IL-17、RORγt在实验性自身免疫性神经炎中的表达

目的 观察Th17型细胞因子IL-17和Th17细胞特异性转录因子维甲酸受体相关孤儿受体γ的胸腺异构体(RORγt) mRNA在实验性自身免疫性神经炎(EAN)模型中的表达,以探讨Th17细胞在EAN中的作用.方法 用P253-78aa肽段免疫Lewis大鼠,建立EAN模型,观察大鼠发病情况和组织病理改变,并检测淋巴细胞增殖反应,用RT-PCR技术检测IL-17和RORγt在大鼠发病高峰期脾脏、淋巴结和坐骨神经中的表达.结果 EAN组大鼠在第14-16天发病高峰期时平均临床评分为(7.5±1.2),病理学检查可见明显炎性细胞浸润,对P253-78aa的刺激产生强烈淋巴细胞增殖反应,与对照组相比,IL-17和RORγt mRNA在脾脏、淋巴结和坐骨神经中的表达均显著升高(P<0.001).结论 IL-17和RORγt表达上调与EAN的发病相关.     

重症肌无力患者外周血Th17细胞及其相关细胞因子表达研究

目的研究重症肌无力患者外周血辅助性T细胞17(Th17)及其相关细胞因子水平,探讨其与血清抗乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)抗体水平的相关性。方法纳入2016年9月至2017年12月共30例初诊重症肌无力患者,眼肌型(OMG) 16例、全身型(GMG) 14例。流式细胞术检测外周血单个核细胞Th17细胞比例,实时定量聚合酶链反应检测Th17细胞标志性细胞因子白细胞介素-17A(IL-17A)及其相关转录因子维A酸相关孤儿受体γ(RORγ)mRNA水平,酶联免疫吸附试验检测血浆IL-17A、IL-6、IL-23和抗AChR抗体水平。结果与正常对照组相比,GMG组和OMG组外周血Th17细胞比例(t=-3.312,P=0.002;t=-2.286,P=0.030)及其相关转录因子RORγmRNA表达水平(f=4.408,P=0.001;t=1.991,P=0.049),以及IL-17A水平(t=-4.282,P=0.004;t=-2.788,P=0.007)均高于正常对照组;GMG组IL-23水平亦高于正常对照组(t=-2.267,P=0.031)。重症肌无力患者外周血Th17细胞比例及血浆IL-17A水平与血清抗AChR抗体水平呈正相关(r=0.851,P=0.012;r=0.743,P=0.025)。结论重症肌无力患者外周血Th17细胞数目增加、血浆IL-17A表达水平升高,可能是导致重症肌无力发生与发展的重要原因,二者之间关系尚待进一步研究加以证实。     

单、双相抑郁患者外周血单个核细胞糖皮质激素受体表达研究

目的探讨单、双相抑郁障碍患者外周血单个核细胞糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor,GR)mRNA的表达水平及其在亚细胞的分布的差异性。方法纳入符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版修订版(DSM-IV-TR)诊断标准的单相抑郁障碍(简称单相抑郁)患者35例、双相抑郁障碍(简称双相抑郁)患者23例和正常对照30名,检测受试者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood monouclearcell,PBMC)中GRαmRNA表达水平,共聚焦显微镜下观察GRα在PBMC中的亚细胞分布,测定血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)和血清皮质醇的浓度。结果与对照组比较,单、双相抑郁患者组GRαmRNA表达均下降(P0.05),且与HAMD总分均呈负相关(r=-0.62,P0.05;r=-0.79,P0.05)。随着病情的加重,单、双相抑郁的轻中度、重度亚组的GRαmRNA表达递减(P0.05)。单、双相抑郁患者组PBMC上GRα表达均显著减少,且主要分布在细胞浆内,提示存在核分布异常;随着抑郁程度的加重,核内分布呈下降趋势(P0.05);但单、双相抑郁患者组间无明显差异(P0.05)。单、双相抑郁组血浆ACTH和血清皮质醇浓度与GRαmRNA的表达均无关(P0.05)。结论提示GR在单、双相抑郁障碍的发病机制中均可能起重要作用,且GRαmRNA可能仅是抑郁状态指标,无法鉴别单、双相抑郁障碍。     

二甲双胍抑制Th17细胞反应对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠保护作用

目的探讨实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠应用二甲双胍(MET)干预,观察MET对EAE小鼠发病情况、神经功能评分的影响及其对小鼠体内Th17细胞反应的作用。方法以MOG35-55免疫雌性C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型。随机分成对照组、EAE组和MET治疗组,比较不同组小鼠神经功能评分。在发病高峰期,比较小鼠脊髓中炎性细胞浸润程度,脾细胞中Th17细胞比例,脾细胞培养上清及血清中IL-17A含量以及小鼠脾及脊髓中IL-17A、RORγt mRNA转录水平。结果与EAE组相比,MET治疗组发病率减低(P0.05),疾病严重程度减轻(P0.01);脾细胞中Th17细胞比例降低(P0.01),脾细胞培养上清及血清中IL-17A含量减少(P0.01);脾及脊髓组织中IL-17A、RORγt mRNA转录水平均降低(P0.01)。结论 MET通过抑制外周免疫器官及中枢神经系统的Th17细胞反应而对EAE小鼠起到保护作用。     

鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤外周Th17/Treg细胞的变化与意义

目的探讨外周血维甲酸相关孤儿受体γt(RORγt)及叉头框P3蛋白(Foxp3)mRNA、血清白细胞介素10(IL-10)、IL-6、IL-17的浓度,在大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后各时程的演变。方法雄性Wistar大鼠50只,制备大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型,据取材时间分为4组(术后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d与对照组,n=10)。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测外周血RORγt和Foxp3 mRNA的表达和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测血清白细胞介素10(IL-10)、IL-6、IL-17的浓度。结果大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤不同时间组外周血RORγt及Foxp3mRNA表达水平及血清IL-10、IL-6、IL-17与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论Thl7/调节性T细胞的失衡与大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后的发生发展密切相关。     

MG患者外周血Th17细胞与AChR抗体产生的关系研究

目的探讨重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血中Th17细胞及相关细胞因子白细胞介素17(IL-17)在MG发病中的作用。方法收集40例MG患者和10名健康人(对照组)外周血标本,采用流式细胞术检测外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中Th17细胞比例,反转录酶-聚合酶链锁反应(RT-PCR)检测PBMCs中维甲酸受体相关孤儿受体γt(RORγt)mRNA水平,ELISA检测血清中IL-17水平,放射免疫沉淀法检测血清中抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChR-Ab)滴度;分离PBMCs中CD4~+T细胞和CD19~+B细胞与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B(SEB)进行共培养,培养系统中加入人IL-17和(或)IL-21中和抗体,放射免疫测定法检测培养液中AChR-Ab滴度。采用MG评分(quantitative MG scoring system,QMGs)对MG的严重程度进行评估,并对MG患者的Th17细胞比例、RORγt mRNA和IL-17水平与病情QMGs的相关性,以及MG患者抗AChR-Ab滴度与PBMCs中Th17细胞比例的相关性进行分析。结果 MG患者PBMCs中Th17细胞比例[1.11%(0.90%,1.34%)]高于健康对照组Th17细胞比例[0.26%(0.08%,0.36%)](z=5.494,P0.001),且与疾病严重程度呈正相关(r=0.4394,P=0.0046);血清中IL-17水平和PBMCs中RORγt mRNA相对表达[分别71.46(53.91,104.76)pg/mL、2.63(1.94,3.12)]均较健康对照组[分别18.82(12.73,29.80)pg/mL、1.13(0.98,1.28)]显著增高(均P0.001);MG患者血清中抗AChR-Ab滴度[2.34(1.19,3.60)nmol/L]较健康对照组[-0.08(-0.24,-0.03)nmol/L]显著增高(z=4.662,P0.001),且与Th17细胞比例呈正相关(r=0.7066,P=0.0001)。MG患者外周血T、B细胞与SEB共培养后抗AChR-Ab水平高于未加入SEB时及健康对照(均P0.01);加入抗人IL-21或IL-17中和抗体后,两者AChR-Ab滴度与未加入抗体时AChR-Ab滴度比较均降低(均P0.05),且均仍高于MG患者未加入SEB时及健康对照(P0.01);在培养上清中同时加入抗人IL-21和IL-17中和抗体时AChR-Ab滴度明显低于加入单种抗体时,而与未加入SEB时及健康对照差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论 MG患者外周血中Th17细胞可能通过IL-17促进AChR-Ab产生,参与疾病的病理过程。     

白介素-12、23亚单位在重症肌无力发病中的作用

目的 探讨白介素(IL)-12、23亚单位在重症肌无力(MG)发病中的作用.方法 采用RT-PCR及ELISA法分别测定22例MG患者(全身型12例,眼肌型10例)和22名健康体检者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中IL-12p35、IL-23p19及p40(IL-12/23)mRNA的表达及血清抗乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)抗体、干扰素(IFN)-γ和IL-17水平,并进行相关性分析.结果 (1)MG组PBMCs中IL-12p35、IL-23p19和p40(IL-12/23)mRNA表达及其血清IFN-γ和IL-17水平明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.05～0.01);但MG全身型亚组和眼肌型亚组间差异无统计学意义.(2)MG组血清抗AChR-IgC阳性17例,抗AChR-IgG水平与其IL-12p35、IL-23p19和p40(IL-12/23)mRNA表达及血清IFN-γ和IL-17水平均呈正相关(r=0.502、0.649、0.817、0.652、0.484,P＜0.05～0.01).(3)MG组IL-12p35 mRNA与IFN-γ、IL-23p19 mRNA与IL-17均呈正相关(r=0.906、0.725,均P＜0.01).结论 IL-12和IL-23可能分别通过促进IFN-γ和IL-17的分泌参与了MG的发病,但与MG类型无关.     

抑郁症中糖皮质激素受体与CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的关系及其所致免疫失衡机制的初步探讨

目的 研究抑郁症患者外周血细胞因子白介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子β(TG-β)的变化、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Treg)的数量及其特征性标志叉头样转录因子P3(Foxp3)的表达与糖皮质激素受体(GR)的表达之间的关系,探讨抑郁症患者免疫失衡的可能机制.方法 纳入36例抑郁症患者和36名正常对照,根据Hamilton抑郁量表总分将患者划分为轻、中和重不同抑郁程度组;利用ELISA方法测定受试者外周血血清细胞因子IL-10、TGF-β浓度;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测GR的α及β两种亚型(GRα、GRβ)、Foxp3 mRNA表达水平;免疫磁珠分离CD4+ CD25+ Treg,共聚焦显微镜观察Foxp3与GR在CD4+CD 25+ Treg上的共表达.结果 与正常对照组比较,患者组血清IL-10、TGF-β的水平降低(P＜0.05),外周血CD4+ CD25+ Treg数量及在CD4+T细胞中的比例明显少于对照组(P＜0.01),且重度抑郁组上述指标明显低于中度和轻度抑郁组(P＜0.01).抑郁各组单个核细胞GRamRNA和FoxP3 mRNA表达水平随抑郁程度而降低(P＜0.01),GRβmRNA却在重度抑郁组表达增加.共聚焦显微镜下可观察到重度抑郁患者CD4+CD25+Treg上GR与Foxp3表达显著减少.结论 糖皮质激素受体可能通过影响调节性T细胞的功能和数量在抑郁症患者免疫失衡的病理生理机制中发挥着重要的作用.     

GATA-3、IL-4 mRNA在多发性肌炎/皮肌炎患者PBMC中的表达研究

目的探讨GATA-3及Th2细胞因子IL-4与多发性肌炎(PM)/皮肌炎(DM)的关系。方法用RT-PCR方法检测PM/DM患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中GATA-3、IL-4的mRAN表达,并与正常健康人进行比较。结果PM、DM组中GATA-3mRNA表达阳性率(85.7%,86.4%)均高于正常对照组(25%)(P<0.05);PM、DM组GATA-3的表达强度(0.268,0.411)均高于正常对照组(0.000)(P<0.05);皮肌炎IL-4mRNA的表达强度(0.251)高于正常对照组(0.000)(P<0.05);GATA-3与IL-4的表达强度呈正相关(r=0.475,P<0.05)。结论皮肌炎的Th2细胞过度分化及体液免疫增强可能与GATA-3表达增强有关。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.