急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗研究新进展

随着静脉溶栓时间窗从3 h扩展到了9 h，研究重点也从时间窗理念扩展至组织窗理念。对
于发病时间不明、醒后卒中或者一定时间内的超时间窗患者，需完善相关神经影像学检查，权衡利弊
后决定是否静脉溶栓治疗。本文重点梳理了近年来根据组织窗寻找静脉溶栓获益患者的各种不同
筛选方法及静脉溶栓的药物选择，希望能为临床提供参考。     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗研究新进展

随着静脉溶栓时间窗从3 h扩展到了9 h,研究重点也从时间窗理念扩展至组织窗理念。对 于发病时间不明、醒后卒中或者一定时间内的超时间窗患者,需完善相关神经影像学检查,权衡利弊 后决定是否静脉溶栓治疗。本文重点梳理了近年来根据组织窗寻找静脉溶栓获益患者的各种不同 筛选方法及静脉溶栓的药物选择,希望能为临床提供参考。     

不同严重程度的急性缺血性卒中与静脉溶栓

急性缺血性卒中患者使用阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗是改善预后最有效的方法。不同严重程 度的卒中患者其溶栓的效果不尽相同。2016年2月新发表的声明中对不同严重程度的卒中患者使用阿 替普酶静脉溶栓提出了新的观点,建议对于症状严重的,或者症状轻微但是有残疾可能的卒中患者, 应当在症状开始3 h内静脉使用阿替普酶,而在症状出现3 h内对于症状轻微且判断没有致残风险的 卒中患者,静脉阿替普酶治疗是待考虑的。     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后远隔部位脑出血的临床特征和预后分析

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后发生远隔部位脑出血(remote parenchymal hemorrhage,rPH)的临床特征和预后.方法 回顾性分析2016年1月-2020年4月在长沙市中心医院静脉溶栓后发生rPH患者的资料,探讨rPH的临床及影像学特征以及90?d时功能预后(良好预后定义为mRS<2分).结果...     

缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后症状性颅内出血研究进展

出血转化,尤其症状性颅内出血是缺血性卒中患者急性期静脉溶栓后虽不常见但严重的 并发症,其致残率和病死率均较高,严重影响患者预后。我国卒中急性期溶栓率远远落后于欧美国 家,临床医生担心出血转化风险是主要原因。本文对溶栓后症状性颅内出血进行综述,以提高临床 认识,更好地改进卒中急性期溶栓治疗。     

Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage following Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Critical Review of Case Definitions

Background: Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) is a devastating complication of intravenous thrombolysis treatment that is associated with high mortality. Clinical trials, stroke registries and cohort studies employ different case definitions to identify stroke patients with SICH following intravenous thrombolysis. We systematically reviewed the reported rates of SICH following intravenous thrombolysis and compared their consistency with mortality outcomes. Methods: Studies were identified from the PubMed and Embase databases from January 1994 to July 2011 by cross-referencing the following MeSH terms: 'thrombolysis', 'recombinant tissue plasminogen activator', 'rtPA', 'hemorrhagic stroke', 'cerebral hemorrhage', 'hematoma' and 'ischemic stroke'. Demographic information, baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, time from stroke onset to intravenous thrombolysis, SICH and mortality rates were derived from published data in 7 randomized controlled trials, 7 stroke registries and 10 cohort studies (4 multicenter and 6 single center) with more than 200 consecutively recruited patients. Mortality rates were considered as the percentage of patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis who died within 90 days after stroke. Results: The mean age of patients included in this analysis was 68.8 years (standard deviation, SD 2.9, range 63-75), of whom 56.3% (SD 4.5, range 45-63) were men. They presented with a mean baseline NIHSS of 12.5 (SD 1.4, range 9-15) and received intravenous thrombolysis 175 min (SD 62, range 120-328) from stroke onset. The overall mean SICH and mortality rates of patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis were 5.6% (SD 2.3) and 14.7% (SD 4.8), respectively. A moderate correlation was observed between the incidence of SICH and mortality in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (r = 0.401, p = 0.050). The variation in SICH rates was highest across studies that reported SICH rates using the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST) criteria compared with the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) criteria. Studies that defined SICH as parenchymal hemorrhage with a neurological decline NIHSS ≥4 occurring within 36 h of intravenous thrombolysis reported a higher consistency between SICH and mortality rates (correlation coefficient 0.631). Conclusions: SICH rates vary considerably between studies and these differences may relate to the differences in the criteria used to define SICH. Until a case definition with high interrater agreement and good correlation with stroke outcomes becomes available, detailed information on the type of bleeding, the extent of NIHSS deterioration, neuroimaging features and the time from thrombolysis to diagnosis of hemorrhage should be reported to permit a correct interpretation of SICH rates.     

静脉溶栓治疗后继发梗死区外出血转化1例临床报道

1病例介绍患者女性,72岁,因＂突发言语困难伴右侧肢体乏力4 h＂于2012年3月14日经急诊入院。患者于4 h前（6∶00 am）醒来后发现言语困难,右侧肢体乏力,但仍可活动肢体,可步行,无头晕头痛,无恶心呕吐,无肢体抽搐,送至我院急诊。考虑＂脑血管病＂可能,启动＂溶栓流程＂。既往史：2型糖尿病10余年,具体用药及血糖控制情况不详。否认高血压病、吸烟、饮酒等病史,否认家族遗传病史。     

急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗伴随的颅内出血的研究进展

20世纪50年代开始应用纤维蛋白溶酶治疗卒中,但是急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗并发的颅内出血(intracranial hemorrhage,ICH)限制了其临床应用。临床试验研究结果显示,无论是动脉还是静脉溶栓治疗,急性卒中治疗后24～36h的症状性出血性转化(hemorrhage     

Stroke Volume Predicts Nocturnal Hypoxemia in the Acute Ischemic Stroke after Intravenous Thrombolysis

The Goal: The aim of the study was to investigate whether stroke volume or the presence of ischemic stroke lesion on follow-up computed tomography 1 day after admission had association with sleep apnea among ischemic stroke patients undergoing thrombolysis. Materials and Methods: We prospectively recruited 110 consecutive ischemic stroke patients and performed computed tomography on admission and after 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis. Stroke volume was measured from post-thrombolysis computed tomography scans. Unattended cardiorespiratory polygraphy with a 3-channel device was performed during 48 hours after admission. Findings: Of 110 ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis 65.5% were men. Mean age was 65.8 years and body mass index 27.5 kg/m². The mean Epworth sleepiness scale score was 4.7. Eight patients (12.7%) with visible acute stroke after thrombolysis and none in the other group had hemorrhage as complication (P ? .001). Sleep apnea, determined as a respiratory event index greater than or equal to 5/hour, was diagnosed in 96.4% patients. Respiratory event index greater than 15/h was found in 72.8% of patients. Both mean baseline oxygen desaturation index (23.9 versus 16.5, P = .028) and obstructive apneas/hour (6.2 versus 2.7, P = .007) were higher in visible stroke group. Stroke volume (mean 15.9 mL) correlated with proportion of time spent below saturation less than 90%, P = .025. Conclusions: Acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis with visible stroke were more likely to have nocturnal hypoxemia than patients with not visible strokes. Stroke volume correlated with time spent below saturation of 90%.     

Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Unsuspected Infective Endocarditis

ObjectiveInfective endocarditis (IE) is considered to be an absolute contraindication for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment (IVtPA) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, during the hyperacute stroke evaluation, the exclusion of IE may be difficult. We sought to report the prevalence of undiagnosed IE in AIS patients who received IVtPA.MethodsWe reviewed consecutive patients hospitalized at our comprehensive stroke center from January 1, 2014 to March 31, 2019 who received IVtPA for suspected AIS and identified patients diagnosed with IE. Data was abstracted on demographics, medical history, clinical presentation, last known normal (LKN) time, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), neuroimaging, culture results, and 90 day modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Good functional outcome was defined as mRS ≤ 2.ResultsAmong 1022 AIS patients who received IVtPA, 5 patients (0.5%) were ultimately diagnosed with IE. Among the 5 patients with IE, the mean age was 53.4 years (range, 25-74) and 3 (60%) were female. The majority 4 (80%) were white. Medical risk factors for IE were present in 3 (60%) and included intravenous drug use (1) and dialysis (2). Initial NIHSS was 4.6 (range, 1 to 8). Fever was present on initial presentation in only 1 patient (102.7 F). The mean time from LKN to IVtPA was 3.0 hours (range, 1.9 to 4.4). Vascular imaging showed middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in 4 (80%) and no occlusion in 1 (20%). One patient underwent endovascular thrombectomy. Two patients (40%) developed hemorrhagic complications, including 1 patient who developed subarachnoid hemorrhage due to mycotic cerebral aneurysm rupture. Blood culture results included MRSE (1), Streptococcus viridans (2) and negative (2). TEE in all patients showed vegetations on the mitral valve. No patients had good functional outcomes, and the mean 3 month mRS was 4.8 (range, 3 to 6). The 90 day mortality was 60%.ConclusionIn a series of AIS patients who received IVtPA by academic vascular neurologists, the risk of undiagnosed IE was low (0.5%). Fever was not commonly present during initial evaluation in IE presenting with AIS. Despite affecting younger patients with initial mild deficits, AIS patients with IE who received IVtPA had poor functional outcomes.     

Early Computed Tomography Hypodensity Predicts Hemorrhage After Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Parenchymal hypodensity is a proposed risk factor for hemorrhage after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. In Buffalo, NY, and Houston, TX, the authors reviewed 70 patients who were treated with intravenous TPA for acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. Two observers blinded to clinical outcome analyzed initial noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) scans. Basal ganglia CT hypodensity was quantitated in Hounsfield units (HUs). Contralateral-ipsilateral difference in density was calculated using the asymptomatic side as a control. Ictus time to TPA averaged 2.5 hours. Six patients developed symptomatic intraparenchymal hematomas (2 fatal). The hemorrhage group had more severe basal ganglia hypodensity (mean 7.5 +/- 1.4, range 6-10 HU) than the nonhemorrhage group (2.2 +/- 1.4, range 0-9 HU) (P < .0001). The hemorrhage group had hypodensity of > 5 HU; the nonhemorrhage group had hypodensity of < or = 4 HU, except 1 patient with hypodensity of 9 HU. In predicting hemorrhage, the positive predictive value of hypodensity > 5 HU was 86%; the negative predictive value was 100%. Prethrombolysis NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) deficit (P = .0007) and blood glucose (P = .005) were also higher in the hemorrhage group. Age, gender, smoking, hypertension, and ictus time to TPA infusion did not differ between the 2 groups. Logistic regression indicated that basal ganglia hypodensity was the best single predictor of hemorrhage. Hypodensity and NIHSS score together predicted all cases of hemorrhage. The authors conclude that basal ganglia hypodensity quantified by CT may be a useful method of risk stratification to select acute MCA stroke patients for thrombolytic therapy.     

超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中临床研究

目的评价超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。方法选择2003年1月至2005年5月于本院进行超选择性动脉溶栓同时采用卒中登记方法收集的58例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,随访6个月,观察患者的预后。结果58例患者中并发脑出血6例(10．3%),其中症状性脑出血2例(3．4%)。1个月末、3个月末和6个月末分别死亡2例(3．4%)、4例(6．8%)和5例(9．3%)。3个月末和6个月未残疾或死亡例数分别为13例(22．4%)和9例(16．7%)。结论对选择的急性缺血性脑卒中患者进行超选择性动脉溶栓是有效和安全的。     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓桥接血管内治疗的疗效和安全性

目的 观察rt-PA静脉溶栓桥接血管内治疗急性缺血性卒中的临床疗效和安全性。 方法 回顾性纳入2017年1-12月郑州市第一人民医院神经重症科收治的前循环急性缺血性卒中患 者,按rt-PA静脉溶栓后是否桥接血管内治疗分为单纯静脉溶栓组和桥接治疗组。主要疗效结局为治 疗后3个月mRS评分,次要疗效结局为24 h、3 d和30 d的NI HSS评分。安全性结局为2 d症状性颅内出血及 其他部位出血、10 d全因死亡。 结果 共入组56例患者,平均年龄60.77±12.72岁,男性35例（62.5%）。单纯静脉溶栓组39例,桥接 治疗组17例。桥接治疗组3个月mRS评分≤2分比例高于单纯静脉溶栓组（88.2% vs 56.4%,P =0.021）。 两组治疗后24 h、3 d和30 d NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义。两组2 d症状性颅内出血率及其他部位出血 率、10 d全因死亡率差异无统计学意义。 结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓桥接血管内治疗可改善急性缺血性卒中患者3个月预后。     

脑梗死局部动脉溶栓后症状性颅内出血的影像预测

目的探讨颅脑计算机体层摄影术(computed tomography,CT)及数字减影血管造影(digital subtractedangiograp hy,DSA)对脑梗死局部动脉溶栓后早期症状性颅内出血(symptomatic intracraninalhemorrhage,SICH)的预测价值。方法回顾分析60例经局部动脉溶栓治疗的脑梗死患者,根据术后有无SICH分为出血组和未出血组,对比两组平扫CT和DSA影像。结果 5例确诊SICH,两组术前CT同一供血区内陈旧缺血病灶、DSA侧支循环分级及血管狭窄方面具有统计学差异。结论脑梗死局部动脉溶栓前影像学综合分析可以帮助预测SICH的发生。     

Isolated Sulcal Effacement and Response to Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and PurposeIsolated Sulcal Effacement (ISE) is focal cortical swelling without obscuration of cortical gray-white junction. The available information on its role in acute stroke patients treated with intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is limited.MethodsISE along with ASPECT and rLMC collateral score were determined in pre-treatment CT/CT angiography of 195 consecutive acute stroke patients treated with IV tPA “only”. In addition, ISE-ASPECT score was created. Role of ISE on responsiveness to IV tPA, thrombolysis-associated hemorrhage and functional outcome were studied in 102 patients with CT-angiography-confirmed anterior system proximal vessel occlusion.ResultsISE was observed in 12 patients (6.2% of all and 11.4% of those with occlusion of the carotid terminus, M1, or proximal M2) corresponding to excellent specificity (100%) but fair sensitivity (12%) for diagnosis of anterior cerebral circulation proximal artery occlusion. ISE ASPECT score was significantly correlated with rLMC score (p=0.023). Presence of ISE was linked to younger age, female gender, lower NIHSS, along with higher ASPECT and rLMC scores. Albeit not persisted after adjustment for collateral status and NIHSS, dramatic response to IV tPA along with excellent (23% vs. 8%, p<0.05), good (21% vs. 6%, p<0.05) and acceptable (19% vs. 4%, p<0.05) functional outcome were significantly higher in patients with ISE.ConclusionsAs a plain CT marker of sufficient collateral status and increased cerebral blood volume, ISE indicates a better response to IV tPA. However, it should be noted that this relatively rare CT finding is highly specific for cerebral large vessel occlusions amenable neurothrombectomy.     

急性缺血性卒中围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的静脉溶栓研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的患者进行静脉溶栓治疗的临
床特征及预后分析。
方法 前瞻性纳入绵阳市中心医院2013年10月-2018年6月连续登记的发病4.5 h内进行静脉溶栓的
患者，以实施静脉溶栓时NIHSS评分较入院时NIHSS评分上下波动2分作为临床症状波动判断标准，将
所有纳入患者分为无变化组、波动组。分析比较两组患者的临床特征及24 h出血转化率、出院NIHSS
评分、3个月预后良好（mRS评分≤2分）和全因死亡率，多因素Logistic回归分析围静脉溶栓时间窗发生
临床症状波动的影响因素。
结果 共纳入156例，其中男性110例（70.5%），年龄范围42～87岁，平均65±13岁，发生围静脉
溶栓时间窗临床症状波动41例（26.3%）。与无变化组患者相比，波动组患者年龄、基线NIHSS评
分、糖尿病比例、高血压比例、随机血糖水平、后循环梗死比例较高，差异均具有统计学意义。两
组患者的24 h出血转化率、出院NI HSS评分、3个月良好预后率、3个月时全因死亡率差异无统计学意
义。Logistic回归分析发现年龄（每增加10岁：OR 1.143，95%CI 1.016～1.836，P =0.040）、基线NIHSS
评分（每增加1分：OR 1.353，95%CI 1.053～1.393，P =0.006）、随机血糖（每增加1 mmol/L：OR 2.120，
95%CI 1.185～2.748，P =0.001）、后循环梗死（OR 2.603，95%CI 1.037～3.950，P =0.042）是围静脉
溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的独立危险因素。
结论 尽管高龄、NIHSS评分高、血糖水平高、后循环梗死患者容易出现围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症
状波动，但对终点事件并无影响。对于出现临床症状波动的患者，溶栓可使患者获益。     

急性缺血性卒中围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的静脉溶栓研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的患者进行静脉溶栓治疗的临 床特征及预后分析。 方法 前瞻性纳入绵阳市中心医院2013年10月-2018年6月连续登记的发病4.5 h内进行静脉溶栓的 患者,以实施静脉溶栓时NIHSS评分较入院时NIHSS评分上下波动2分作为临床症状波动判断标准,将 所有纳入患者分为无变化组、波动组。分析比较两组患者的临床特征及24 h出血转化率、出院NIHSS 评分、3个月预后良好（mRS评分≤2分）和全因死亡率,多因素Logistic回归分析围静脉溶栓时间窗发生 临床症状波动的影响因素。 结果 共纳入156例,其中男性110例（70.5%）,年龄范围42～87岁,平均65±13岁,发生围静脉 溶栓时间窗临床症状波动41例（26.3%）。与无变化组患者相比,波动组患者年龄、基线NIHSS评 分、糖尿病比例、高血压比例、随机血糖水平、后循环梗死比例较高,差异均具有统计学意义。两 组患者的24 h出血转化率、出院NI HSS评分、3个月良好预后率、3个月时全因死亡率差异无统计学意 义。Logistic回归分析发现年龄（每增加10岁：OR 1.143,95%CI 1.016～1.836,P =0.040）、基线NIHSS 评分（每增加1分：OR 1.353,95%CI 1.053～1.393,P =0.006）、随机血糖（每增加1 mmol/L：OR 2.120, 95%CI 1.185～2.748,P =0.001）、后循环梗死（OR 2.603,95%CI 1.037～3.950,P =0.042）是围静脉 溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的独立危险因素。 结论 尽管高龄、NIHSS评分高、血糖水平高、后循环梗死患者容易出现围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症 状波动,但对终点事件并无影响。对于出现临床症状波动的患者,溶栓可使患者获益。     

Acute Myocardial Infarction after Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Case Series and Systematic Review

Background and objectivesIntravenous thrombolysis (IV–rtPA) has been suggested as a potential cause of myocardial infarction (MI) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with randomized clinical trials showing a higher number of cardiac events within the thrombolysis group. We assessed the prevalence and MI mechanisms after IV–rtPA for AIS.MethodsRetrospective review of consecutive AIS patients admitted to six stroke units and systematic literature review searching for AIS patients who suffered a MI less than 24 h after IV–rtPA. In those with available coronary angiography, MI etiology was defined as atherosclerotic or embolic. Patients’ characteristics were compared between groups.ResultsFifty-two patients were included. Thirty-two patients (61.5%) derived from hospital cases, after reviewing 6958 patients treated with IV–rtPA [0.5% (95% CI 0.38–0.54) of total hospital cases]. After coronary angiography (n = 25, 48.1%), 14 (54%) patients were considered to have an atherosclerotic MI, and 11 (46%) due to coronary embolism. Patients with an embolic MI more frequently had a cardioembolic AIS (72.7% vs 28.6%; p-value = 0.047) and an intracardiac thrombus (27.3% vs 0.0%; p-value = 0.044). Although not statistically significant, patients with an embolic MI had apparent lower time intervals between starting IV–rtPA infusion and MI occurrence [2 h (0.2–3.0) vs 3 h (1.0–15.0); p-value = 0.134].ConclusionsMI within the first 24 h after IV–rtPA for AIS is an infrequent event, and more frequently non-embolic. However, the prevalence of embolic MI was superior to what is found in the general population with MI. There was an association between the pathophysiology of AIS and MI. The low number of events and publication bias may have limited our conclusions.