基于CD4分子构型设计的小分子免疫抑制药J2抗移植排斥反应的作用研究

目的探讨小分子免疫抑制药J2抑制小鼠皮肤移植排斥反应的作用.方法以C57BL/6小鼠为供体、 Balb/c小鼠为受体建立皮肤移植模型,将模型小鼠随机分为A组、B组、C组,每组15只,并分别给予空白液、环孢素A(10 mg·kg-1)和J2(30 mg·kg-1)灌胃,均每天给药1次,连续12 d,比较各组皮瓣的存活时间和存活率,术后14 d进行组织学检查.结果 A组发生排斥反应的时间延迟,皮瓣平均存活时间为(13.7±1.4)d;B组皮瓣平均存活时间[(18.2±2.1) d ]与C组皮瓣平均存活时间[(17.7±2.4)d]均较A组明显延长(均P＜0.05).B组与C组平均皮瓣存活时间、存活率均差异无显著性(均P＞0.05).组织学检查证实,C组术后14 d植片未见明显淋巴细胞浸润.结论 J2可明显抑制小鼠皮肤移植排斥反应.     

沙利度胺联合孕三烯酮对大鼠子宫内膜异位症血管生成的影响

目的探讨沙利度胺、孕三烯酮及两者联合用药对大鼠子宫内膜异位组织中血管生成的影响。方法24只子宫内膜异位症模型SD大鼠,随机分为模型对照、沙利度胺(20mg·kg-1·d-1)、孕三烯酮(0.5mg·kg-1·d-1)及联合用药(沙利度胺20mg·kg-1·d-1和孕三烯酮0.5mg·kg-1·d-1)4组,每组6只。药物溶于生理盐水中腹腔注射给药,模型对照组每日腹腔注射生理盐水2mL。给药4wk后处死,免疫组织化学SP法测定血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)在异位内膜的表达,并通过Ⅷ因子标记异位子宫内膜血管,检测异位内膜组织中微血管密度(MVD)。结果沙利度胺组、孕三烯酮组及联合用药组异位内膜MVD、VEGF和TNF-α的表达均显著低于模型对照组(P<0.01),其中联合用药组MVD和VEGF比沙利度胺组和孕三烯酮组降低得更为显著(P<0.05),联合用药组TNF-α与孕三烯酮组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论沙利度胺和孕三烯酮可抑制大鼠异位内膜的MVD、VEGF和TNF-α的表达,从而抑制子宫内膜异位症血管生成,当两者联合用药时,作用更强。     

黄连素对环孢素抗皮肤移植排斥反应的增强作用

目的: 阐明盐酸黄连素(Ber)及其与环孢素(CsA)合用对小鼠皮肤移植排斥反应的影响.方法: BALB/C小鼠作为供皮鼠,灌胃给药7 d后将其皮肤移植于C57BL/6小鼠,受鼠给药12 d,观察各组的皮片排异时间.结果: 与阴性对照组比较,200 mg·kg-1Ber组、20 mg·kg-1CsA组、200 mg·kg-1Ber 20 mg·kg-1CsA组的皮片存活时间明显延长(P<0.01),而且,与CsA组相比,Ber CsA组的皮片存活时间亦明显延长(P<0.01).结论: Ber可显著抑制小鼠皮肤移植排斥反应,且可增强CsA的抗排异作用.     

灯盏花提取物对大鼠心脏移植排斥反应的作用

目的:研究中药灯盏花提取物对大鼠心脏移植排斥反应的作用。方法:以Wistar大鼠为供体,SD大鼠为受体,建立大鼠腹腔异位心脏移植模型,分为灯盏花提取物低剂量组(5mg·kg-1·d-1,E1)、高剂量组(10mg·kg-1·d-1,E2)、环孢素A(CsA)组和对照组(C组)。移植术后各实验组受体腹腔注射药物至移植心停跳。观察移植心存活时间、病理变化及受体外周血液中白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)水平。结果:E1组、E2组和CsA组受体大鼠外周血IL-2的水平明显较C组低,同时移植心脏的存活时间较C组延长,排斥反应减弱。结论:灯盏花提取物预处理可明显减轻大鼠移植心脏的排斥反应,并延长移植心脏的存活时间。     

骨髓增生异常综合征50例临床研究

目的 评价沙利度胺联合环孢素A治疗骨髓增生异常综合征的疗效与不良反应.方法 将50例骨髓增生异常综合征患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各25例.治疗组采用沙利度胺、环孢素A联合治疗方案,依患者耐受情况选用维持剂量并连用3～6个月;对照组单用环孢素A治疗,比较两组的临床疗效和不良反应.结果 治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为80%和48%.两组总有效率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗组中不良反应主要为剂量依赖性和可逆性,经对症处理后好转.大多数患者耐受良好,无治疗相关性死亡.结论 联合环孢素A和沙利度胺治疗骨髓增生异常综合征疗效较单用环孢素A好,出现肝、肾功能异常是可逆的.     

沙利度胺与5-氟尿嘧啶联合使用的抗肿瘤作用

目的 :考察沙利度胺与 5 氟尿嘧啶 (5 Fluorouracil,5 FU)联合使用的抗肿瘤作用。方法 :(1)沙利度胺的抗肿瘤作用 :小鼠EAC细胞接种于昆明种小鼠前肢腋下皮下 ,建立小鼠EAC实体瘤模型 ,随机分为空白对照组 ,沙利度胺组 (5 0 ,10 0 ,2 0 0mg·kg-1,ig) ,5 FU(2 0mg·kg-1,ip)。连续给药 14d ,第 15天解剖 ,取瘤称重。 (2 )沙利度胺与 5 FU联合使用的抗肿瘤作用 :制备小鼠EAC实体瘤模型 ,随机分为空白对照组 ,沙利度胺组 (5 0mg·kg-1,ig) ,5 FU组 (5 ,10 ,2 0mg·kg-1,ip) ,沙利度胺 (5 0mg·kg-1,ig)合用 5 FU组 (5 ,10mg·kg-1,ip)。沙利度胺均上午ig ,5 FU均下午ip。连续给药 14d ,第 15天解剖 ,取瘤称重。结果 :(1)单独使用沙利度胺 (5 0 ,10 0 ,2 0 0mg·kg-1,ig)抗肿瘤作用不明显 ,抑瘤率分别为 13.8% ,2 1.4 % ,2 4 .2 % ;(2 )沙利度胺 (5 0mg·kg-1,ig)与 5 FU(10mg·kg-1,ip)联合使用的抑瘤率为 6 3.3%。结论 :沙利度胺与 5 FU联合使用抗肿瘤作用增强。     

全反式维甲酸抑制IL-23/IL-17通路促进小鼠移植皮肤存活的研究

【摘要】目的探讨全反式维甲酸(ATRA)灌胃对小鼠同种异基因皮肤移植存活时间的影响及白细胞介素(IL)-23、IL-17通路在其中的作用。方法以DBA/2小鼠为供者,Babl/c小鼠为受者建立皮肤移植模型。随机将受者分为对照组、小剂量组和大剂量组,分别在术前1d至术后14d或判定皮肤死亡之日每天给3组小鼠分别灌胃注射玉米油、10mg/kg和30mg/kg ATRA玉米油溶液。术后观察各组皮肤移植物存活时间,皮肤组织切片检测病理改变,酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清IL-23和IL-17水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测移植皮肤中IL-23、转录因子孤核受体（ROR）γt和IL-17mRNA表达。结果与对照组比较,小剂量组和大剂量组皮肤移植存活时间延长（P<0.05）,炎症细胞浸润及组织破坏程度轻,血清IL-23水平降低（P<0.05）,而两治疗组间差异无统计学意义。对照组、小剂量组及大剂量组血清IL-17水平依次降低（P<0.05）。小剂量组和大剂量组皮肤移植物中IL-23、RORγt和IL-17mRNA表达水平均较对照组低（P<0.05）,而两治疗组间差异无统计学意义。结论ATRA灌胃可显著延长小鼠移植皮肤存活时间,其机制可能与抑制IL-23、RORγt、IL-17mRNA表达和蛋白分泌有关。     

沙利度胺治疗葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠炎症性肠病及其机制研究

目的考察沙利度胺对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠炎症性肠病的治疗作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 60只Balb/c小鼠按体质量随机分为对照组、模型组、柳氮磺吡啶(200 mg/kg)组以及沙利度胺30、60、120 mg/kg剂量组,每组10只。试验当天为第1天,试验期间葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导组饮用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠饮用水,对照组则饮用纯净水。从试验第5天开始,各给药组开始ig给予相应药物,给药容积10 m L/kg,1次/d,对照组和模型组则给予相应体积的0.5%MC,直至第12天结束试验。试验期间,每天记录各动物体质量变化。试验结束后,测量各动物结肠长度,观察各组结肠组织病理学改变和评分,ELISA法检测结肠组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量。结果沙利度胺在120 mg/kg剂量下改善葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠体质量下降症状,改善小鼠的结肠缩短,降低结肠组织TNF-α含量,减少炎症细胞对结肠组织的浸润。结论沙利度胺对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠炎症性肠病呈现较好治疗作用,该作用可能与沙利度胺对TNF-α的调节作用有关。     

Fascaplysin对ICR小鼠S180移植瘤的抑制作用及体内安全性的初步观察

目的：研究Fascaplysin对ICR小鼠移植性骨肉瘤S180瘤体的体内抑制作用。方法：急性毒性实验采用LD50数据处理程序1.01版计算LD50。皮下注射技术建立荷S180骨肉瘤的ICR小鼠动物模型,并随机分为空白对照组（注射生理盐水）、阳性对照组（CTX,30 mg.kg-1.d-1）、Fascaplysin高剂量组（20 mg.kg-1.d-1）和Fascaplysin低剂量组（5 mg.kg-1.d-1）共4组,观察相应处理10 d后各组小鼠移植瘤生长状况（抑瘤率）及瘤组织病理学形态变化。结果：阳性对照组、Fascaplysin高剂量组和Fascaplysin低剂量组的抑瘤率分别为（53±9）%、（52±10）%和（30±12）%;给药期间Fascaplysin对ICR小鼠肝、肾组织未产生明显的病理性影响,而对ICR小鼠体内S180移植瘤组织的病理性影响较为明显。结论：一定剂量的Fascaplysin对ICR小鼠S180移植性骨肉瘤生长具有较好的抑制作用,是一个有潜力的抗癌药物。     

沙利度胺联合地塞米松治疗难治性复发性多发性骨髓瘤的临床疗效

目的评价沙利度胺单独或联合地塞米松治疗难治性复发性多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的临床疗效。方法42例难治性复发性MM患者,单用组20例:沙利度胺起始剂量100 mg.d-1,每周增加100 mg,直至患者最大耐受剂量或最大剂量600 mg.d-1。联合组22例:在沙利度胺治疗剂量至200 mg.d-1时,给予地塞米松40 mg.d-1(d 1~4、9~121、7~20),1 mo为1个疗程。持续治疗3 mo。结果单用组总有效率35.0%,明显低于联合组68.2%(P<0.05)。结论沙利度胺能有效治疗难治性复发性MM,在联合地塞米松时可提高有效率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.