青少年现实人格、理想人格与客观人格的比较研究

目的:考察青少年现实人格与理想人格和家长他评的客观人格之间的差异.方法:采用中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)对509名中学生及其家长进行了调查.结果:青少年自评的现实人格与家长他评的客观人格在才干、善良、处世态度、情绪性和行事风格等5个大维度上存在显著差异;青少年的现实人格与理想人格除了在行事风格维度外.在外向性、才干、善良、人际关系、处世态度和情绪性等6个维度上都存在显著差异,19个小因子中有17个小因子存在显著差异.结论:青少年认为自己的人格发展现状与其理想状态之间存在一定的差异.     

黎族大学生积极/消极情感的性别差异

目的 探讨黎族大学生积极/消极情感的性别差异及其与人格特质、家庭环境的关系.方法 使用Bradburn的积极/消极情感量表、中国人人格量表(QZPS)和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)对367名黎族大学生进行调查.结果 ①男生积极情感和情感平衡显著高于女生(t=4.01,4.07;P＜0.001);②男生积极情感与消极情感显著正相关(r=0.11,P＜0.05),而女生显著负相关(r=-0.10,P＜0.05);③男生情感平衡与人格善良、行事风格、才干、情绪性呈显著相关(r=-0.17,-0.18,0.16,0.18;P＜0.001),女生不显著;女生情感平衡与人格外向性呈显著相关(r=-0.16,P＜0.001),男生不显著;黎族大学生积极/消极情感与家庭环境各雏度的相关也呈显著性别差异.结论 黎族大学生积极/消极情感的性别差异在表现形式和社会心理成因方面具有一定的复杂性和特殊性.     

自我价值定位与青少年人格特质的关系研究

目的:探讨自我价值定位与人格的关系,以及考察自我价值定位于不同领域的青少年各自所具有的人格特点.方法:采用青少年自我价值定位量表、中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)对914名中学生进行了调查.结果:自我价值定位与青少年人格特质之间存在中低程度的相关;定位在能力知识领域的青少年具有高外向性、低处世态度的人格特点,定位在人际行为领域者的人格特点是高情绪性、低才干,定位在体形外表领域者的人格特点是高情绪性、低善良,定位在家庭条件领域者的人格特点是高处世态度、低善良,定位在家庭关系领域者的人格特点为高行事风格、低处世态度.结论:自我价值定位与人格是两个不同的构念,两者之间具有中低程度的相关.     

中学生的自尊与人格特质的相关性

目的:考察中学生的自尊与人格特质的关系及其性别和年级特点。方法:采用Rosenberg整体自尊量表和小五人格问卷,对北京和西安4所中学1432名中学生进行调查。结果:不同自尊水平的中学生在人格各维度上都具有显著差异,高自尊的学生更外向、宜人、谨慎、情绪更稳定、对经验更开放(F分别为59.104、39.826、185.799、33.913、127.999,P<0.01)。情绪性、开放性和外向性与自尊的相关都比较高(r分别为-0.534、0.424、0.335),宜人性和谨慎性与自尊有较弱的正相关(r分别为0.245、0.217,P<0.01)。男女中学生、中学各年级学生的自尊都主要受到情绪稳定性和开放性的影响(β的范围分别为-0.418--0.509、0.244-0.339,P<0.01),但是在影响中学生自尊的其他人格特点上男女生之间和不同年级之间稍有不同。结论:高自尊的中学生一般具有情绪稳定、经验开放、外向和谨慎尽责的人格特点;中学生的自尊与人格特质的关系具有性别和年级差异。     

小学生的"小七"人格特点及其与受虐待经历的关系

目的探讨小学高年级学生的人格发展特点及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)和中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q),对172名小学五、六年级学生进行测评,分别评估他们的人格特质和受虐待情况。结果女生的才干、善良和人际关系分数高于男生,才干79.5±11.8分和73.1±13.8分(P<0.05);善良77.6±8.8分和69.9±12.6分(P<0.001);人际关系59.2±7.6分和53.9±8.4分(P<0.01)。受虐待者的善良和行事风格分数低于未受虐待者,善良71.2±12.7分和75.5±10.4分(P<0.05);行事风格33.5±6.5分和35.4±5.5分(P<0.05)。虐待与外向性、才干、善良、人际关系和行事风格呈负相关(r=-0.151～-0.338,P<0.05),与处世态度呈正相关(r=0.174～0.196,P<0.05)。虐待对外向性、才干、善良、人际关系具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.178～-0.427,t=-2.023～-4.623,P<0.05),对处世态度具有正向预测作用(Beta值=0.196,t=2.661,P<0.05);性别对才干、善良、人际关系和行事风格具有正向预测作用(Beta值=0.176～0.317,t=2.330～4.607,P<0.05)。结论小学生的人格特质存在性别差异,人格特质的形成受受虐待经历的影响。     

父母对子女人格发展期望与青少年理想人格、现实人格和客观人格的比较研究

目的:考察父母对子女的人格发展期望与青少年自我发展期望之间的差异,以及对父母的期望与青少年现实人格、客观人格之间的差异进行比较.方法:采用中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)对509名中学生及其家长进行了调查.结果:家长对子女的人格发展期望远高于对子女人格发展现状的评价,7大维度中只有行事风格维度差异不显著,19个小因子中有18个小因子差异显著;父母对子女的人格发展期望与子女自身期望在外向性、善良、行事风格维度上存在显著差异;青少年自评的现实人格与父母对子女人格发展的期望在除善良维度外的其余6大维度上均有显著差异.结论:父母对子女人格发展有较高的期望.     

宽恕性与“大七”人格维度

目的:考查大学生宽恕性与大七人格维度之间的关系。方法:本研究选取335名大学生,对宽恕性特质问卷和中国人人格七因素量表((QZPS-SF))进行评定,根据大学生在宽恕性特质问卷上的总分排序,取上27%人群为高宽恕性组,取下27%人群为低宽恕性组。结果:高宽恕组在中国人人格七因素量表的七个维度上的得分均显著高于低宽恕组。从回归分析来看,人际关系、善良、情绪性以及外向性四个人格维度可以显著预测个体的宽恕性水平。结论:"大七"人格维度可以有效预测个体的宽恕性水平。     

卫生系统新职工焦虑、抑郁与人格特质、效能感的关系

目的探讨焦虑、抑郁与人格特质、效能感的关系。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）和一般自我效能感量表（GSES）对卫生系统新职工进行调查。结果焦虑与情绪性、精神质呈正相关,与掩饰性、一般自我效能感呈负相关;抑郁与情绪性、精神质呈正相关,与掩饰性、内外倾、一般自我效能呈负相关;焦虑和抑郁呈显著正相关;回归分析显示影响焦虑和抑郁的主要因素是情绪性和一般自我效能感。结论焦虑、抑郁与人格特征、效能感有密切关系,情绪性和一般效能感对焦虑、抑郁的影响作用突出。     

看守所在押人员的心理健康水平与人格特点分析

目的通过对看守所在押人员的心理健康与人格特点进行测查,为看守所做好管教工作提供心理依据。方法采用症状自陈量表（SCL-90）和艾森克成人人格问卷（EPQ）对看守所159名在押人员进行团体施测。结果1看守所在押人员SCL-90的各个因子得分以及总均分均异常显著的高于全国常模;2EPQ问卷的各个维度得分与全国常模的差异达到异常显著水平;3人格特质N维度（情绪性）与SCL-90的所有因子均呈高度正相关,对心理健康有显著影响。结论看守所在押人员的心理健康状况和人格特点均存在不同程度的问题,有必要加强对此类人员的心理健康教育和心理援助工作。     

夫妻的人格特质及匹配类型与婚姻质量

目的:探讨夫妻人格特质及其匹配类型与婚姻质量的关系,为提高夫妻婚姻质量和未来的婚姻指导与咨询提供支持。方法:在全国选取14个省的926对夫妻(年龄19~70岁,婚龄1~45年),使用中国人人格7因素量表(CSPI)和婚姻主观感受量表(MPS)对夫妻人格特质和婚姻质量进行测评。采用分组回归的方法,探讨人格匹配变量在夫妻人格特质对婚姻质量影响中的调节效应。结果:夫妻的CSPI情绪性维度得分与双方的MPS总分呈负相关(r=-0.31~-0.41),CSPI开创性、坚持性、德性、宜人性、丈夫的外向性和妻子的传统性与双方的MPS总分呈正相关(r=0.10~0.40,均P<0.01)。夫妻CSPI各维度的9种匹配类型在MPS的高低分组上的人数比例差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。夫妻人格匹配类型在人格和婚姻质量的关系中充当调节变量(B=-2.50~2.24)。结论:人格特质与婚姻质量中度相关。人格匹配类型在人格特质与婚姻质量的关系中起调节作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.