我院门诊处方不合理用药分析

对我院2006年8月~2007年8月门诊处方进行抽样分析,每月随机各抽取4日处方,共计40500张。结果不合理用药处方3280张,占抽查总数的8.10%,抗生素使用不合理1968张,占不合理用药总数的60.00%,分别在给药方案、重复给药、用法、用量等方面存在问题。     

上海中山医院门诊抗菌药物使用分析

目的:了解我院门诊抗菌药物使用情况,为抗菌药物合理使用提供建议。方法:随机抽取我院门诊药房2006年1月-2007年2月的处方31448张。结果:抗菌药物处方共计5169张,占16.44%;问题处方共计724张,占处方总数的2.30%。结论:喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗菌药物使用最多,用药基本合理,但也存在一些问题,需要引起重视,以提高用药安全性和有效性。     

处方点评与用药分析

目的 通过处方点评,发现问题,提高处方质量,保障患者用药安全有效.方法 从2010年6月至2011年6月的处方中(除去电子处方),每月随机抽取某一天的处方,共2 148张处方进行分析.结果 不合格处方共101张,占抽取处方总数的4.70％,主要问题为不规范处方和用药不适宜处方.结论 该院处方基本规范,但仍需进一步提高处方质量,确保医疗安全.     

我院2006～2007年门诊中成药不合理用药处方分析

目的:调查了解我院门诊中成药处方的不合理用药情况.方法:采用回顾性调查方法随机抽查我院2006～2007年24 000张门诊中成药处方,对不合理用药情况进行统计分析.结果:24 000张处方中不合理用药处方为298张,占总数的1.24%.不合理用药情况分别表现在重复用药、过量用药、用药不当、合并用药不当、配伍不合理、用法用量不合理、禁忌证下用药等方面.结论:建议门诊中药师应担负起指导临床中成药合理用药的责任.     

我院2006-2013年中成药用药失误分析与药房风险管理

目的:促进医院药房风险管理,提高处方质量,保证患者用药安全。方法:对我院2006年1月-2013年12月中成药处方数据和同期用药失误登记表,按照造成用药失误的不同原因和影响因素进行分类、统计、分析和评价。结果:2006-2013年,共有中成药处方5 687 021张,用药失误52 024例,占处方总张数的0.91%;其中医生处方用药失误33 037例,占处方总数的0.58%;收费差错11 254例,占处方总数的0.20%;药师调剂失误7 733例,占处方总数的0.14%。结论:保证患者用药安全,仅仅依靠药师个人责任心是完全不够的,必须通过完善系统、流程、规章制度等方式加强医院药房的风险管理,减少用药失误,防范处方差错。     

某院2018年-2019年4847张门诊处方不合理用药原因以及药师处方点评的干预效果分析

目的:分析医院门诊处方用药合理性及不合理用药类型、表现,以及药师干预效果.方法:抽取医院2018年1月-2019年12月门诊处方4847张作为分析资料,点评门诊处方用药的合理性及不合理用药类型、表现,比较药师点评处方干预的效果.结果:抽取的4847张门诊处方中,不合理处方152张(占3.14％),其中2018年不合理处方79张(占51.97％),2019年不合理处方73张(占48.03％);2018年处方合格率为96.71％,2019年处方合格率为97.02％,二者经比较其差异无统计意义(P＞0.05);两年间门诊不合理处方TOP 3原因中联合用药不适宜、用法用量不适宜分别占22.37％和20.39％;2019年实施药师门诊处方点评后发现不合理处方存在的问题TOP 3分别为适应证不适宜、用法用量不适宜及联合用药不适宜,分别占30.14％、26.03％和23.29％.结论:2019年门诊处方合格率略高于2018年,但常见的不合理原因类型仍然以适应证不适宜、用法用量不适宜及联合用药不适宜为主,医院应加强药师对处方点评的干预力度,以提高门诊用药的合理性,避免或减少不合理用药或滥用现象的发生.     

3180张门诊处方点评及用药合理性分析

目的:通过对门诊处方的点评分析,了解门诊处方的使用情况,进一步促进临床合理用药.方法:随机抽取2013年1～6月总共3180张处方进行统计、分析.结果:不合理处方246张,其中不规范处方164张,占5.16％;不适宜处方61张,占1.92％;超常处方21张,占0.66％,处方合理率为92.2％.结论:处方质量有待提高,院方应加大处方管理力度,切实落实临床用药督导制度,规范医院合理用药.     

某医院门诊超说明书用药情况调查与分析

目的 了解某医院门诊超说明书用药情况并进行处方分析,促进临床安全合理用药.方法 分层随机抽取某医院2014年9月至2015年2月每月门诊处方共3000张,以药品说明书为依据,对超说明书用药情况进行统计和分析.结果 统计出超说明书处方278张,占抽取处方总数的9.27％.其中排名前三位的超说明书用药类型是超适应证用药,占31.65％;超给药剂量,占28.78％;超给药频次,占16.55％.超说明书用药前三位的科室是皮肤科(26.62％)、消化科(19.06％)、妇产科(17.63％).结论 该院门诊超说明书用药比例较高,建议加强制度规范和采取防范措施减少超说明书用药的安全风险.     

儿科门诊处方不合理用药分析

目的:分析儿科门诊处方不合理用药情况,促进儿科临床合理用药.方法:采用回顾性调查方法,随机抽取我院2006年1～3月儿科门诊处方共7254张,其中使用抗生素的处方张数为3886张,占处方总数的53.57%.结果:大多数处方用药合理,不合理用药处方总计825张(占11.37%),且大多数与抗生素使用有关.结论:应注重儿科临床合理用药,特别是抗生素的合理使用,应引起儿科医师的高度重视.     

儿科抗菌药物应用情况分析

目的 了解并分析我院儿科门诊抗菌药物应用情况.方法 抽取我院2006年7～9月儿科门诊处方2595张次,对其中应用抗菌药物种类、数量、使用频度、给药途径、联用情况及用药合理性进行统计分析.结果 含抗菌药物处方1074张次,占抽取处方总数的41.39%;使用频率占据前5位的药品分别是依托红霉素片、头孢克肟干混悬剂、头孢克罗咀嚼片、阿奇霉素分散片、氨苄西林丙磺舒胶囊;联合用药19例,占抽取处方总数的0.73%.结论 我院儿科抗菌药物应用基本合理,但也存在一些问题,如用药起点高,预防性用药依赖性大,联合用药存在不合理现象.提示临床医师严格按照《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》用药,确保儿童抗菌药物临床合理应用.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.