大学生被父母情感虐待与安全感、焦虑症状及生命意义感的关系

目的了解大学生受父母情感虐待与安全感、焦虑症状及生命意义感的关系。方法随机整群抽取广州某大学大一和大二的学生800名,用安全感量表(SQ)、情绪状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)和生活意义感量表(PIL)进行调查。回收有效问卷757份,有效率为97.2%。结果曾受到父母粗俗谩骂或漠视等情感虐待的学生有47人,占6.2%。两独立样本t检验结果显示,情感虐待组与对照组的生活意义感总分、特质焦虑、确定控制感和安全感总分差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组的人际安全感和状态焦虑差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。有情感虐待经历的学生其特质焦虑得分明显偏高,生活意义感总分、确定控制感和安全感总分明显偏低。结论受父母情感虐待的大学生成年后生活意义感、安全感较差,焦虑症状明显。     

遭受多重侵害的高职高专新生的儿童期逆境的质性研究

目的:了解遭受多重侵害高职高专新生的儿童期逆境的内容、来源及其影响。方法:选取济南市某高等专科学校的1802名新生,运用青少年侵害问卷(JVQ)评定其侵害情况,按照JVQ得分≥5为多重侵害纳入标准,筛查出210名遭受多重侵害高职高专新生,其中68人参加此次质性研究。本质性研究使用个人深度访谈法收集资料,用主题分析对遭受多重侵害高职高专新生儿童期逆境及其影响进行编码,归纳儿童期逆境的种类、内容及其对遭受多重侵害高职高专新生的影响。结果:遭受多重侵害高职高专新生儿童期逆境的逆境种类包括一般侵害、躯体虐待、情感虐待、躯体忽视、情感忽视、目击暴力、性虐待、家庭功能不良、躯体疾病或遭受意外事故、学业表现不良或转学;儿童期逆境对遭受多重侵害的高职高专新生的影响包括自卑、胆怯、易激惹、社会交往障碍、心境低落、创伤后应激症状和行为问题。结论:儿童期逆境可来源于多个层面,且各种不同逆境及同种逆境不同程度对遭受多重侵害的高职高专新生影响程度不一。     

中外合作办学大学生学习倦怠研究

目的探讨中外合作办学大学生与普通大学生在学习倦怠上的差异。方法采用李永鑫等编制的《大学生学习倦怠问卷》,对791名中外合作办学大学生和1001名普通大学生的学习倦怠现状进行调查。结果中外合作办学大学生与普通大学生在情绪耗竭上差异十分显著（t=5.168,P〈0.001）。结论中外合作办学大学生学习倦怠水平高于普通大学生,这可能与中外合作办学的特殊性和学生自身特点有关。     

中学生自杀意念的相关因素研究

目的：了解普通中学生自杀意念的相关因素，为干预提供依据。方法：对成都市区的中学生采取多级随机抽样法，对抽到的1421名中学生使用白编一般情况调查问卷、Beck抑郁问卷、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)进行评估。结果：自杀意念检出率为23．5％(328／1393)。自杀意念的危险因素有：1．家庭因素：父母离异、父，母去世、再婚家庭、童年期受虐待、家庭成员的暴力或自杀行为。2．学校因素：受同伴欺侮和欺侮别人。3．物质滥用：使用成瘾药物、吸烟、饮酒。4．抑郁量表得分高。5．青少年生活事件量表中人际关系因子、受惩罚因子得分高。6．性别因素：女性。自杀意念的保护因素有：学习成绩优良、独生子女和家庭关系和睦。结论：自杀意念在。中学生中有较高检出率，应根据其影响因素予以积极的干预。     

儿童期受虐待经历大学生的分裂型人格特质的性别差异

目的:探讨儿童期受虐待经历大学生的分裂型人格特质特征的性别差异。方法:选取湖南两所高校的学生2469人,根据儿童创伤问卷(CTQ)的中重度标准,从有儿童期受虐待史人群中随机抽取215人为受虐待组,从无受虐待史人群中随机抽取236人为对照组。采用Chapman分裂型人格倾向量表(CPPS)测量阳性分裂型人格特质和阴性分裂型人格特质。结果:受虐待组的阳性分裂型人格特质得分高于对照组(P<0.01);男性的阴性分裂型人格特质得分高于女性(P<0.001)。回归分析显示,CTQ情感虐待正向预测阳性分裂特质(β=0.98);性别负向预测阴性分裂型人格特质(β=-4.63)。结论:儿童期受虐待经历大学生表现出较高水平的阳性分裂特质。情感虐待与分裂型人格特质相关,男性表现出更多的阴性分裂型人格特质。     

儿童期受虐待大学生的大五人格特点

目的研究大学生大五人格特点及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用整群抽样法,抽取江苏省某3所高校2374名大学生,使用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、简式大五人格问卷(NEO-FFI-R)和人口社会经济学资料调查问卷等进行现场测试。结果单因素分析发现,大学生大五人格特质与儿童期虐待、性别、年龄、民族、独生子女、宗教信仰、亲属精神病、躯体健康状况、家庭经济状况和家庭关系有关(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析发现,在控制其他因素的影响后,神经质与情感虐待、忽视、外人虐待、躯体健康、家庭关系呈正相关,与性别、独生子女呈负相关(Beta值=0.055～0.207,-0.051～-0.049;P<0.01);外向性与情感虐待、忽视、躯体健康、家庭关系、年龄和家庭经济呈负相关(Beta值=-0.040～-0.217,P<0.05);开放性与年龄和躯体健康呈负相关(Beta值=-0.052～-0.073,P<0.05);友善性与情感虐待、外人虐待、忽视、性别和躯体健康呈负相关(Beta值=-0.061～-0.141,P<0.05);谨慎性与情感虐待、忽视、躯体虐待、躯体健康和家庭关系呈负相关(Beta值=-0.052～-0.130,P<0.05)。结论儿童期受虐待经历对大学生大五人格特质具有明显影响,躯体健康状况和家庭特征也是影响其人格形成的重要因素。     

高职大学生学校适应性的影响因素分析

目的了解高职大学生学校适应性的状况。方法采用问卷法对490名高职大学生学校适应性进行调查与分析，并对数据进行t检验和方差分析。结果①高职大学生的学校适应性不存在性别显著差异；②理科高职大学生相对文科高职大学生在学习适应性和环境总体认同上得分高；③高职大学生的学校适应性及其各维度存在显著的年级差异；④农村高职大学生在生活自理适应性上显著强于城市、城镇高职大学生；⑤父母文化程度、家庭收入情况在一定程度上影响了高职大学生的学校适应性。结论高职大学生的学科、大学受教育时间、生源地以及父母文化程度等对其学校适应性存在一定的影响。     

The Stanford Medical Youth Science Program: 18 years of a biomedical program for low-income high school students.

The Stanford Medical Youth Science Program (SMYSP) is a biomedical pipeline program that seeks to diversify the health professions by providing academic enrichment in the medical sciences and college admissions support to very low-income high school students. Each summer 24 students are recruited from over 250 California high schools for the five-week residential program, led by 10 undergraduate students. Participants divide their time between classroom instruction, anatomy practicums, hospital field placements, research projects, and college admissions advising. Since its inception in 1988, 405 students have completed SMYSP and 96% have been observed for up to 18 years. The majority are from underrepresented minority groups (33.3% Latino, 21.7% African American, 4.0% Native American), many with poor academic preparation. One hundred percent of age-eligible participants have graduated from high school, and 99% have been admitted to college. Of those admitted to college (and not currently college students), 81% have earned a four-year college degree, the majority majoring in biological and physical sciences (57.1%). Among four-year college graduates, 52% are attending or have graduated from medical or graduate school. Many of the four-year college graduates (44.4%) are becoming or have become health professionals. This program, distinguished by direct participation in the sciences, strong mentoring, college admissions preparation, and long-term career guidance, has been highly successful in reaching low-income students and preparing them for medical and other careers. Results highlight the need to track students for as long as 10 to 15 years to accurately assess college graduation rates and acceptance to medical and graduate school.     

Family Environmental Characteristics as Risk Factors for Childhood Sexual Abuse

Identifying family environment characteristics that are risk factors for childhood sexual abuse is central to abuse prevention. In this study, 76 college students who reported a history of childhood sexual abuse and their siblings were compared to 76 age- and gender-matched controls and their siblings. All subjects completed the Family Environment Scale (FES) along with questions regarding family history and demographic characteristics. Utilizing multivariate logistic-regression techniques, parental absence was found to be the most powerful risk factor for childhood sexual abuse. The level of family conflict also contributed significantly to the prediction of sexual abuse. Several FES measures interacted with present age and/or age at the time of abuse to predict childhood sexual abuse.     

Is parents’ education level associated with adolescent self-compassion?

Self-compassion has been identified as a trait that correlates with robust mental health; specifically, less anxiety, depression and stress in both adolescents and adults. However, little is known about the parental and family factors that are associated with adolescent self-compassion that may promote or enhance the development of this stress-buffering trait. In this study, 1057 adolescents in grades 7–12 from two different school settings answered questions in an online survey that related to their parents’ education level and their own self-compassion. Results indicated that fathers’ education, but not mothers’, was associated with adolescent self-compassion. Specifically, adolescents whose fathers had a college education only had the highest level of self-compassion; a significant difference was found between self-compassion of adolescents of fathers’ with a college degree and those with a doctorate/professional degree. Adolescents whose fathers had less than a college education (some college, high school graduate) or more than a college education (masters or doctorate/professional degree) reported lower self-compassion. As parent education level may be a proxy for other factors such as socioeconomic status, parenting style, or parent-adolescent relationship closeness, further research is necessary that will measure these factors and parse out that which specifically is associated with self-compassion in adolescents.     

大学生学校适应量表的编制

目的编制适合测量我国大学生学校适应的量表。方法在查阅文献和开放式问卷的基础上,通过项目分析、鉴别度、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析确定大学生学校适应量表题目,并检验了该量表的信度和效度。结果探索性因素分析得到大学生学校适应量表包括7个因子:学习适应、师生关系适应、集体适应、同学关系适应、自主性、生活适应和学校环境适应,这7个因子可解释总变异的47.540%;验证性因素分析表明,7个因子的模型拟合良好(χ2/df=2.959,REMA=0.048,TLI=0.851,CFI=0.863,GFI=0.844),大学生学校适应量表全部题目以及各因子的内部一致性信度(Cronbach's)分别为0.926、0.880、0.886、0.889、0.717、0.762、0.701、0.645,该量表全部题目的再测信度为0.854。效标关联效度的分析表明,大学生学校适应量表与幸福感指数量表呈显著正相关(r=0.615,P0.01)。结论本研究编制的大学生学校适应量表提出大学生的学校适应包括7个方面的适应:学习适应、师生关系适应、集体适应、同学关系适应、自主性、生活适应和学校环境适应,该量表具有较好的信度和效度,适合于评定我国大学生的学校适应状况。     

不同学历医学毕业生的明尼苏达多项人格测验结果对照分析

目的探讨医学中专生、大专生和本科生之间的个性差异和心理状态有何不同。方法2008年9月对3所不同学历教育的医学院校抽查,其中中专生39例,大专生126例,本科生209例,收集一般资料,进行MMPI测查,并对数据进行统计学处理。结果13组MMPI的基本量表、因子量表T分,平均分波动在32.8～59.9之间;2大专生的D和Si分,相对偏高;而Pd、Ma、M和A分又相对偏低(P0.01);3中专生组与本科生组在MMPI的9个基本量表T分和5个因子T分没有统计学显著性差异(P≥0.05)。结论:1大专生相对于中专和本科生更容易出现自卑、抑郁等负性情绪;2本科生和中专生相对于大专生,更外向、自信、乐观。     

大学生童年期虐待与特质抑郁和正念的关系

目的:探讨大学生童年期虐待、特质抑郁和正念之间的关系。方法:选取大学生415名,采用童年期创伤问卷(CTQ)、状态-特质抑郁量表中特质抑郁分量表(T-DEP)和正念注意知觉量表(MAAS),分别测量大学生童年期虐待、特质抑郁和正念。结果:童年期虐待得分与特质抑郁得分呈正相关(r=0.4,P<0.01),与正念得分呈负相关(r=-0.37,P<0.01);正念在童年期虐待与特质抑郁得分关系中的调节作用有统计学意义(β_高=0.60、β_低=0.33,均P<0.001),与特质抑郁中快感缺失维度得分关系中的调节作用有统计学意义(β_高=0.75、β_低=0.31,均P<0.001)。结论:有童年期虐待经历的大学生表现出更高水平的特质抑郁,其特质抑郁受到正念的调节。     

Trauma severity and defensive emotion-regulation reactions as predictors of forgetting childhood trauma

Using a retrospective survey, we studied a sample of 1,679 college women to determine whether reports of prior forgetting of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and other traumas could be explained by trauma severity and individual differences in the use of defensive emotion-regulation reactions (i.e., repressive coping, dissociation, and fantasy proneness). Among victims of physical abuse (but not sexual abuse or other types of trauma), those who experienced severe abuse and used defensive reactions were sometimes more likely to report temporary forgetting of abuse but other times less likely to report forgetting. We also found unanticipated main effects of trauma severity on temporary forgetting. Our results provide an understanding of victims' experiences of forgetting by demonstrating the importance of considering unique effects of trauma type, different aspects of trauma severity, and victims' defensive reactions to trauma.     

Passionate Lethal Attachments

Concerned by the lack of progress of three children seen in three different settings, an EBD School (school for children with emotional and behavioural disturbance), a Day Unit and a Clinic, the therapist noted a particularly destructive constellation in both their inner and outer worlds. Whilst physical and sexual abuse can now evoke speedy external action, emotional abuse is not given enough attention despite official guidelines. In the absence of a safe external structure to deal with this, the child is left far more at the mercy of internal attachments which can be lethal. Where a child is mentally or multiply handicapped it can be even harder to extricate himself from a destructive relationship.     

儿童受虐方式的研究

目的:探讨儿童受虐的类型,对儿童受虐的方式进行分析,以期发现儿童受虐的规律,为降低儿童受虐提供依据.方法:采用自编一般资料问卷和儿童受虐筛查表随机抽取湘潭某工厂子弟中学二年级学生282名完成本次研究.筛查出86 名近一年内遭受虐待的儿童并对其受虐方式进行分析.结果:近一年内受言语侮辱、拳打脚踢、经济控制、抓、咬、打耳光、忽视、用刀,棒、隔离、性虐待的儿童分别为68.6%、53.5%、32.6%、30.2%、20.9%、11.6%、2.3%、0%.人均受虐方式2种以上.结论:受虐儿童常受多种虐待方式,因此从多方发现线索有利于早发现受虐.     

239名高中男生儿童期性虐待调查

目的：了解高中男生中儿童期性虐待发生情况，探讨性虐待经历对学生心理健康的影响。方法：用自境式问卷，对某中学以班级为单位整群抽取的239名高中男生就有关儿童期性虐待经历进行不记名横断面回顾性调查。结果：在被调查的239名男生中，有55人(23．0％)报告16岁前曾经历过非情愿的或非身体接触或身体接触的性虐待；其中3人(1．3％)经历过被试图性交，2人(0．8％)经历过被强行性交。49．1％的儿童期性虐待首次发生年龄在11岁及以下。与没有儿童期性虐待经历的男生比较，有儿童期性虐待经历的男生抑郁情绪量表得分高；自尊量表得分和健康状况自我感觉评价得分低，差异有显著性。结论：本研究结果提示我们应重视男童中儿童性虐待问题的研究；儿童期性虐待经历是影响受害者心理健康的一个重要因意。     

Boys & girls clubs and school collaborations: A longitudinal study of a multicomponent substance abuse prevention program for high‐risk elementary school children

This study tested the effectiveness of a multicomponent after‐school substance abuse prevention program for high‐risk second‐ and third‐grade children implemented collaboratively by Boys & Girls Clubs and their local schools. The 2‐year program was designed to reduce risk factors predictive of later substance abuse, and to enhance protective factors shown to buffer risk. Results showed positive effects on program children's personal competency skills including (1) refusing wrongdoing; (2) solving peer and school problems; (3) showing courteousness to teachers and other school personnel; and (4) behaving ethically. For the most part, the program also had positive effects on children's feelings toward school and grades in spelling. Results suggest that youth‐serving organizations and schools can collaboratively implement multicomponent interventions that provide protective factors that may buffer high‐risk elementary school children from the multiple risks in their lives for future drug abuse. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency in adolescents

This study attempted to clarify the relationship between self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency in normal adolescents. Two questionnaires measuring self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency were administered to junior and senior high school students, and college students. The results show that for the junior high school and college students, self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency correlated negatively, while there was an uncorrelativeness for the senior high school students. During senior high school age, they tend to estimate themselves in terms of their own standards rather than others', which result in little correlations between self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency. The conflict between one's autistic tendency and interpersonal relations tends to lead to the anthrophobic-tendency.     

大学教师与中小学教师身心健康状况的比较研究

目的 :比较不同层次学校教师的心理健康状况。方法 :采用自测健康评定量表 ,对不同层次学校的教师进行生理、心理、社会健康水平测评。结果 :心理健康分和健康总分大学教师最高 ,小学教师最低。中学教师的社会健康分最高 ,而生理健康分最低 ;相关分析显示 ,心理健康与生理健康、社会健康存在显著相关。结论 :不同层次学校教师健康状况不同