Definition of at-risk patients: dynamic variables

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a progressive disease, mainly characterized by a deterioration of symptoms over time, but also the occurrence in some patients of serious outcomes such as acute urinary retention (AUR) and the need for BPH-related surgery. The goals of therapy are not only to improve symptoms and restore an acceptable quality of life, but also to identify patients at risk of disease progression, to optimize their management. Baseline variables such as age, severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), a low peak flow rate, increased postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), enlarged prostate and high serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels have been identified as predictors of AUR and BPH-related surgery in community-based longitudinal studies. In the placebo arm of controlled studies, baseline serum PSA level and to a lesser extent prostate size consistently predict the risk of AUR and BPH-related surgery, while quantitative variables such as baseline symptom severity and peak flow rate behave paradoxically and are poor predictors of BPH progression. There is increasing evidence from longitudinal community-based studies and the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms study that dynamic variables (e.g. symptom and PVR worsening) serve as good predictors of AUR in men with LUTS suggestive of BPH. The 'real-life' practice study Alf-One also suggests that men not responding to alfuzosin treatment (International Prostate Symptom Score stable or worsening, and bother score >3 under treatment) have a greater risk of having AUR or requiring BPH-related surgery. First-line treatment with alfuzosin might thus help to select patients at risk of BPH progression, to optimize their management.     

良性前列腺增生症发生急性尿潴留的相关因素分析

目的:应用临床常用指标,探讨BPH发生急性尿潴留(AUR)的相关因素。方法:回顾分析538例BPH患者相关资料。分为曾发生AUR(A组)260例,从未发生AUR(B组)278例。分别比较两组间在年龄(AGE)、前列腺总体积(PV)、前列腺移行区体积(TZV)、移行区指数(TZI)和前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、游离前列腺特异抗原(F-PSA)、游离与总前列腺特异抗原比值(F/T-PSA)等指标上的差异性。结果:A组平均PV、TZV和PSA值皆明显高于B组,上述3个指标在两两组间差异有统计学意义,且PSA与PV、TZV均有正相关性。结论:PV、TZV及PSA可作为预测BPH发生AUR的良好指标。     

Serum prostate-specific antigen concentration is a powerful predictor of acute urinary retention and need for surgery in men with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. PLESS Study Group

OBJECTIVES: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is produced exclusively in the prostate gland and is currently the most useful clinical marker for the detection of prostate cancer. In this report, we examine whether serum PSA is also a predictor of important benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related outcomes, acute urinary retention (AUR), and the need for BPH-related surgery. METHODS: Three thousand forty men were treated with either placebo or finasteride in a double-blind, randomized study of 4-year duration. Serum PSA was measured at baseline, and baseline prostate volume was measured in a 10% subset of 312 men. Probabilities and cumulative incidences of AUR and BPH-related surgery, as well as reduction in risk of events with finasteride, were calculated for the entire patient population, stratified by treatment assignment, baseline serum PSA, and prostate volume. RESULTS: The risk of either needing BPH-related surgery or developing AUR ranged from 8.9% to 22.0% during the 4 years in placebo-treated patients stratified by increasing prostate volume and from 7.8% to 19.9% when stratified by increasing serum PSA. In comparison with symptom scores, flow rates, and residual urine volume, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that serum PSA and prostate volume were the most powerful predictors of spontaneous AUR in placebo-treated patients (area under the curve 0.70 and 0.81, respectively). Finasteride treatment reduced the relative risk of needing surgery or developing AUR by 50% to 74% and by 43% to 60% when stratified by increasing prostate volume and serum PSA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum PSA and prostate volume are powerful predictors of the risk of AUR and the need for BPH-related surgery in men with BPH. Knowledge of baseline serum PSA and/or prostate volume are useful tools to aid physicians and decision makers in predicting the risk of BPH-related outcomes and choosing therapy for BPH.     

Clinical outcomes after combined therapy with dutasteride plus tamsulosin or either monotherapy in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by baseline characteristics: 4-year results from the randomized, double-blind Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAT) trial

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) centres on two drug classes, 5α‐reductase inhibitors and α‐blockers. The 4‐year Combination of Avodart® and Tamsulosin (CombAT) study investigated whether the combination of dutasteride and tamsulosin was more effective than either monotherapy in reducing the relative risk of AUR, BPH‐related surgery, and BPH clinical progression in men with moderate‐to‐severe LUTS who were at increased risk of disease progression. Data from the 2‐ and 4‐year, pre‐planned primary and secondary endpoint analyses for the CombAT study have been reported previously. This study reports the outcomes of post hoc analyses of the influence of baseline parameters on the incidence of AUR, BPH‐related surgery, and overall clinical progression in patients treated with tamsulosin, dutasteride, or combination therapy with both agents.

OBJECTIVE

? To investigate the influence of baseline variables on the 4‐year incidence of acute urinary retention (AUR), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)‐related surgery and overall clinical progression in men treated with tamsulosin, dutasteride, or a combination of both.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? The 4‐year Combination of Avodart® and Tamsulosin (CombAT) study was a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study of clinical outcomes in men aged ≥50 years with symptomatic (International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS]≥12) BPH, with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels of ≥1.5 ng/mL and ≤10 ng/mL, and a prostate volume (PV) of ≥30 mL. ? Eligible patients received tamsulosin 0.4 mg, dutasteride 0.5 mg, or a combination of both. ? The primary endpoint was time to first AUR or BPH‐related surgery. Secondary endpoints included clinical progression of BPH and symptoms. Posthoc analyses of the influence of baseline variables (including age, IPSS health‐related quality of life [HRQL], PV, PSA, IPSS, peak urinary flow rate [Q_max] and body‐mass index [BMI]) on the incidence of AUR or BPH‐related surgery, clinical progression of BPH, and symptoms were performed.

RESULTS

? There were 4844 men in the intent‐to‐treat population. Overall baseline characteristics were similar across all patient groups. ? Regardless of baseline subgroup, the incidence of AUR or BPH‐related surgery was higher in men treated with tamsulosin than in those treated with dutasteride or combined therapy. ? Combined therapy was statistically better than tamsulosin in reducing the risk of AUR or BPH‐related surgery in subgroups of baseline PV > 42.0 mL, in all subgroups of baseline PSA level, and all other baseline subgroups (P≤ 0.001). ? Across treatment groups, the incidence of clinical progression was highest in men with a baseline IPSS of <20 or IPSS HRQL score of <4. The incidence of clinical progression was also higher in men receiving tamsulosin than dutasteride or combined therapy in all baseline subgroups, except for men with a baseline PV of <40 mL. Combined therapy reduced the relative risk (RR) of clinical progression compared with tamsulosin across all baseline subgroups and compared with dutasteride across most baseline subgroups. ? Symptom deterioration was the most common progression event in each treatment group regardless of baseline subgroup, except in those men with an IPSS of ≥20 at baseline. Combined therapy reduced the RR of symptom deterioration compared with tamsulosin across all but one baseline subgroup (the reduction was not significant for men with a baseline PV of <40 mL) and compared with dutasteride in most subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS

? Men with a baseline PV of ≥40 mL and any baseline PSA level of ≥1.5 ng/mL had greater reductions in the RR of AUR or BPH‐related surgery and greater reductions in the RR of clinical progression and symptom deterioration on combined therapy or dutasteride monotherapy than on tamsulosin monotherapy. ? These analyses support the long‐term use of combined therapy with dutasteride plus tamsulosin in men with moderate‐to‐severe BPH symptoms and a slightly enlarged prostate.     

良性前列腺增生症急性尿潴留的临床预测

目的 应用临床常用指标，预测良性前列腺增生(BPH)发生急性尿潴留(AUR)的几率。方法 回顾78名BPH患者病史，分为曾发生AUR(A组)28例，从未发生AUR(B组)50例。分别比较两组间在前列腺总体积(PV)、前列腺移行区体积(TZV)、移行区指数(TZI)和前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、游离前列腺特异抗原(F-PSA)、游离与总前列腺特异抗原比值(F/T-PSA)等指标上的差异性，寻找其中能用于预测AUR的临床指标。应用ROC曲线即受试者工作特性曲线，确定相关指标预测AUR的分界值。结果 A组平均PV、TZV和PSA值皆明显高于B组，上述3个指标在A、B两组间存在显著性差异。而A、B两组在年龄、TZI、F-PSA、F/T-PSA上都无显著性差异。在预测AUR方面PSA可能比前列腺体积指标更具临床价值。结论 可通过PV、TZV及PSA来预测BPH中AUR的发生。根据不同临床需要确定预测AUR的临界值，有利于及早对BPH高危人群进行监控和治疗干 预。     

Identifying Patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) at Risk for Progression

Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) are a slow but progressive disease. Men mainly progress due to worsening of symptoms, but they are also at risk of disease progression in terms of developing serious complications such as acute urinary retention (AUR), the need for prostate surgery and overall treatment failure or re-treatment. The major risk factors for progression based on community-based surveys and questionnaires among urologists seem to be a high post-void residual (PVR), a low maximum flow rate (Q_max) and severe symptoms. Older age and a large prostate volume/high prostate specific antigen (PSA) level are considered as intermediate risk factors. Data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in LUTS/BPH patients, however, suggest that in particular, higher PSA levels, as a proxy for prostate volume are associated with an increased risk for AUR and prostate surgery.The differences among community-based surveys, urologist opinions and RCTs in the perception of risk factors for LUTS/BPH disease progression show that it is crucial to determine the risk profile for disease progression of patients from real life practice (RLP). Patients at high or low/intermediate risk for LUTS/BPH progression should be identified for optimising the treatment on an individual basis.     

Achieving the Total Approach in Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) Management

Patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) seek medical advice because they are bothered by their urinary symptoms. In addition, these patients may in the long-term progress symptomatically (approximately 75% of LUTS/BPH patients) and may develop serious complications such as acute urinary retention (AUR) and/or may ultimately need prostatic surgery. However, not all patients are at the same risk of progression and, therefore, need the same total treatment approach. For patients at low risk, the goal of LUTS/BPH treatment is to provide rapid and sustained improvement of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) with minimal morbidity. For patients at intermediate or high risk, treatment should additionally delay or prevent disease progression. Newer, more selective α₁-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists, such as tamsulosin, provide rapid (within days) and durable symptom relief in a wide variety of LUTS/BPH patients with a low potential for (cardiovascular) adverse events. In patients at low-intermediate risk of progression (i.e. small-intermediate prostate volume/low-intermediate prostate specific antigen (PSA)), they also reduce the incidence of AUR. Newer, more selective α₁-AR antagonists also seem to have a low switch rate to other medical therapy or prostatic surgery, which may be explained by their favourable efficacy/tolerability ratio. Patients at high risk of progression (e.g. those with a large prostate volume/high PSA) may obtain further benefit from combination therapy with a 5α-reductase inhibitor. It, therefore, seems to be appropriate to use an α_1A/α_1D-AR antagonist such as tamsulosin as first choice treatment for patients at low/intermediate and add a 5α-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride to patients at high risk of progression (e.g. large prostate volume/high PSA).     

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Prevention or Retention?

BackgroundAcute urinary retention (AUR) is a severe complication of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH). The prevention and management of AUR is subject to debate and varies considerably among countries.ObjectiveTo review the current and future prevention and management of AUR secondary to LUTS/BPH.Evidence acquisitionThis paper summarises the content of an update lecture that was part of a symposium on the management of LUTS/BPH held at the annual meeting of the European Association of Urology (EAU) in 2008. During the symposium, the results of a Web-based survey evaluating urologists’ opinions on the management of LUTS/BPH were also presented and discussed.Evidence synthesisPrevention of AUR secondary to LUTS/BPH implies delaying the progression of this condition in patients at risk. Risk factors for AUR include the following: an advanced age, moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), an enlarged prostate, a low peak urinary flow rate, an elevated postvoid residual, and an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Chronic inflammation of the prostate might also be a predictor of AUR. First-line treatment of AUR usually involves decompression of the bladder by catheterisation, which can be followed by a trial without catheter (TWOC) or immediate surgery. Elective surgery after TWOC is preferred to immediate surgery because it is associated with a lower morbidity and mortality risk. Treatment with an α₁-adrenoceptor (α₁-AR) antagonist can increase the success rate of a TWOC.ConclusionsPrevention and management of AUR secondary to LUTS/BPH should be based on the presence of risk factors. In most cases, elective surgery after TWOC is preferred to immediate surgery. Treatment with α₁-AR antagonists is usually indicated when performing a TWOC.     

The effects of dutasteride or tamsulosin alone and in combination on storage and voiding symptoms in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): 4-year data from the Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAT) study

Study Type – Therapy (RCT)
Level of Evidence 1b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Long‐term treatment with combination therapy (dutasteride plus tamsulosin) is significantly superior to tamsulosin but not dutasteride at reducing the relative risk of AUR or BPH‐related surgery. Furthermore, combination therapy is significantly superior to both monotherapies at reducing the relative risk of BPH clinical progression, and provides significantly greater reductions in IPSS. In addition, combination therapy significantly improves patient‐reported, disease specific QoL and treatment satisfaction compared with either monotherapy. Two‐year results from the CombAT study showed that combination therapy was more effective than either monotherapy in controlling both storage and voiding symptoms, irrespective of baseline prostate volume (for men with prostate volume ≥30 cc). This post‐hoc two‐year analysis also showed that treatment with dutasteride not only improved voiding symptoms, as would be expected from its effects on prostate volume, but was also as effective as the α‐blocker tamsulosin in the control of storage symptoms.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To assess the effects of combined therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin on voiding and storage symptoms compared with those of dutasteride or tamsulosin alone, using 4‐year data from the Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAT) study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? Men (n = 4844) aged ≥50 years with moderate‐to‐severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), a prostate volume of ≥30 mL, and a serum prostate‐specific antigen level of 1.5–10 ng/mL.
• ? CombAT was a multicentre, double‐blind, parallel‐group study.
• ? Oral dutasteride (0.5 mg) or tamsulosin (0.4 mg) alone or in combination was taken daily for 4 years.
• ? Mean changes from baseline in storage and voiding symptoms at 4 years were assessed using subscales of the International Prostate Symptom Score.

RESULTS

• ? At 4 years, the mean reduction in the storage subscore was significantly greater in the combined therapy group vs the dutasteride (adjusted mean difference ?0.43) and tamsulosin (adjusted mean difference ?0.96) monotherapy groups (P < 0.001).
• ? Also at 4 years, the mean reduction in the voiding subscore was significantly greater in the combined therapy group vs the dutasteride (adjusted mean difference ?0.51) and tamsulosin (adjusted mean difference ?1.60) monotherapy groups (P < 0.001).
• ? The improvement in the storage subscore with combined therapy was significantly better (P < 0.001) than dutasteride and tamsulosin from 3 months and 12 months, respectively. Similarly, the improvement in the voiding subscore with combined therapy was significantly better than dutasteride (P < 0.001) and tamsulosin (P ≤ 0.006) from 3 months and 6 months, respectively.
• ? Improvements in the storage and voiding symptom subscores with combined therapy were achieved irrespective of prostate volume, although in men with the highest baseline prostate volumes (≥58 mL), combined therapy was not better than dutasteride.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? In men with a prostate volume of ≥30 mL, combined therapy with dutasteride plus tamsulosin provided better long‐term (up to 4 years) control of both storage and voiding LUTS compared with tamsulosin monotherapy.
• ? Combined therapy was better than dutasteride monotherapy in men with prostate volumes of ≥30 to <58 mL, but not in men with a prostate volume of ≥58 mL.

     

Definition of at-risk patients: baseline variables

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents a significant burden in ageing men due to frequently associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which may impair their quality of life. Some men will have progressive disease, mainly characterized by symptom deterioration of > or = 4 points on the International Prostate Symptom Score, but also by the occurrence of acute urinary retention (AUR) and BPH-related surgery. Identifying those at risk of unfavourable outcomes is important to optimize their management. Community-based longitudinal studies provide excellent data on the natural history of BPH. Baseline variables such as age, severe LUTS, low peak flow rate, high postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), enlarged prostate and high serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, have been identified as risk factors for AUR and BPH-related surgery in such studies. Placebo arms of controlled studies have more limited value for assessing the natural history, due to strong selection criteria which generate a regression to the mean artefact and narrow the applicability to the general population. Nevertheless, in these controlled studies, baseline serum PSA level and to a lesser extent prostate size consistently predicted the risk of AUR and BPH-related surgery. Conversely, quantitative variables such as baseline symptom severity and peak flow rate behaved paradoxically, probably as a consequence of strict inclusion criteria, resulting regression to the mean, and 'ceiling' effects. Results from the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms study and the Alfuzosin Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study also suggest that using the PVR in clinical practice needs to be reconsidered as a predictor of BPH progression. Further research is needed to clarify the role of chronic inflammation in the process of BPH progression.     

Managing the progression of lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia: therapeutic options for the man at risk

There are two fairly divergent reviews in this month's issue. The first is a paper which concentrates on the progression of LUTS and BPH. Previous papers on LUTS and BPH were focused on changes in urinary flow rates and symptom scores, a rather static view of things. The first author in this review introduced the concept of dynamic variables in LUTS and BPH, and this, along with the idea of progression of the disease which the MTOPS study brought to our notice, has lead to a major change to our approach to trials of therapy in LUTS and BPH. The second review is really statement of a theory, an expression of a concept being proposed by the author, which hopefully will be of interest to the reader. In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), increased prostate volume has been shown to be associated with future symptom deterioration and progression to acute urinary retention (AUR) or BPH-related surgery. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is the primary androgen responsible for prostate growth. Inhibition by 5alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) of the enzyme responsible for the production of DHT decreases prostate volume. This translates to an overall improvement in symptoms and a reduction in the risk of AUR and/or BPH-related surgery. Selective blockage of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors, principally in the region of the prostate, results in rapid symptom relief for the patient but this does not translate into a long-term reduction in the risk of AUR or BPH-related surgery. Given their different modes of action the rationale has always existed for using 5ARIs and alpha-blockers together in men deemed to be both symptomatic and at risk of progression. The factors that predict this progression and the methods available to reduce the risk of it occurring are the subjects of this review.     

The relationships among filling,voiding subscores from International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life in Japanese elderly men and women

OBJECTIVES: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are reported to influence the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationships among filling problems, voiding problems and QoL in elderly men and women. METHODS: A total of 450 males and 228 females, aged 50 years or older responded to a questionnaire, which included seven questions from the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) and 16 questions from the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ). The relations among the filling, voiding subscores deliverable from I-PSS, and KHQ-QoL were investigated. RESULTS: The voiding subscore significantly correlated with the filling subscore with a considerably large standard deviation, and the filling subscore also significantly correlated with I-PSS in both genders. KHQ-QoL was significantly associated with the filling and voiding subscores in almost all domains of the KHQ. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated the filling, voiding subscores, and I-PSS explained the 55% or greater reduction in the QoL in six, four, six domains in men and four, three, four domains in women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The filling problems are slightly more associated with KHQ-QoL than voiding problems but filling problems did not appear to predominantly affect QoL as expected in both genders. We believe it valid to use I-PSS to evaluate voiding problems as well as filling problems in the elderly women.     

BPH progression: concept and key learning from MTOPS, ALTESS, COMBAT, and ALF-ONE

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents a significant burden in ageing men due to frequently associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which may impair quality of life. BPH is also a progressive disease, mainly characterized by a deterioration of LUTS over time, and in some patients by the occurrence of serious outcomes such as acute urinary retention (AUR) and need for BPH-related surgery. The goals of therapy for BPH are not only to improve bothersome LUTS but also to identify those patients at risk of unfavourable outcomes, to optimize their management. In selected patients, combination of an alpha(1)-blocker and a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor is the most effective form of BPH medical therapy to reduce the risk of clinical progression and relieve LUTS. Monotherapy also significantly reduces the risk of BPH clinical progression, mainly through a reduction of LUTS deterioration for alpha(1)-blockers while 5alpha-reductase inhibitors also reduce the risk of AUR and need for BPH-related surgery. Enlarged prostate and high serum prostate-specific antigen levels have been consistently found to be good clinical predictors of AUR and BPH-related surgery in longitudinal population-based studies and placebo arms of controlled studies. High post-void residual urine (PVR) is also associated with an increased risk of LUTS deterioration and should thus be reconsidered in practice as a predictor of BPH progression. Conversely, baseline LUTS severity and low peak flow rate, initially identified as predictors of unfavourable outcomes in community setting, behave paradoxically in controlled trials, probably as a consequence of strict inclusion criteria and subsequent regression to the mean and glass ceiling effects. Lastly, there is increasing evidence that dynamic variables, such as LUTS and PVR worsening, and lack of symptomatic improvement with alpha(1)-blockers are important predictors of future LUTS/BPH-related events, allowing better identification and management of patients at risk of BPH progression.     

PSA预测BPH发生急性尿潴留的临床研究

目的:探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)预测BPH发生急性尿潴留(AUR)的临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月~2013年9月收住我院确诊为BPH的患者临床资料,共386例,将其分为尿潴留组与非尿潴留组,应用统计学方法比较两组间之间血清总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)、前列腺体积(PV)、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)是否存在差异,寻找能够准确预测尿潴留的临床指标;应用Sperman's相关分析,了解变量之间的关系;应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),确定相关指标预测AUR的分界值。结果:尿潴留组中tPSA、PV、PSAD均明显高于非尿潴留组,上述指标在两组患者中存在显著差异;随着tPSA、PV、PSAD的增高,尿潴留的发生率逐渐增加;tPSA、tPSA/年龄、PSAD的ROC曲线下面积大致相同。结论:tPSA、tPSA/年龄、PV、PSAD可作为前列腺增生发生AUR的预测因素,从而对是否对疾病尽早进行有效干预及疾病的预后起着重要的作用。     

血清前列腺特异性抗原检测预测良性前列腺增生并发急性尿潴留的应用价值

目的 探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)检测预测良性前列腺增生(BPH)并发急性尿潴留(AUR)的应用价值,为BPH并发AUR的临床治疗和预后提供参考.方法 选取本院2013年1月～ 2014年12月收治住院治疗的289例BPH患者的临床资料,其中并发AUR者183例(AUR组),未并发AUR者106例(非AUR组).比较两组患者总血清前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)、tPSA/年龄、前列腺体积(PV)及PSA密度(PSAD)水平的差异;分析两组患者不同tP-SA、PV及PSAD水平的分布率.结果 AUR组tPSA、tPSA/年龄、PV及PSAD均大于非AUR组,两组比较差异均有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.01).Sperman's相关性分析表明,tPSA、tP-SA/年龄及PSAD间存在正相关性(r=0.921,P＜0.05);tPSA与PV间呈正相关性(r=0.920,P ＜0.05).随着tPSA、PV及PSAD水平的逐渐增加,AUR的发生率逐渐升高.结论 PSA的检测可作为BPH并发AUR的预测指标,值得临床推广应用.临床检测中应结合tPSA/年龄、PV及PSAD等结果综合考虑.     

慢性前列腺炎在前列腺增生症发病与进展中的作用探讨

目的 探讨慢性前列腺炎在前列腺增生症发病与进展中的可能作用.方法 回顾性分析本院2011年5月至2014年12月期间因前列腺增生就诊患者356例,根据术后病理结果分为前列腺增生并慢性前列腺炎组及单纯性前列腺增生组,统计分析两组临床特征,包括:年龄(Age)、前列腺体积(PV)、PSA、IPSS评分、是否合并急性尿潴留(AUR).结果 前列腺增生并慢性前列腺炎121/356例(34.0％),发生急性尿潴留48/121例(39.7％);单纯前列腺增生235/356例(66.0％),发生尿潴留60/235例(25.5％).两组对比年龄差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但前列腺增生合并慢性前列腺炎组较单纯前列腺增生组PV、PSA、IPSS评分、尿潴留发生率均高,差别具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 前列腺增生合并慢性前列腺炎通常具有更大的体积、更高的PSA及IPSS评分、更易发生尿潴留.因此,前列腺慢性炎症在前列腺增生的发病、进展中可能起作用.     

Alfuzosin 10 mg once daily for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 3-year experience in real-life practice

OBJECTIVES

To assess the 3‐year efficacy and safety of the selective α₁‐blocker alfuzosin at 10 mg once daily in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in ‘real‐life practice’. The influence of treatment response on the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) and BPH‐related surgery was also analysed.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 689 European men (mean age 67.6 years) were enrolled by general practitioners in a 3‐year open‐label study with alfuzosin at 10 mg once daily. They were asked to complete the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), its eighth question (bother score), and the Danish Prostatic Symptom Score for sexual function (DAN‐PSSsex). Efficacy was analysed at the endpoint in the intent‐to‐treat population. The impact of baseline variables (age, PSA level, IPSS and bother severity) and dynamic variables (IPSS worsening of ≥4 points and bother at the last available assessment under treatment) on the risk of AUR and BPH‐related surgery was evaluated.

RESULTS

With alfuzosin, IPSS improved by 6.4 points (?33.4%) from baseline (P < 0.001), reaching ≥3 points and >6 points in 71.3% and 47.2% of men, respectively. There were also significant (P < 0.001) improvements from baseline in nocturia (?0.8, ?25.5%), bother score (?1.7, ?40.7%) and DAN‐PSSsex weighted scores with treatment. Symptom relief was rapid and maintained over 3 years. Overall, 78 men (12.4%) had an IPSS worsening of ≥4 points, 16 (2.6%) had AUR, and 36 (5.7%) required BPH‐related surgery. Symptom deterioration during treatment and high baseline PSA values were the best predictors of AUR and BPH‐related surgery. Alfuzosin was well tolerated, dizziness being the most frequent adverse event (4.5%) possibly related to vasodilatation. Ejaculatory disorders were uncommon (0.4%). Changes in blood pressure remained marginal, including in men aged ≥65 years and those receiving antihypertensive agents.

CONCLUSION

Alfuzosin administered for 3 years at 10 mg once daily in real‐life practice is effective and well tolerated. High PSA values and symptom worsening under treatment appear the best predictors of AUR and BPH‐related surgery in the long term. Treatment with alfuzosin might thus help to identify patients at risk of LUTS/BPH progression in order to optimize their management.     

良性前列腺增生并发急性尿潴留相关因素分析

目的 :探讨血清前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)和移行带指数 (TZI)与良性前列腺增生 (BPH)并发急性尿潴留 (AUR)的关系。　方法 :回顾性分析 6 0 2例BPH患者的相关资料。　结果 :BPH并发AUR组血清PSA值为 (6 .6 0± 3.4 0 )μg/L ,TZI值为0 .71± 0 .14 ;未并发AUR组患者血清PSA值为 (3.5 1± 2 .30 ) μg/L ,TZI值为0 .4 6± 0 .2 1。两组间血清PSA和TZI值差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。PSA <4 .0、4 .0～ 10 .0、>10 .0 μg/L 3组间AUR发生率进行比较 ,差异有显著性 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,AUR发生率随血清PSA值的增高而增高。血清PSA与TZI呈显著正相关 (r=0 .2 13,P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :血清PSA和TZI可作为预测BPH并发AUR的良好指标     

Alfuzosin 10 mg once daily prevents overall clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia but not acute urinary retention: results of a 2-year placebo-controlled study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily administered for 2 years on progression events in men with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 1522 men at risk of having progression events from LUTS/BPH were randomized to receive alfuzosin 10 mg once daily (759) or placebo (763) for 2 years. Endpoints assessed were the occurrence of a first episode of acute urinary retention (AUR; primary) and the need for BPH-related surgery. Post hoc analyses included a deterioration in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of > or = 4 points and overall clinical progression of BPH (occurrence of AUR and/or surgery and/or symptom deterioration). RESULTS: Over 2 years, symptom deterioration was the most common progression event (14.3%), followed by BPH-related surgery (5.8%) and AUR (2.0%). Alfuzosin did not reduce the risk of AUR (alfuzosin 2.1% vs placebo 1.8%, P = 0.82) but tended to reduce the risk of surgery (5.1% vs 6.5%, P = 0.18); the reduction in risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval with alfuzosin was 22 (-18 to 48)%; and significantly reduced the risk of symptom deterioration (11.7% vs 16.8%; P = 0.0013); the RR was 30 (10-46)%. The overall clinical progression of BPH was significantly lower with alfuzosin than with placebo (16.3% vs 22.1%, P < 0.001); RR 26 (9-40)%. Alfuzosin also significantly improved the IPSS (P = 0.017), quality of life (P < 0.001) and peak flow rate (P = 0.001) compared with placebo. Baseline levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) predicted both AUR and BPH-related surgery events, while the baseline postvoid residual urine volume predicted symptom deterioration. The incidence of adverse events with alfuzosin was comparable to that with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Alfuzosin 10 mg once daily prevents the overall clinical progression of BPH, defined by the occurrence of a deterioration in IPSS of > or = 4 points and/or AUR and/or BPH-related surgery, but does not reduce the primary occurrence of AUR. Alfuzosin significantly improves LUTS and quality of life over 2 years, and is well tolerated.     

The relation of lower urinary tract symptoms with life-style factors and objective measures of benign prostatic enlargement and obstruction: an Italian survey

OBJECTIVES: The association between the severity of LUTS and prostate volume, prostate-related variables and general life-style factors was investigated in a large number of patients with persistent LUTS suggestive of BPH (LUTS/BPH). METHODS: Patients with LUTS/BPH aged between 50 and 80 years, were enrolled in this Italian, multicentre, observational study. The total, storage and voiding I-PSS and I-PSS-QoL index were collected, prostate volume and urodynamic variables measured. Multiple logistic regression equations were used to obtain the odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of moderate plus severe I-PSS (>7) versus mild I-PSS (< or =7, reference category), with allowance for age stratification, whenever indicated. RESULTS: In total, 802 patients were evaluated. The strongest association was found between the total I-PSS and the QoL. There was a slightly increased risk to suffer from more severe LUTS with increasing age. A significant increase risk of developing storage symptoms was found in older patient cohorts. Decrease of Q(max) values, increase of Abrams-Griffith number, serum PSA levels and prostate volume as judged by digital rectal examination were significantly associated to a higher risk of developing LUTS. No association was found between symptom severity and prostate volume or post-voiding residual, estimated by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: No significant association between severity of LUTS and life-style factors was observed. An increased risk of developing LUTS was found in patients with lower maximum flow rate and in those with higher PSA values. The association between LUTS and prostate volume remains questionable.