白塞氏病累及冠状动脉患者六例临床特点分析

目的:探讨累及冠状动脉的白塞氏病患者的影像学特点,以期提高临床诊治。方法:分析1999-08至2016-11在阜外医院诊治的6例白塞氏病冠状动脉受累患者的临床特点。采用冠状动脉造影和(或)冠状动脉增强计算机体层摄影术血管造影(CTA)诊断。6例中5例患者行冠状动脉造影检查,5例行冠状动脉CTA检查。结果:6例白塞氏病患者累及冠状动脉首次均以突发心包填塞、心肌梗死或心原性休克就诊,影像学表现为冠状动脉狭窄、闭塞及假性动脉瘤形成。累及前降支近中段3例,回旋支远段1例,右冠状动脉中段2例,均伴有大量心包积液。治疗方面:3例患者冠状动脉假性动脉瘤保守治疗(以为占位病变开胸探查手术1例),其中1例失访,2例长期正常生活;3例患者发病后行冠状动脉支架置入术,术后效果不佳。结论:累及冠状动脉的白塞氏病患者易形成假性动脉瘤,通过冠状动脉造影和(或)冠状动脉CTA有助于诊断。术前明确病因诊断对临床治疗方法选择有重要意义。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像与冠状动脉造影对冠心病诊断价值的对比研究

目的评价64层螺旋CT在冠状动脉造影方面的诊断价值。方法58例临床诊断或可疑冠心病患者行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查,分别对左主干、左前降支、回旋支和右冠状动脉及其分支的重建图像行影像学评价,所有患者均行常规选择性冠状动脉造影检查作为对照。结果58例患者共757(87.0%)节段的冠状动脉(血管直径≥1.5 mm)成像,638节段(84.3%)可用于多层螺旋CT和冠状动脉造影定量分析。冠状动脉造影共发现狭窄101节段,多层螺旋CT发现狭窄104节段,多层螺旋CT对冠状动脉狭窄诊断的敏感性为86.1%,特异性为96.8%。结论64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影可作为诊断冠状动脉病变的一种无创筛选方法。     

急性前壁心肌梗死合并完全性房室传导阻滞的冠状动脉造影特点

目的:分析急性前壁心肌梗死合并完全性房室传导阻滞的冠状动脉造影特点.方法:2004-03-2009-03上海交通大学附属第一人民医院心内科共收治急性前壁心肌梗死合并新发完全性房室传导阻滞患者19例,其中14例行冠状动脉造影术,多体位投照观察病变特点,明确梗死相关动脉.并根据主要冠状动脉直径狭窄≥50%的支数,分为左主干病变,单支病变,2支病变,3支病变.结果:14例患者冠状动脉造影均提示冠状动脉严重病变.单支病变1例,2支病变3例,3支病变8例,左主干加3支病变2例.梗死相关动脉12例为左冠状动脉,闭塞部位1例在左主干;9例在左前降支近段,其中4例提供侧支至右冠状动脉远段,2例提供侧支至左回旋支远段;1例在左前降支中段,右冠状动脉变异,开口于闭塞远段;1例在左回旋支近段,提供侧支至右冠状动脉.2例梗死相关动脉为右冠状动脉,闭塞部位1例在近段,为优势型;1例在中段,远段提供侧支至左前降支之第一间隔支.结论:急性前壁心肌梗死合并新发完全性房室传导阻滞患者冠状动脉病变严重,多为多支多处重度狭窄,梗死相关动脉供血范围较广,分别或同时累及第一间隔支动脉、房室结动脉,间接提示临床预后较差.     

介入后放射性皮肤损伤一例

患者,男性,56岁.主因发作性胸闷1年,加重伴胸痛1小时入院.心电图提示急性下壁心肌梗死.立即行急诊冠脉造影示三支病变,累及前降支、回旋支、右冠.其中前降支近段狭窄约90％,回旋支近段以远100％闭塞.右冠状动脉近段以远100％闭塞.考虑右冠状动脉为罪犯血管.经与家属商量后行右冠状动脉PCI术.成功开通右冠状动脉后,10天后择期行前降支及回旋支PCI术.其中回旋支为慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)开通时间长达1.5h,照射剂量达1.96Gy.术后患者无不适.冠状动脉造影结果如图1.     

143例室壁瘤造影结果分析

目的探讨室壁瘤的冠状动脉造影特点及其与冠状动脉病变关系以及室壁瘤对左心室射血功能的影响。方法 自1990年1月～2000年8月共为2996例患者应用常规方法进行冠状动脉造影及左心室造影,并对结果进行分析。结果 共发现室壁瘤143例,其中,功能性室壁瘤115例,解剖性室壁瘤28例。累及左心室壁1段的平均左心室射血分数(LVEF)为50.9±13.4％,累及左心室2段的平均LVEF为44.3±9.6％,累及左心室3段的平均LVEF为37.2±7.9％,累及左心室4段的平均LVEF为21.7±11.7％。冠状动脉造影结果显示共330支血管受累,其中中～重度狭窄占78.8％。结论室壁瘤的产生与冠状动脉病变程度明显相关。室壁瘤以功能性为多,大多累及心尖部,累及心室节段愈多,左心室射血功能障碍愈明显。     

心电图检出心律失常与冠状动脉病变关系

目的分析心电图检出心律失常与冠状动脉病变关系,为急性心肌梗死诊治、预后提供参考。方法选取我院120例急性心肌梗死患者为研究对象,所有患者均行动态心电图检测和冠状动脉造影,记录心律失常发生率,造影结果依照冠状动脉病变支数、病变血管、和狭窄程度进行分组,分析各种心律失常与冠状动脉病变情况的相关性。结果 120例中室性心律失常46例(39.0%),房性心律失常72例(61.0%)。ST段抬高79例(65.8%),ST段压低32例(26.7%),ST段无偏移9例(7.5%)。Lown3级及以上室性早搏发生率,冠状动脉多支病变(62.1%)显著高于单支病变(15.5%)(p0.05);缓慢心率失常发生率,多支病变(55.6%)显著高于单支病变(22.2%)和双支病变(22.2%)(p0.05);房性心律失常发生率,多支病变显著高于单支病变和双支病变(p0.05)。频发室早发生率,左主干及前降支(71.4%)显著高于左回旋支(14.3%)和右冠状动脉(14.3%)(p0.05);Lown3级及以上室性早搏发生率,左主干及前降支显著高于左回旋支和右冠状动脉(p0.05)。而ST段抬高和ST段压低时,冠状动脉狭窄程度(大于90%)患者发生率最高。结论急性心肌梗死患者病程中多出现心律失常,且与冠状动脉病变情况密切相关,判断动态心电图检查下的心律失常有助于预判急性心肌梗死冠脉病变情况,为急性心肌梗死预后提供参考。     

非心肌梗死冠心病患者运动致ST段抬高的临床意义

目的 研究运动致ST段抬高在非心肌梗死患者中发生率及其临床意义。方法 2004年6月至2006年6月共有4601例患者接受了运动平板试验,其中有15例非心肌梗死患者出现ST段抬高,对这15例患者的临床特点与冠状动脉造影结果进行分析。结果 15例（3．2‰）运动致ST段抬高患者中,男性13例,女性2例,年龄40-75岁。单支病变者6例（40％）,2支病变者6例（40％）,3支病变者3例（20％）;12例（80％）累及前降支,1例（6．6％）累及左主干,7例累及右冠状动脉,在累及前降支及左主干13例患者中有8例为重度狭窄病变（狭窄程度为90％-100％）,所有ST段抬高的导联均与病变血管的供血部位一致。结论 运动致ST段抬高在非心肌梗死患者中发生率非常低,多因冠状动脉有严重的固定性狭窄,特别是前降支,可根据出现ST段抬高的导联判断缺血心肌的部位。     

冠心脏病室壁运动异常的超声心动图临床研究

目的通过超声心动图（ultrasonic cardiography,UCG）观察冠心病患者室壁节段性运动情况,探讨冠脉病变与室壁运动异常检出率的关系,从而判断UCG诊断冠心病的临床价值。方法回顾性分析200例冠心病患者,全部病例均行冠脉造影（CAG）检查提示血管病变。UCG利用左室16节段法通过多切面检测各室壁节段性运动异常并对其进行评价。结果 200例冠心病患者中CAG显示狭窄≥90%的血管对应节段性室壁运动异常检出率为61.42%;血管狭窄介于50%~90%的患者室壁运动异常检出率5.05%。UCG对冠脉病变的检测灵敏度受病变部位及范围影响。多支病变检出灵敏度较高,单支病变中前降支检出灵敏度最高。陈旧性心肌梗死组室壁运动异常检出灵敏度最高,稳定性心绞痛组检出率最低。结论 UCG对诊断冠心病有重要临床价值。但对狭窄程度较轻或范围小的冠脉病变假阴性率高,在临床工作中需综合判断。     

严重左主干病变合并右冠状动脉慢性闭塞的有保护介入治疗三例

例1 患者女性,82岁,因“胸痛9h”入院.既往有高血压病史10年,未规律服药控制血压;否认血脂异常、糖尿病等病史.超声心动图示各房室腔内径正常,左心室射血分数58％,未见心室壁节段性运动异常.依据心电图、血清心肌坏死标记物[肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB) 71 U/L,肌钙蛋白T0.44μg/L]诊断为急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死.入院后予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、低分子肝素、他汀类药物、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拈抗剂等治疗(因合并三度房室传导阻滞而未予β受体阻滞剂)24d,病情平稳后经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影.冠状动脉造影结果显示:左主干远端狭窄90％,未累及左前降支和左回旋支开口,左前降支远段和左同旋支近段轻度狭窄,心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流3级,可见右冠状动脉左室后支和后降支经左向右侧支循环逆行灌注显影;右冠状动脉近段闭塞,TIMI血流0级.患者及家属均拒绝外科手术,而同意行在冠状动脉造影后同期先尝试开通闭塞的右冠状动脉,如成功则进一步介入治疗左主干及其分支病变.     

80岁以上冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变分析

目的 研究80岁以上冠心病患者冠状动脉造影的影像学特点.方法 收集150例诊断为冠心病行行冠状动脉造影的80岁以上患者的临床资料和冠状动脉造影结果,分析患者的合并疾病,冠状动脉病变部位、支数和狭窄程度,危险因素,危险因素与冠状动脉病变程度的关系.结果 高血压是最主要的合并症(72.7%),冠状动脉以多支病变为主(66.9%),病变血管平均3.08支/人.冠状动脉重度以上狭窄58.1%.糖尿病、陈旧性心肌梗死病史、脑梗塞在不同病变支数分组中差异显著(P＜0. 05).单支病变、多支病变、左主干病变、前降支病变、右冠状动脉病变的比例与危险因素的数量有关(P＜0. 05).结论 糖尿病、陈旧性心肌梗死病史、脑梗塞是80岁以上冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度的危险因素.     

Polyarteritis nodosa and myocardial infarction

A 35-year-old man with a history of polyarteritis nodosa is presented. The patient presented with acute anterolateral myocardial infarction that was complicated by diffuse coronary artery aneurysms found during cardiac catheterization. The complication of acute myocardial infarction in a patient with diffuse coronary artery aneurysms associated with polyarteritis nodosa is rare.     

Acute inferior myocardial infarction in a young female patient with polyarteritis nodosa

Coronary involvement of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) has been mostly identified in postmortem studies. We report a case with inferior myocardial infarction (MI) because of coronary dissection and thrombosis in PAN. A 23-year-old woman with chest pain was admitted to the emergency department. The admission ECG was suggestive of inferior MI with no right ventricular infarction. Coronary angiography revealed an occluded right coronary artery because of coronary dissection and concomitant thrombosis. Coronary angioplasty and stent implantation were performed successfully without complications. This report emphasizes the importance of PAN in spontaneous coronary dissection and thrombosis even in young patients.     

系统性血管炎合并冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变及临床特征

目的 阐述系统性血管炎合并冠状动脉病变患者的临床和冠状动脉病变特征.方法 对北京协和医院1999年1月至2009年10月有冠状动脉造影结果的15例系统性血管炎合并冠心病患者的临床表现及冠状动脉病变进行回顾性分析.结果 15例患者中,贝赫切特综合征(BS)6例、变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(CSS)3例,大动脉炎2例,结节性多动脉炎(PAN)、显微镜下多血管炎(MPA)、Wegener肉芽肿(WG)和川崎病各1例.15例患者出现冠心病表现的平均年龄(39.3±11.9)岁.与在血管炎非活动期出现冠状动脉事件的患者(4例)相比,在血管炎活动期出现冠状动脉事件的患者(9例)有以下趋势:发病年龄小[(32.4±8.1)岁比(47.0±10.2)岁],传统冠心病危险因素少[(1.2±1.5)个比(2.8±1.7)个],血管炎和冠心病发病间隔短[0～7(平均1.6)年比3～30(平均17.7)年].15例患者中,表现为急性心肌梗死12例,心绞痛2例,心包填塞1例;3例发生急性冠状动脉事件时合并严重心律失常,3例合并急性左心功能不全.冠状动脉造影检查8例患者表现为冠状动脉狭窄、闭塞,1例表现为动脉瘤及急性血栓形成,1例表现为多发冠状动脉瘤样扩张伴闭塞,2例表现为冠状动脉痉挛,另有3例急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉狭窄程度＜70%.8例患者超声心动图检查左心室射血分数＜50%.结论 多种系统性血管炎可合并冠状动脉病变,临床上可以表现为危急重症,冠状动脉狭窄或闭塞、动脉瘤形成、痉挛、急性血栓形成和小血管病变共同参与发病.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical and coronary angiographic features of patients with systemic vasculitis and coronary artery disease. Method Fifteen patients ( 11 male) with systemic vasculitis and coronary artery diseases admitted to our hospital from January 1999 to October 2009 were reviewed. Results There were 6 patients with Behcet's disease, 3 patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome, 2 patients with Takayasu arteritis, 1 patient with polyarteritis nodosa, 1 patient with microscopic polyangiitis, 1 patient with Wegner's granulomatosis and 1 patient with Kawasaki disease. Mean age of this cohort was (39. 3 ± 11.9) years. Adverse coronary events occurred in 4 patients during the inactive phase of systemic vasculitis and in 9 patients during the active phase of systemic vasculitis. Twelve patients were hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction, 2 with angina pectoris and 1 with cardiac tamponade. There were 3 patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction and 3 patients with severe arrhythmias. Compared to patients in the inactive phase, patients in the active phase were younger [(32. 4 ± 8. 1 )years vs. (47.0 ± 10. 2)years],had less risk factors for atherosclerosis ( 1.2 ± 1. 5 to 2. 8 ± 1.7) and the time intervals between coronary artery disease and systemic vasculitis was shorter [0 -7 years( average 1.6 years) to 3 -30 years( average 17.7 years)]. Coronary angiography evidenced coronary stenosis or occlusions in 11 patients, coronary aneurysm and acute thrombosis in 1 patient, coronary aneurysms and occlusions in 1 patient and coronary spasm in 2 patients. LVEF measured by eehocardiography was less than 50% in 8 patients. Conclusion Patients with various systemic vasculitis could develop severe coronary artery disease due to coronary stenosis/occlusion, aneurysma, thrombosis and coronary spasm.     

Usefulness and limitations of stress 201-thallium myocardial imaging in patients with Kawasaki disease]

Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was performed in 150 patients with a history of Kawasaki disease, aged 6 months to 16 years old. Forty-five patients were studied with ergometer exercise and 105 patients had dipyridamole administration. The findings of thallium imaging were compared with those of coronary angiography. Seventy-two cases with severe coronary stenosis (over 75%) were classified in 3 groups; 13 with the left anterior descending artery lesion, 31 with only the right coronary artery lesion and 28 with multi-vessel involvement. In 72 cases with severe coronary stenosis, the sensitivity of thallium imaging for detecting coronary stenotic lesions was 85%, 74% and 67% in the 3 groups, respectively. In 78 cases without severe coronary stenosis, 5 cases (6%) had persistent perfusion defects on thallium imaging, 3 of which were associated with dyskinesis of the left ventricle documented by cineangiography. They were considered to have damaged myocardium probably due to peripheral myocardial infarction or myocarditic problems. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging was proved to be a useful method to detect coronary stenosis, however its sensitivity for detecting lesions of the right coronary artery or multi-vessels was relatively low. This may be attributable to a significantly higher incidence of segmental stenosis (recanalization) with sufficient coronary flow and multiple coronary collateral vessels in patients with such lesions.     

Long-term cardiac sequelae of Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in childhood. Despite treatment with intravenous gamma globulin, 2% to 4% of patients have coronary abnormalities. Those with giant aneurysms are at risk for stenosis and myocardial ischemia/infarction, and require aggressive anticoagulation with frequent follow-up, including stress testing and coronary angiography. In rare cases, patients will have coronary artery bypass grafting. Those with less severe coronary involvement need antiplatelet therapy and infrequent noninvasive testing. Patients with normal echos after the acute phase are not treated, but the future impact of the disease is not certain particularly in the setting of adult onset coronary artery disease.     

An unpleasant surprise in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention: diffuse and severe vessel ectasia with acute thrombosis of the distal right coronary artery in a patient with acute inferior myocardial infarction.

Coronary artery ectasia is defined as a > 1.5-fold dilation of the coronary artery compared to the diameter of adjacent normal segments. It must be distinguished from discrete aneurysms that appear in areas adjacent to coronary artery stenosis. It is usually considered a variant of coronary atherosclerosis. Dilated segments are thought to modify the rheology of blood, sluggish or turbulent flow predisposing to myocardial ischemia and its sequelae, including myocardial infarction and sudden death. We report the case of a 52-year-old man, light smoker, with arterial hypertension and family history of coronary artery disease, who was referred to our coronary care unit for an inferior ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction and presented with severe and diffuse vessel ectasia and right coronary thrombosis at coronary angiography.     

Polyarteritis nodosa with mesenteric aneurysms demonstrated by angiography: report of a case and successful treatment of the patient with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide

Polyarteritis nodosa is a necrotizing angitis that predominantly affects small and medium-sized arteries. The prognosis of untreated polyarteritis nodosa is very poor. Since symptoms are diverse and no serologic test is specific for polyarteritis nodosa, the diagnosis is difficult and often delayed. We describe a patient with polyarteritis nodosa who had gastrointestinal involvement with multiple aneurysms of the inferior mesenteric artery; only abdominal angiography provided a conclusive diagnosis. Alleviation of symptoms and regression of aneurysms were observed after combination therapy of an immunosuppressive agent, cyclophosphamide, and prednisolone. We emphasize the importance of early diagnosis by angiography and aggressive therapy in patients in whom physical signs indicating definite polyarteritis nodosa are not present. Received: January 18, 1999 / Accepted: May 28, 1999     

Fate of coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease: Serial coronary angiography and long-term follow-up study

Between January 1973 and December 1979, 290 patients with Kawasaki disease were evaluated with coronary angiography after the acute stage of illness. Of these patients, 43 (15 percent) were diagnosed as having coronary aneurysms. Forty-two patients have been followed up for an average of 4 years (range 15 months to 8 years). One 8 month old girl died of myocardial infarction after 4 months of illness. Follow-up coronary angiography was performed in 42 patients 5 to 18 months after the acute illness. Four groups can be distinguished. Group I: In 21 (50 percent) of 42 patients angiography showed that the coronary aneurysms had regressed, so that no observable lesions were seen. During convalescence, none of these patients experienced cardiac symptoms, and results of electrocardiography, exercise stress testing and thallium scintigraphy were within normal limits. In the other 21 patients abnormal findings persisted on follow-up angiography. Group II: Ten patients showed persistent coronary aneurysms, although reduced in size. Group III: In seven patients the aneurysms had disappeared, but complete obstruction or marked stenosis of coronary arteries was found. Group IV: In four patients, irregularities of the coronary arterial wall without stenosis were seen. Among patients with abnormal angiographic findings myocardial infarction and mitral regurgitation were also seen. Early initiation of aspirin therapy remains the mainstay in the prevention of thrombus formation. Coronary aneurysms show regression on angiography in 1 or 2 years in about half of patients. The remaining patients are at risk for ischemic heart disease. Thus, Kawasaki disease should be considered an important cause of ischemic heart disease in children and a possible risk factor of premature coronary atherosclerosis.     

Relation of plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in non-ST-elevation coronary disease and preserved systolic function to number of narrowed coronary arteries

Elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels have been described in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate circulating BNP levels in patients with coronary artery disease without ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and preserved systolic function and to evaluate the BNP levels in relation to the number of involved coronary vessels. We studied 88 patients with coronary artery disease: group 1 had stable angina, group 2 had unstable angina (UA), group 3 had non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and group 0 consisted of 15 healthy subjects. All recruited subjects underwent angiographic examination and echocardiographic evaluation. No patients had heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, or electrocardiographic ST elevation. A significant increase in BNP levels was observed in the UA and NSTEMI groups compared with the stable angina group (stable angina 31.3 pg/ml, UA 147.3 pg/ml, NSTEMI, 165.8 pg/ml, p <0.01), and no differences were found between the UA and NSTEMI groups. Analysis of BNP in relation to the number of involved vessels showed significantly higher BNP levels in patients with 3- than in those with 1- or 2-vessel disease (1 to 45.2, 2 to 127.3, and 3 to 220.8 pg/ml, respectively, p <0.05 and p <0.0001, 3 vs 1- and 2-vessel disease, p = 0.01, respectively). Patients with left anterior descending stenosis had higher BNP levels than those with stenosis in other areas (150.8 vs 52.2 pg/ml, p <0.01). In conclusion, circulating BNP levels appeared elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes with diffuse coronary involvement, even in the absence of systolic dysfunction or heart failure. BNP was also associated with multivessel disease and left anterior descending involvement.     

Coronary artery aneurysms: A 25-patient study.

Coronary artery aneurysm is a rare disorder, characterized by abnormal dilatation of a localized portion or diffuse segments of the coronary artery. We studied clinical demographics, catheterization findings, and clinical outcomes in an Asian patient cohort with documented coronary artery aneurysms. Compared to a Caucasian adult population, our patient cohort had a lower incidence of coronary artery aneurysm (0.25% vs. 2.6%), and more patients with nonobstructive coronary artery aneurysms (70%); age, gender, and coronary distribution were comparable. The initial presentation of myocardial infarction occurred in five patients (5/17, 30%) with nonobstructive coronary artery aneurysms; however, none who were receiving preventive medications consisting of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents subsequently developed myocardial infarction. We conclude that the incidence of coronary artery aneurysms with or without associated significant coronary stenosis seems to be lower in the Asian population. In contrast, the incidence of nonobstructive coronary artery aneurysms is considerably high and should not be thought of as a relatively benign disease entity if not treated with preventive medications. Rheumatoid arthritis-related vasculitis might be a cause of coronary artery aneurysm. Surgical intervention is based on the severity of coronary artery stenosis. The result of medical treatment has been compatible with long-term survival. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:31-38, 1999.