多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者的GCH1基因突变检测

目的分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍(dopa responsive dystonia,DRD)患者的GCH1基因突变。方法我们抽取21例来自医院门诊及住院的散发型多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者的肘静脉血,并提取外周血全基因组DNA。Primer3设计GCH1基因6个外显子的引物,PCR扩增GCH1基因的外显子及周边部分内含子序列,并对PCR产物进行测序。测序结果与正常序列进行比对,发现碱基变异后进行序列分析以确定是否多态。结果成功扩增21位DRD患者GCH1基因的6个外显子。经过分析,GCH1基因外显子序列未发现基因突变。仅在4个患者的1号外显子发现1个单核苷酸多态(SNP)c.68CT,该SNP没有产生氨基酸的改变。结论本地区多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者未发现GCH1基因突变,DRD患者可能存在其他致病基因。GCH1基因突变检测目前仍不能作为早期诊断的依据。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍

本病是一种少见的常染色体显性遗传病。现就其病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后加以论述。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍12例分析

目的:分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍(dopa-responsive dystonia,DRD)的临床特点。方法:对12例DRD患者进行临床分析。结果:12例患者,男4例,女8例,发病年龄6～30岁,平均发病年龄13岁,首发症状均为肌张力障碍,下肢起病者10例,上肢起病2例,全部病人均有晨轻暮重的现象,服用小剂量美多巴疗效显著。结论:多巴反应性肌张力障碍具有独特的临床表现和有效的治疗。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍临床分析及文献复习

目的 探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍(DRD)患者的临床特点.方法 对2例DRD患者的临床资料进行详细分析.结果 2例患者均为成人起病的DRD,具备DRD的特征性临床表现.结论 DRD有特征性的临床表现及特殊治疗方法,如能早期诊断,早期使用小剂量左旋多巴制剂治疗且维持用药则预后良好.     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍36例临床分析

目的探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍的病因、临床特点和治疗。方法回顾性分析36例多巴反应肌张力障碍患者的临床资料。结果 36例中男8例,女28例,其中包含2个家系。发病年龄平均9.5岁。均为缓慢起病,首发症状为始自下肢的肌张力障碍者32例,4例以帕金森病样表现起病。症状均呈晨轻暮重。头颅CT、MRI、神经电生理等检查均正常。小剂量多巴制剂治疗有明显疗效。结论本病临床特征显著,只要认识到位,诊断不难,小剂量多巴制剂治疗效果好。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍1例报告

多巴反应性肌张力障碍 (DRD)又称明显昼间波动的进行性肌张力障碍 ,为原发性肌张力障碍的一种变异型。最近我院遇到 1例报告如下。1　病例　女 ,8岁。自小即有面部及肢体多动现象 ,近 2年明显加重 ,表现不自主摇头、皱眉、挤眼 ,左手时有徐动 ,并呈强直性伸展 ,下肢强直性伸直 ,走路时足跟不着地 ,以左侧肢体为重 ,并有晨轻暮重现象 ,患儿上午活动较多 ,下午则不愿活动 ,与同龄儿相比 ,身材偏矮 ,智力较差 ,注意力不易集中。父母非近亲结婚 ,否认家族遗传史。查体 :身高 10 3cm ,颅神经(- ) ,头面部及手不自主多动 ,肢体肌张力时而增高 ,…     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍

目的：探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍的临床特点及治疗。方法：观察6例来自4个家族患者的临床表现,辅检查及对左旋多巴治疗的反应。结果：1例儿童期、2例少年期起病者,首发症状均为下肢肌张力异常、足跟着地困难;3例青年起病者表现为震颤、本例题硬;3例出现病理征阳性;6例症状均呈晨轻暮重。服用多巴制剂1－6天内有明显疗效,用药最长者（2例）达7年,未增加剂量。结论：该病临床特点较明显,多巴制剂对其有快速、显著、持续的疗效。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍1例并文献复习

患者女，19岁，汉族，因行走不利9年、伴四肢抖动5年于2006—11—20入院，既往体健，家族中无同样患者，于9年前不明诱因出现走路僵硬、渐出现足内翻、脚跟不能着地，曾在我院骨科行脊柱（颈、胸、腰椎）MRI扫描，     

Variability of presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic function and clinical heterogeneity in a dopa-responsive dystonia family with GCH-1 gene mutation

We studied the presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic function using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of a ^99mTc-TRODAT-1 (TRODAT) scan in a dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) family with the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1) gene mutation. Clinically, there was presentation of intrafamilial variability in the DRD family. The index patient was a 10-year-old girl with classic DRD and normal presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic function. However, her grandmother, a 79-year-old woman, presented with slowly progressive Parkinson’s disease (PD) without dystonic symptoms and excellent response to dopaminergic therapy for 21 years. Her brain TRODAT SPECT imaging revealed a markedly and asymmetrically reduced uptake of dopamine transporter at the bilateral striatum. Her father, a 54-year-old man, was an asymptomatic gene carrier and his brain TRODAT SPECT imaging revealed asymmetrically reduced nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission in the bilateral striatum. We conclude variability of presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in patients with DRD is related to their clinical heterogeneity. Significantly, impairment of presynaptic dopamine function actually occurs in the asymptomatic gene carrier.     

A novel missense mutation of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene in a Korean family with hereditary progressive dystonia/dopa-responsive dystonia

Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation/dopa-responsive dystonia (HPD/DRD) shows the considerable heterogeneity of clinical phenotypic expression and a dramatic sustained response to levodopa. The autosomal dominant HPD/DRD is caused by mutations in the gene coding GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH I), the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Previous studies suggested that normal [18F]Dopa positron emission tomography or [123I]beta-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, indicating intact structural integrity of nigrostriatal neurons, may be useful for differentiating HPD/DRD from clinically similar conditions such as juvenile Parkinson's disease with dystonia that have a considerably poorer prognosis. We here report a Korean family affected with HPD/DRD due to a novel missense mutation of the GCH I gene (T-->G mutation in exon 2), Met 137 Arg, which may change the conformation of the binding site of GCH I. The clinical features are considerably variable within the family. We documented normal striatal uptake of [123I]IPT, a dopamine transporter ligand with fast washout kinetics, in our patients by using SPECT. This method can be helpful in diagnosing HPD/DRD in uncertain cases.     

A novel mutation in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene associated with a broad range of clinical presentations in a family with autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia

We examined a large family of Ashkenazi Jewish origin with autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). Mutation analysis of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene revealed in affected members a novel point mutation (a C/A change in exon 1) resulting in a threonine-to-lysine substitution at residue 94. The mutation was characterized by variable expressivity and was associated with either a 'classical' DRD phenotype or various atypical phenotypes, such as subtle transitory equinovarus postures of the feet or isolated hand tremor. This observation demonstrates the significance of the molecular testing in establishing the clinical diagnosis of DRD. Copyright Lippincott Williams & Wilkins     

GCH1基因新的点突变的多巴反应性肌张力障碍1例报道并文献复习

目的 报道1例多巴反应性肌张力障碍(Doparesponsive dystonia, DRD)的三磷酸鸟苷环化水解酶I基因(Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydmlase I,GCH1)c.550C>T(p.R184C)杂合突变,并分析该基因突变患者的临床特点。方法 应用全外显子测序结合一代测序验证方法对1个家系的5名成员进行GCH1基因突变分析,并回顾既往文献进行疾病特点总结,以提高对DRD相关基因突变的临床特点及预后的认识。结果 5名家系成员中先证者及其一子一女 GCH1基因存在c.550C>T(p.R184C)杂合突变,且该点突变导致GCH1基因所编码的蛋白发生p.R184C错义突变(184位点上的精氨酸变为半胱氨酸)。软件分析显示c.550C>T(p.R184C)为可疑致病突变。结论 c.550C>T(p.R184C)突变可能是DRD新的致病位点,此分析扩展了DRD的GCH1基因突变内容,同时也为相关基因的功能验证提供了新的方向。     

Novel GCH-1 mutations and unusual long-lasting dyskinesias in Korean families with dopa-responsive dystonia

ObjectiveTo describe the long-term follow-up data of Korean patients with GTP cyclohydrolase (GTPCH) I deficient dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) with novel mutations and unusual long-lasting dyskinesias.MethodsClinical features and genetic testing results of GCH1 from 19 patients that included 4 families who have been followed-up for up to 25 years were analyzed.ResultsGCH1 mutations were confirmed in all our symptomatic subjects including 3 novel point mutations. All the subjects except for one family had typical manifestations of autosomal dominant GTPCH-I deficient DRD including early childhood onset dystonia predominantly in the legs, marked diurnal variation, intact cognition, no other systemic symptoms, and excellent sustained response to levodopa. The one family who was the exception had two gene positive members of DRD and one with dopa-unresponsive cervical dystonia with negative GCH1 mutation. One family and a sporadic case had been reported as gene negative in a previous study, but they typically had preserved dopamine transporter binding and low neopterin levels in cerebrospinal fluids; thus, GCH-1 mutation had been highly suspected, which was now confirmed by repeating the genetic testing this time. An early childhood-onset patient developed choreiform dyskinesias right after administration of levodopa. The dyskinesia had lasted for more than 4 years regardless of the levodopa dosages and then subsided while maintaining levodopa.ConclusionThis report emphasizes the usefulness of the neopterin level in cerebrospinal fluids and dopamine transporter imaging in the differential diagnosis of DRD syndromes and a possible mechanism of levodopa-induced-dyskinesia in early childhood onset case.     

Lessons from a remarkable family with dopa-responsive dystonia.

A family is described in which dopa-responsive dystonia affected six members and segregated in an autosomal dominant fashion. Patients either presented in childhood with dystonia of the legs, going to develop parkinsonism and pseudo-pyramidal deficits, or in adult life with parkinsonian tremor and rigidity, with pseudo-pyramidal signs. Remarkably, in the three cases with childhood onset the symptoms and signs of the condition were abolished 36 to 52 years later by small doses of levodopa. No long term side effects of levodopa have appeared after 15 years of treatment.     

A novel tyrosine hydroxylase variant in a group of Chinese patients with dopa-responsive dystonia

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) comprises a heterogeneous group of movement disorders. A limited number of studies of Chinese patients with DRD have been reported. In the present study, we investigated the clinical and genetic features of 12 Chinese DRD families. Point mutation analysis of the GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GCH1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and sepiapterin reductase (SPR) genes was conducted by direct sequencing. In addition, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification targeting GCH1 and TH was performed in “mutation-free” patients. Three reported mutations (IVS2-2A>G, c.293C>T, c.550C>T) were detected in GCH1, whereas two compound heterozygous variants were identified in TH, one of which was novel (c.1083C>A). Furthermore, this novel variant was not detected in any of the 250 ethnicity-matched, healthy controls. No exon deletions or duplicate mutations in the two genes were found in patients with DRD. No mutation in SPR was found. In addition, one patient with the IVS2-2A>G mutation in GCH1 showed signs of Parkinsonism. In conclusion, we here identified a novel heterozygous variant in TH (c.1083C>A). It is important to perform routine screening of GCH1 and TH for patients with DRD. While for patients with Parkinsonism, GCH1 mutation analysis should be performed after screening of genes like PARKIN, PARK7 (DJ-1) and PINK1.     

遗传性多巴反应性肌张力障碍一家系

目的 探讨一个遗传性多巴反应性肌张力障碍(dopa-responsive dystonia,DRD)家系的临床特点及相关基因突变.方法 收集一个DRD家系的临床资料及外周血样本,提取全基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及DNA直接测序方法进行三磷酸鸟苷环化酶-1(GCH-1)基因外显子突变检测.结果 该家系患病成员临床特点方面个体差异较大,但所有患者均对左旋多巴制剂反应良好,且未见明显不良反应.基因分析显示5例患者及1例无症状直系亲属存在GCH-1基因第6号外显子上的缺失突变c.63 1_632delAT,引起框移突变.结论 DRD临床表现具有明显异质性,在同一家系不同患者之间存在较大差异,同一基因突变可引起不同的临床表现型,部分携带者可不发病.GCH-1基因第6号外显子上的缺失突变c.631_632delAT为DRD致病的遗传学基础之一.