Non-bacterial cystitis secondary to pembrolizumab: A case report and review of the literature

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors were successfully introduced to various of cancer therapy. Pembrolizumab, an antibody to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which is was approved for treatment of any adult or pediatric, unresectable or metastatic solid tumor. However, just as chemotherapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors have many side effects, which are named as immune-related adverse events. Common immune-related adverse events are dermatological, gastrointestinal, or endocrine side effects. However, there have been few cases that associated adverse cystitis with immune checkpoint inhibitors in recent years. We present a case showed that cystitis can be caused by pembrolizumab, which should be identified with non-bacterial cystitis.     

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of radio-induced lesions in normal tissues: a literature review.

Late complications are one of the major factors limiting radiotherapy treatment, and their treatment is not codified. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been used in combination with radiotherapy for over half a century, either to maximise its effectiveness or in an attempt to treat late complications. In this latter case, retrospective trials and case reports are prevailing in literature. This prompted European Society for Therapeutic Radiotherapy and Oncology and European Committee for Hyperbaric Medicine to organise a consensus conference in October 2001, dealing with the HBO indications on radiotherapy for the treatment and prevention of late complications. This updated literature review is part of the documents the jury based its opinion on. A systematic search was done on literature from 1960 to 2004, by only taking into account the articles that appeared in peer review journals. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment involving complications to the head and neck, pelvis and nervous system, and the prevention of complications after surgery in irradiated tissues have been studied. Despite the small number of controlled trials, it may be indicated for the treatment of mandibular osteoradionecrosis in combination with surgery, haemorrhagic cystitis resistant to conventional treatments and the prevention of osteoradionecrosis after dental extraction, whose level of evidence seems to be the most significant though randomised trials are still necessary. The other treatment methods are also outlined for each location.     

Response to intravenous immunoglobulin in Anti-Yo associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: case report and review of the literature

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a debilitating neuro-degenerative disease associated with antibodies directed against the purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Treatment using chemotherapy or other treatment of the primary tumor to various immunologically directed therapies has been attempted but outcomes have been poor. We discuss a patient with ovarian carcinoma and PCD seen in our institution who showed a marked beneficial response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and methylprednisolone. A Medline search from 1966-2002 produced fifteen cases of PCD confirmed by antibody testing that were treated with IVIG, either alone, or with a combination of other therapies. The clinical characteristics and treatment responses of these patients are analyzed in this review. Most patients that were treated with IVIG and had what was defined as a good response were treated within one month of symptoms. Patients treated between one month and three months often had stable disease and patients treated after three months of symptoms usually had a poor outcome. Early treatment with sufficiently high doses of IVIG seems to provide a better chance of treatment success. The additional benefit of early high dose intravenous methylprednisolone is unclear. Due to the devastating nature of the disease, a trial of IVIG and steroids is warranted as early as possible in a dose of 2g/kg to any patient with a clinical picture of PCD and positive antibodies.     

静脉输注甲氨蝶呤致严重急性神经系统损害一例并文献复习

目的 探讨静脉输注甲氨蝶呤（MTX）后引起严重急性神经系统损害的机制及救治措施.方法 报道1例42岁男性鼻型NK/T细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者,接受第4次化疗、经外周静脉泵入MTX 1.1 g时（11h）出现尿潴留、感觉减退和肌力下降.为明确原因,更好地救治患者,在静脉输注MTX后22～143 h内的6个时间点,同时监测脑脊液及外周血MFX的药物浓度,并记录脑脊液常规及神经系统表现的变化情况.给予亚叶酸钙解救、大剂量甲泼尼龙冲击、丙种球蛋白输注、脑脊液置换及水化、碱化尿液等积极治疗措施.结果 6个时间点上,患者外周血与脑脊液中的MTX浓度基本一致,呈快速下降的趋势,但神经系统的损害逐渐加重,感觉受损平面逐渐上升至胸椎（T）1水平,直至不能行走、构音障碍、饮水呛咳、嗜睡和呼吸困难.经积极治疗,在用药98h后血药浓度降低至0.1 μmol/L,患者深、浅感觉及前臂肌力略有恢复,但其他症状无明显好转.2个月后因重症感染于重症监护室内死亡.结论 静脉输注常规剂量的MTX也可能引起急性严重神经系统损害,危及生命.该病可能与血脑屏障广泛受损等相关,具体机制不明.目前尚缺乏有效治疗方法,需要引起重视.     

PD-1抑制剂治疗复发难治性胸腺瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的:探讨程序性细胞死亡蛋白1及其配体（PD-1/PD-L1）抑制剂在胸腺瘤治疗中的应用。方法:回顾性分析四川大学华西医院收治的1例晚期胸腺瘤患者使用PD-1抑制剂pembrolizumab的临床资料并对相关文献进行回顾。以“PD-1 inhibitor”、“PD-L1 inhibitor”、“pembrolizumab”、“nivolumab”或“atezolizumab”联合“thymoma”检索Pubmed数据库,检索时间截止至2019年9月30日。结果:患者男,26岁,B2/B3型胸腺瘤,在多次姑息性手术治疗,多线化疗,纵隔放疗后病情出现进展,后续使用PD-L1抑制剂pembrolizumab联合培美曲塞治疗,在第一次使用pembrolizumab治疗后患者出现免疫相关心肌炎,经甲基强的松龙治疗后好转,药物减停过程中患者出现心肌炎复燃,并伴随全身多器官功能障碍,最后在使用PD-1抑制剂后5个月死亡。在Pubmed数据库共检索到5篇文献共12例胸腺瘤患者使用免疫治疗,加上本例共13例。在这13例使用PD-1抑制剂的患者中,9例进行了疗效评价,3例患者达到部分缓解,6例患者疾病稳定;然而有11例患者出现免疫相关不良事件,6例患者死亡。结论:PD-1抑制剂在胸腺瘤中显示出良好的抗肿瘤活性,同时也具有很高的不良反应发生率及致死率,在临床应用中应慎重考虑患者的获益和风险。     

Response of recurrent urachal cancer to gemcitabine and cisplatin therapy: a case report and literature review

Urachal cancer is a rare malignancy and the standard treatment is surgical resection. The prognosis of recurrent and metastatic urachal cancer is extremely poor because there is no established chemotherapy regimen. Here, the response of one patient with recurrent urachal cancer to combination chemotherapy of gemcitabine (GEM) and cisplatin (CDDP) (GC) is described. And the chemo- and radiotherapeutic regimens available for such patients are reviewed. A 67-year-old man diagnosed with stage IIIA urachal cancer underwent complete surgical resection. However, pelvic recurrence was detected on computed tomography (CT) 5 months after surgery. GC therapy was started immediately and resulted in a pronounced reduction in pelvic mass after three cycles. However, a follow-up CT scan taken 5 months later showed growth of the pelvic mass and new liver metastasis. He received GC therapy again, which resulted in reduction of the pelvic and liver metastatic masses after two cycles. However, the patient refused another course of GC therapy due to severe side-effects. Subsequent progression of the disease included spread in both regions, followed by death 16 months after recurrence. Various treatment strategies offer relatively long survival of patients with urachal cancer including those with recurrence and metastasis. Although further studies are necessary to determine its therapeutic efficacy, GC therapy may be a useful option in the treatment of urachal tumors, including recurrent tumours.     

Enchondromatosis-associated oligodendroglioma: case report and literature review

Enchondromatosis is a rare skeletal disorder characterized by the development of multiple enchondromas, which can also manifest non-cartilage tumors including gliomas. Here, we describe a genetic analysis of a low-grade glioma that developed in an enchondromatosis case. A 32-year-old man with a long history of enchondromatosis developed a left frontal tumor. The histopathological findings of his surgical specimen revealed characteristics of a low-grade glioma with an IDH1 c.395G>A (R132H) mutation and 1p/19q codeletion, which led to a definitive diagnosis of oligodendroglioma. A common point mutation in IDH1 (R132H) was detected in the patient’s enchondroma and glioma-matched pair specimens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of molecularly confirmed oligodendroglioma associated with enchondromatosis. Furthermore, identification of a common IDH1 mutation in enchondroma and oligodendroglioma-matched pair specimens supports the hypothesis that IDH1/2 mosaicism initiates tumorigenesis.     

Glucagonoma syndrome: case report and literature review

The glucagonoma syndrome is characterized by dermatitis, glucose intolerance, hypoaminoacidemia, and hyperglucagonemia secondary to an alpha-cell tumor of the pancreas. Other clinical features include anemia, glossitis, and weight loss. A 62-year-old woman with the syndrome sought medical attention for a chronic dermatitis. A skin biopsy was suggestive of necrolytic migratory erythema. A glucagonoma was surgically removed from the tail of the pancreas. Review of the literature indicates that 56 proven and 33 probable cases of glucagonoma syndrome have been reported.     

Orbital pseudotumor: case report and literature review

The term orbital pseudotumor refers to a broad category of non-specific idiopathic inflammations of the orbit. This disease, which may affect any orbital structure, is one of the commonest causes of exophtalmus, occurring with a similar incidence in both sexes. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, after careful exclusion of specific systemic and local diseases. Many classification systems have been proposed and a range of therapeutic modalities, including surgery, steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and radiation therapy, have been employed by various authors in heterogeneous series of patients. This slowly proliferating disease, which usually presents with a long clinical history and high variability in clinical manifestations and prognosis, is difficult to manage with any of the available therapeutic options. The difficulties and controversies regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these patients are addressed in an updated review of the literature and exemplified in our case report.     

Hepatic angiosarcoma occurring after cyclophosphamide therapy: case report and review of the literature

A 54-year-old man with polyarteritis nodosa developed acute onset of right upper quadrant abdominal pain associated with a large liver mass. Transvenous liver biopsy revealed hepatic angiosarcoma, a rare liver tumor classically associated with environmental toxins. He had been treated with oral cyclophosphamide for 13 years. A review of the literature revealed two other cases of hepatic angiosarcoma in patients after long-term cyclophosphamide treatment. We propose that cyclophosphamide be added to the list of exposures potentially associated with hepatic angiosarcoma.     

Malignant ganglioglioma: case report and review of literature

We report a case of de novo malignant ganglioglioma. A 61-year-old male presented with a 12-day history of headaches and general malaise. Pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging revealed an irregular enhancing mass in the left temporal lobe with associated dural enhancement and subacute subdural hematoma. The findings at surgery were of a vascular tumor intimately involving the surrounding white matter, with central necrosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies showed an anaplastic ganglioglioma with World Health Organization grade IV characteristics. Gangliogliomas of the central nervous system are rare and are typified by a pediatric predilection and indolent behavior. A review of the de novo anaplastic and malignant gangliogliomas is presented.     

基于维奈托克的方案治疗(t11;14)复发难治多发性骨髓瘤一例并文献复习

目的探讨基于维奈托克的治疗方案对t(11;14)复发难治多发性骨髓瘤(RRMM)患者的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析海军军医大学长征医院2019年6月收治的1例接受基于维奈托克治疗方案的t(11;14)RRMM患者资料,并进行相关文献复习。结果该t(11;14)RRMM患者经三线治疗进展后,予以选择性bcl-2抑制剂维奈托克联合达雷妥尤单抗、地塞米松治疗,疾病达到部分缓解,且一度血象恢复,美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)体能状态评分由3分下降至1分,生命质量明显改善。结论(t 11;14)RRMM患者可从基于维奈托克的治疗中获益,未来尚需对维奈托克治疗多发性骨髓瘤的安全性、敏感性等进行深入探索。     

Two metachronous tumors induced by radiation therapy: case report and review of the literature

Various radiation-induced tumors, including meningioma, glioma, and sarcoma, have been reported; however, metachronous intracranial double tumors induced by radiation therapy are extremely rare. A 1-year-old boy had undergone tumor removal and craniospinal radiation therapy (30 Gy) for cerebellar medulloblastoma. At 24 years old, parasagittal meningioma developed in the left parietal region and was totally removed. Six years later, an infiltrative tumor was newly found in the right fronto-temporal white matter. The patient underwent stereotactic biopsy, and the tumor was found to be an anaplastic astrocytoma. Chromosomal analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 1p. As the patient had previously had craniospinal irradiation, no additional radiation therapy was delivered. He underwent chemotherapy with temozolomide and the disease is now stable. Since both secondary tumors were located within the area of previous radiation and the patient did not have any genetic disease predisposing him to tumors, radiation therapy was considered to be responsible for their tumorigenesis. To our knowledge, this case is the fourth case of radiation-induced double CNS tumors arising after radiotherapy to be described in the literature. Whenever radiation is administered to children or young adults, careful serial screening studies are needed.     

Fusarium brain abscess: case report and literature review

Severely immunocompromised patients such as those with haematological malignancies and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at an increased risk of acquiring invasive mould infections. Fusarium, a ubiquitous fungus, can cause potentially fatal infections in such hosts. It usually manifests as skin lesions, fevers and sino‐pulmonary infections. Brain abscesses have been reported, but are relatively uncommon. We report a case of a 50‐year‐old patient with acute lymphocytic leukaemia and failed autologous peripheral stem cell transplant that presented with new onset seizures and was found to have Fusarium solani brain abscess. Nasal route was the presumed mode of entry of the fungus into the cerebrum. Treatment comprised surgical excision of the lesion, and antimycotic therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole. Despite aggressive therapy, patient succumbed to the disease. We have provided an overview of infections secondary to Fusarium, along with a review of the central nervous system involvement by this pathogenic mould.     

肾上腺皮质癌1例报道并文献回顾

目的:探讨肾上腺皮质癌的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法。方法:报道我科近期收治的1例肾上腺皮质癌患者的临床资料,并检索中国知网、PubMed等数据库,进行文献回顾,对该病的临床特征及诊断要点、治疗方法及最新的研究进展进行归纳总结。结果:本例患者以腹痛为首发临床表现,影像学提示肾上腺肿瘤,行腹腔镜切除,术后20天查PET/CT提示多发转移,给予依托泊苷+顺铂化疗4周期后进展,遂应用吉西他滨联合卡培他滨化疗1周期,出现脑转移后行放疗。结论:肾上腺皮质癌是一种罕见的泌尿系恶性肿瘤,且预后差。诊断应结合临床表现、肾上腺皮质激素水平、影像学检查及病理结果。治疗方面首推多学科会诊（MDT）,早期患者首选手术,术后需根据疾病分期、分级选择辅助治疗,复发转移的患者可给予化疗、放疗、米托坦、免疫治疗等。     

Immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis and breast cancer risk: a case report and literature review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system frequently complicated by devastating neurologic symptoms and progressive disability. Much progress has been made in the development of immunomodulating drugs to help fight the progression of MS. These drugs are believed to work by interacting with various immune system components to reduce the amount of autoimmune destruction to the nervous system. We report 2 cases of women with MS on immunomodulatory therapy who presented with locally advanced breast cancer with aggressive biologic phenotypes and exceptionally poor outcomes. We consider the potential for an increased risk of developing a poorer-prognosis breast cancer as a result of concomitant immunomodulatory effects of the previous MS treatment, particularly the effects the drugs are reported to have on regulatory T cells, and therefore present these cases and a review of the current literature. Current data in the literature reflect the need for further study in ascertaining the risk of biologically poor-prognosis breast cancer development in patients with MS treated with immunomodulatory therapy.     

Masson's vegetant hemangioendothelioma: case report and literature review

Masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma has only been reported intracranially in 12 patients. The pathological diagnosis is important given its benign natural history. We report the 13th case in a woman who presented with headaches and dysphasia. A thorough literature review is presented and an appropriate management strategy is proposed.     

胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤一例报告及文献复习

为了分析胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤的临床病理特征及免疫组织化学特点,对胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤的临床资料、大体观察、镜下观察及免疫组化结果进行分析.胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤好发于年轻女性,镜下由实性区及假乳头状区组成,免疫组化程度不一的表达上皮性、间叶性、内分泌性标记.初步研究结果提示,胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤是较少见的、预后较好的交界性肿瘤,其诊断主要依赖于临床资料、组织学形态及免疫组化标记.