间为(6.3±3.2)min,应用硝酸甘油桡动脉痉挛缓解时间为(10.2±4.3)min,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两药对心率、血压及局部全身症状影响无显著性差异.结论 应用罂粟碱较硝酸甘油可以更快地缓解桡动脉痉挛,而不良反应并无增加.     

经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入治疗中桡动脉痉挛的发生因素预测及措施

目的探讨并分析经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入治疗(TRI)中桡动脉痉挛的发生因素以及预防措施。方法选取内蒙古民族大学第二临床医学院(内蒙古林业总医院)于2016年1月～2017年1月收治的156例行TRI治疗的患者作为研究对象,依据治疗过程中有无桡动脉痉挛,将其分为已发生桡动脉痉挛组和非桡动脉痉挛组,即RAS组和非RAS组。同时,采用Logistic回归分析方法,分析行TRI治疗过程中,桡动脉痉挛发生的因素。结果通过比较两组患者的一般资料,发现两组患者在性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂症及吸烟史方面存在差异,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);通过比较两组患者的手术特征,发现两组患者在中、重度前臂痛、桡动脉路径异常、桡动脉直径与身高比值、导管交换次数及桡动脉直径与导管外径比值方面存在差异,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);采用Logistic回归分析方法,对RAS组中的发生因素进一步分析,发现年龄、性别、吸烟史、中重度前臂痛、桡动脉路径异常、桡动脉直径与身高比值、导管交换次数以及桡动脉直径与导管外径比值可能是关键性的发生因素(P0.05)。结论经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入治疗中桡动脉痉挛的发生因素比较多,其中女性、吸烟史、中重度前臂痛、桡动脉路径异常、桡动脉直径与身高比值、导管交换次数以及桡动脉直径与导管外径比值可能是比较关键的因素,因而在采取措施时,应给于高度的关注和重视。     

经桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗术后桡动脉损伤的影响因素分析

目的:探讨接受桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗患者术后,桡动脉损伤的情况及影响因素。方法:入选2008年5月至2009年10月,于安贞医院就诊拟行冠状动脉造影的患者966例,随机分为4F动脉鞘管组和6F动脉鞘管组。分析两组患者桡动脉并发症〔如桡动脉闭塞(RAO)、桡动脉痉挛(RAS)等〕的发生率,通过多因素Logistic回归分析RAO的危险因素。结果:4F鞘管组和6F鞘管组中,RAO(0.8%vs.2.9%,P=0.018),RAS(1.2%vs.3.5%,P=0.021),桡动脉内膜增厚率(1.0%vs.4.1%,P=0.002),前臂小血肿(0.6%vs.2.5%,P=0.020),患肢疼痛(1.2%vs.4.1%,P=0.006)等的发生率及压迫止血时间〔(4.62±0.98)vs.(6.36±0.93)h,P<0.001〕,4F组均低于6F组,差异有统计学意义。两组患者均未出现前臂大血肿、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘及骨筋膜室综合征。RAO经多因素回归分析显示,大尺径动脉鞘管、术后压迫止血时间过长是发生RAO的危险因素。结论:经桡动脉PCI中选择小直径动脉鞘管,避免术后长时间的压迫止血有利于降低RAO的发生率,同时减少桡动脉内膜损伤,提高患者舒适度。     

盐酸尼卡地平注射液治疗高血压危象的疗效观察

目的观察评价尼卡地平注射液在高血压危象治疗中的疗效。方法将50例高血压危象患者随机分为盐酸尼卡地平20μg/kg组(Ⅰ组)、盐酸尼卡地平30μg/kg组(Ⅱ组),分别观察给药前(T0)及给药后15 s(T1)、1 min(T2)、15 min(T3)、30 min(T4)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)及ECG的变化。结果起效时间两组相似,均为20 s左右;持续时间:Ⅱ组明显长于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),但两组的多数均维持有效降压在10 min以上;用药后两组降压趋势相似,有效率均为100%;出现最低血压时间点两组相似,趋势相同,均在1 min~3 min;最大降压幅度,Ⅱ组SBP明显大于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),DBP两组相似;用药后1 min~10 min两组均有心率增快现象,除增幅变化特点相似外,HR增幅最快,Ⅱ组大于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸尼卡地平注射液在高血压危象治疗中具有起效快、安全、有效的特点。     

Radial artery spasm during transradial coronary procedures

Although transradial access (TRA) for coronary procedures has many advantages over the transfemoral approach, it's still not the dominant route used in coronary interventions. Radial artery spasm (RAS) is an important limitation of TRA. We performed a search of published literature to estimate the prevalence and possible risk factors of RAS in patients undergoing transradial coronary procedure. Nineteen published papers including 7197 patients were identified as relevant; reported incidence of RAS was 14.7% altogether. It varies depending upon the criteria used, on applied premedications, and on sheath or catheter selection. Use of hydrophilic coated sheaths and catheters can reduce the incidence of RAS to 1%, while intra-arterial application of verapamil (1.25-5 mg) and nitroglycerin (100-200 μg) can reduce the incidence of RAS up to 3.8%. We concluded that RAS is still problematic in transradial access, and that besides hydrophilic materials, the use of intra-arterial vasodilators remains mandatory in RAS prevention. However, the optimal spasmolytic cocktail is yet to be confirmed by valid spasm criteria.     

Usefulness of hydrophilic coating on arterial sheath introducer in transradial coronary intervention.

Radial artery spasm is one of the major problems during transradial coronary intervention (TRI). The sheath introducer with hydrophilic coating may reduce the incidence of spasm and reduce the difficulty in removing it from the radial artery under the situation of spasm artery spasm. After we compared the friction resistance between the sheath introducer with hydrophilic coating and that without coating (nine samples each) in vitro, the sheath introducers with and without hydrophilic coating were randomly used in 37 and 36 patients, respectively, who underwent elective TRI with a 6 Fr introducer sheath. Hydrophilic coating of sheath introducer reduced friction resistance by 70% (P < 0.00001) in in vitro model and facilitated sheath removal after finishing TRI (P = 0.0003). Hydrophilic coating of sheath introducer is useful in TRI.     

Evaluation of a spasmolytic cocktail to prevent radial artery spasm during coronary procedures.

Radial artery spasm is a frequent complication of the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty. Recently, we have been able to quantify spasm using the automatic pullback device. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an intra-arterial vasodilating cocktail in reducing the incidence and severity of radial artery spasm. A hundred patients undergoing coronary procedures via the radial artery were divided into two groups of 50 each. Patients in group A received intra-arterial cocktail (5 mg of verapamil plus 200 micro g nitroglycerine in 10 ml of normal saline), while patients in group B did not receive any vasodilating drug. The pullback device was used for sheath removal at the end of the procedure. Seven (14%) patients in group A experienced pain (i.e., pain score of III-V) during automatic sheath removal, as compared to 17 (34%) in group B (P = 0.019). The mean pain score was significantly lower in group A than in group B (1.7 +/- 0.94 vs. 2.08 +/- 1.07; P = 0.03). The maximal pullback force (MPF) was also significantly lower for group A (0.53 +/- 0.52 kg; range, 0.10-3.03 kg) as compared to group B (0.76 +/- 0.45 kg; range, 0.24-1.99 kg; P = 0.013). Only 4 (8%) patients in group A had an MPF value greater than 1.0 kg, suggesting the presence of significant radial artery spasm, as opposed to 11 (22%) in group B (P = 0.029). Administration of an intra-arterial vasodilating cocktail prior to sheath insertion reduces the occurrence and severity of radial artery spasm.     

Nicardipine and adenosine “flush cocktail” to prevent no-reflow during rotational atherectomy

BackgroundRotational atherectomy (RA) has a unique mechanism of action—it utilizes plaque abrasion with microparticle embolization in order to achieve luminal enlargement. This microscopic atheroembolic debris can lead to platelet activation, with vasoconstriction and/or mechanical obstruction of distal coronary resistance vessels, leading to no-reflow and myocardial necrosis.ObjectiveWe developed a prospective registry to evaluate the efficacy of the prophylactic administration of intracoronary nicardipine and adenosine within the RA “flush cocktail” as a method of preventing no-reflow and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) in patients treated with RA in their native coronary arteries.MethodsOne hundred seventy-six consecutive patients (204 lesions; mean age, 66±12 years) were treated with a flush cocktail containing nicardipine (10 μg/ml), adenosine (5 μg/ml), nitroglycerin (10 μg/ml), and unfractionated heparin (1 IU/ml) during RA. The primary study end points were postprocedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow score and non-Q-wave MI, as determined by creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) levels. Secondary end points included baseline and acute final minimum lumen diameters, and percent diameter stenosis.ResultsTIMI flow scores were analyzable in 155 of 176 patients (88%), and in 181 of 204 treated vessels/lesions (88.7%). As compared to baseline, the final TIMI score worsened in 4 patients (2%), was unchanged in 121 patients (78%), and improved in 30 patients (19%). One hundred fifty of 155 patients (96.7%), and 175 of 181 treated vessels (96.6%) had TIMI 3 flow at the completion of the procedure. Excluding those patients with elevated baseline CPK values of >190 IU/l (n=7), only 5 of 176 (2.8%) patients had CPK-MB values more than three times the upper limit of normal at 12–18 h postprocedure. There were no in-hospital Q-wave MIs or deaths.ConclusionsAn intracoronary flush cocktail containing a combination of two potent arteriolar vasodilators, nicardipine and adenosine, appears to be a safe and effective regimen for minimizing no-reflow events and periprocedural myonecrosis during RA.     

Transradial coronary intervention in Japanese patients

The objectives of this study was to test the feasibility and safety of transradial coronary intervention (TRI) in Japanese patients. We compared the results of TRI in 1,791 lesions (1,360 patients) between November 1995 and December 1997 with those of transfemoral coronary intervention (TFI) in 966 lesions (793 patients) between April and October 1995. We also examined the radial artery pulse in 294 patients 1–2 weeks after TRI by palpation and Doppler examination. Arterial puncture, coronary artery cannulation, lesion, and patient success rates were similar in both groups. No significant difference was noted in the major complication rate. Local complications were significantly lower in the TRI group (0.3% vs. 3.3%, P < 0.001). Doppler studies of the radial artery were performed in 294 patients chosen at random. In the first 234 patients, the sheath was pulled out 3 hr after the procedure, and in the last 60 patients, immediately after the procedure; radial artery occlusion rates were 5% and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, TRI seems safe and feasible in Japanese patients. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 46:37–41, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A simple and effective regimen for prevention of radial artery spasm during coronary catheterization

Radial artery spasm occurs frequently during the transradial approach for coronary catheterization. Premedications with nitroglycerin and verapamil have been documented to be effective in preventing radial spasms. Verapamil is relatively contraindicated for some patients with left ventricular dysfunction, hypotension and bradycardia. We would like to know whether nitroglycerin alone is sufficient for the prevention of radial artery spasm. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare the spasmolytic effect between heparin alone, heparin plus nitroglycerin and heparin plus nitroglycerin and varapamil during transradial cardiac catheterization. In this study, a total of 406 patients underwent transradial cardiac catheterization and intervention. After successful cannulation and sheath insertion of radial arteries, 133 patients in group A received 3,000 units of heparin, 100 microg of nitroglycerin and 1.25 mg of verapamil via sheath, 135 patients in group B received 3,000 units of heparin and 100 microg of nitroglycerin, and 93 patients in group C received 3,000 units of heparin. Five patients in group A (3.8%), 6 patients in group B (4.4%) and 19 patients in group C (20.4%) showed radial spasms. There is no statistically significant difference between groups A and B (p = 0.804), but there are strong statistically significant differences between groups A and C (p = 0.001) and groups B and C (p = 0.003). Intra-arterial premedication with 100 microg nitroglycerin and 3,000 units of heparin is effective in preventing radial spasms during transradial cardiac catheterization.