健康婴儿与过敏性疾病婴儿肠道双歧杆菌构建差异初探

目的 通过比较健康婴儿与过敏性疾病婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的构建规律,探讨婴儿肠道双歧杆菌与过敏性疾病的关系。方法 收集48例婴儿生后第0（胎便）、2、7、15天,1、6、12月时共7个时间点的粪便样品,其中22例在1岁以前患过过敏性疾病的婴儿组成过敏组,26例健康婴儿作为健康组,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术对婴儿粪便中双歧杆菌属及8种双歧杆菌菌种进行定性及定量分析。结果 两组婴儿在0~1月期间肠道双歧杆菌构建过程不同,健康组第2天表现出双歧杆菌下降的"重建"特征,而过敏组不存在此特征。过敏组第1月时双歧杆菌属的检出量低于健康组（P < 0.05）;第15天时B.breve的检出率低于健康组（P < 0.05）,且B.infantis定植延迟。结论 婴儿出生后0~1月的肠道双歧杆菌及其构建规律可能与过敏性疾病的发生有关,该时期可能是婴儿出生后过敏性疾病的防治关键期。     

婴儿早期肠道双歧杆菌构建规律的初探

目的 通过系统分析婴儿早期肠道双歧杆菌种群动态变化,初步探索婴儿肠道8 种双歧杆菌构建的规律。方法 收集2013 年3~4 月间16 例正常足月新生儿第1 次、第2、4、7、10、14、28、90 天的粪便,培养分离粪便中双歧杆菌;使用PCR 对分离菌株进行双歧杆菌属及其8 个种水平的鉴定。结果 从受试婴儿粪便中共检出优势双歧杆菌152 株,以B. breve 的检出率(22.4%)最高;第4 天开始在新生儿肠道检出双歧杆菌,定植率为8%;第7 天后双歧杆菌定植率迅速上升,至第28 天和3 月龄时定植率分别达到54% 和60%,均显著高于生后第4 天(均P<0.05)。第10 天时婴儿肠道已有成人型双歧杆菌B. catenulatum 定植,第14 天时检测到婴儿型双歧杆菌B. infantis 定植;至3 月龄时才在婴儿粪便中检测到高水平的婴儿型双歧杆菌B. infantis,且大部分婴儿肠道双歧杆菌种类总数不超过2 种。结论 本研究受试婴儿早期肠道双歧杆菌的多样性偏低,婴儿型双歧杆菌出现偏迟,相反成人型双歧杆菌发现较早。     

母乳成分与纯母乳喂养婴儿体重增长速率的关系

目的 探讨母乳成分对纯母乳喂养婴儿体重生长速率的影响。方法 选取定期进行儿童保健的138 例纯母乳喂养足月单胎婴儿及其乳母作为研究对象。在定期儿童保健时间点进行婴儿体重、身长及头围的测量,采用Z 积分计算生长速度,并根据ΔZ 积分将研究对象分为生长不良组（ΔZ 积分 ≤ -0.67）、生长速度低下组（-0.67 结果 生长不良组、生长速度低下组体重ΔZ 积分显著低于正常对照组（P P 结论 成熟乳母乳成分可短时间内在一定程度上影响纯母乳喂养婴儿的体重增长速率,乳母应均衡膳食,提高成熟乳质量以维持婴儿良好的体格生长速率。     

双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸的疗效

目的观察双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸的疗效。方法对63例新生儿母乳性黄疸患儿随机分为双歧杆菌治疗组和常规治疗组,常规治疗组采用输液、清蛋白静滴,重者采用蓝光治疗;双歧杆菌治疗组在常规治疗方法基础上加用双歧杆菌活菌制剂,并观察两组患儿黄疸消褪时间及血清总胆红素水平的变化。结果双歧杆菌治疗组和常规治疗组黄疸消褪时间分别为(4.0±2.1)、(5.5±2.5)d,两组比较有显著差异(P<0.05),治疗d5血清总胆红素值分别为(45.6±17.3)(、82.5±32.6)μmol/L,两组比较有极显著差异(P<0.01)。结论双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸有显著疗效。     

双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗新生儿母乳性黄疽的疗效

目的观察双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸的疗效.方法对63例新生儿母乳性黄疸患儿随机分为双歧杆菌治疗组和常规治疗组,常规治疗组采用输液、清蛋白静滴,重者采用蓝光治疗;双歧杆菌治疗组在常规治疗方法基础上加用双歧杆菌活菌制剂,并观察两组患儿黄疸消褪时间及血清总胆红素水平的变化.结果双歧杆菌治疗组和常规治疗组黄疸消褪时间分别为(4.0±2.1)、(5.5±2.5)d,两组比较有显著差异(P＜0.05),治疗d5血清总胆红素值分别为(45.6±17.3)、(82.5±32.6)μmol/L,两组比较有极显著差异(P＜0.01).结论双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗新生儿母乳性黄疸有显著疗效.     

母乳中生物活性物质对婴儿生长发育影响的研究进展

母乳中存在多种生物活性物质,如活性蛋白、生长因子、细胞因子、寡聚糖、益生菌和细胞等。大量研究表明,母乳中的生物活性成分对于婴儿生长发育有着多种保护作用,如抗菌、抗病毒、促进婴儿生长发育和机体免疫成熟等。它们还能降低婴儿感染性疾病的发病率,改善早产儿的神经系统发育结局,并能降低婴儿未来发生肥胖、糖尿病的风险等。但目前对于母乳中某些活性物质的作用仍缺乏一定的临床证据支持,其免疫调节的机制尚未明确,需进一步研究来阐明。     

妊娠糖尿病母亲母乳中真胰岛素水平及对婴儿生长的影响

目的:探讨妊娠糖尿病(GDM)哺乳期妇女初乳、42天和90天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平,分析其相关因素及其对婴儿体格发育的影响.方法:采用双位点单克隆抗体夹心放大酶联免疫分析法(BA-ELISA)测定GDM产妇和健康产妇初乳、42天和90天成熟乳及新生儿脐血中真胰岛素水平,监测婴儿90天内生长情况.结果GDM组初乳及90天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平均高于对照组(22.8μU/ml比20.4μU/ml,33.6μU/ml比23.5μU/ml,P均<0.05).母亲孕前、产前、产后42天和90天的体质指数(BMI)与90天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平正相关,产后42天BMI与42天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平正相关,孕期糖化血红蛋白百分比与90天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平正相关,剖宫产者初乳真胰岛素水平低于阴道分娩者(21.2μU/ml比96.3μU/ml,P<0.05).42天时高母乳喂养组母乳中真胰岛素水平低于低母乳喂养组(29.7μU/ml比69.6μU/ml,P<0.05).脐血中真胰岛素水平与出生体重和身长正相关,42天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平与出生至42天的体重增长值负相关,90天成熟乳中真胰岛素水平与90天头围负相关.结论:GDM哺乳期妇女母乳中真胰岛素水平较正常哺乳期妇女高,分娩方式和喂养方式对成熟乳中真胰岛素水平有影响,母乳中真胰岛素水平与孕产妇的BMI值呈正相关,对婴儿体格生长起调节作用.     

不同分娩方式对母乳喂养婴儿肠道菌群的影响

目的新生儿出生后其肠道立即被来自母体和周围环境中的微生物定植,许多研究表明,消化道早期定植的肠道菌群在婴儿免疫系统的发育过程中起重要的作用。该研究探讨了分娩方式对母乳喂养婴儿肠道菌群和粪便性状的影响。方法以60例40～47日龄的健康足月母乳喂养婴儿为观察对象,按分娩方式分为自然分娩组和剖宫产组(n=30)。在6、8、10、12周龄采集婴儿粪便标本,并同时记录婴儿体质量、头围及粪便性状。应用实时荧光定量PCR技术对婴儿肠道乳酸杆菌属、双歧杆菌属及双歧杆菌亚种(长双歧杆菌和短双歧杆菌)进行定量检测。结果剖宫产娩出的婴儿肠道乳酸杆菌和长双歧杆菌数量低于自然分娩组(P<0.05);自然分娩的婴儿粪便pH值低于剖宫产组(6.2对6.9,P﹤0.05);分娩方式对粪便性状和婴儿的生长发育无影响。结论剖宫产降低母乳喂养婴儿肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的水平。     

母乳对肠道菌群与迟发型母乳性黄疸关系影响的探讨

为探索母乳对婴儿肠道微生态与迟发型母乳性黄疸(LBMJ)的影响,随机选择出生后(26±2)天仍有明显黄疸的母乳喂养儿、健康无黄疽母乳喂养儿及配方乳喂养儿各15例,留取出生后第28天24小时粪便,检测肠道菌群及粪胆原含量。结果显示母乳喂养儿肠道中大肠杆菌和梭菌的建立较配方乳喂养儿明显延迟(P<0．05),粪中粪胆原含量配方乳喂养儿明显高于母乳喂养黄疸儿(P<0．005)。提示转化胆红素成粪胆原的肠道菌群建立延迟,可能是LBMJ发生的重要原因之一。     

母乳强化剂在母乳喂养早产儿中的应用

目的 通过前瞻性对照试验评价强化母乳对住院早产儿短期生长、营养状况的影响.方法 出生胎龄≤34周、出生体重≤1 800 g的24例早产儿分为强化母乳组(试验组,11例)和早产配方奶组(对照组,13例).试验组早产儿的母乳喂养量均超过总奶量的50%,当喂养量达到100 ml/(kg·d)时开始添加FM85母乳强化剂,不够的奶量用早产配方奶补足;对照组全部用早产配方奶喂养.对两组的生长速度、血生化指标、肠内外营养情况、合并症进行比较.结果 试验组出生胎龄(30.6±2.9)周,平均出生体重(1 80±286)g;对照组出生胎龄(31.6±1.9)周,平均出生体重(1 436±201)g.试验组在住院期间,平均母乳量占总喂养量81.6%,母乳强化剂在平均胎龄34.1周、生后24.6 d时开始添加.试验组与对照组的体重[18.9 vs 7.1 g/(kg·d),P=0.364]、身长(1.16 vs .00 cm/周,P=0.308)、头围(0.79 vs .61 cm/周,P=0.057)的增长速度近似,差异无统计学意义.出院时两组血尿素氮水平相似,试验组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血磷水平较对照组低,血清碱性磷酸酶和血钙值较对照组高,喂养不耐受、坏死性小肠结肠炎、院内感染的发生率无统计学意义.结论 强化母乳喂养与早产配方奶喂养的早产儿在住院期间的生长速度相似.     

Gastric emptying in pre-term infants: the effect of breast milk fortifier

Failure of adequate gastric emptying frequently prevents successful, early enteral nutrition in the preterm infant. The effect on gastric emptying of adding breast milk fortifier is unknown, but clinical experience suggests that it is less well tolerated by some infants. We therefore compared gastric-emptying rates of breast milk and fortified breast milk within pre-term infants, using a previously described ultrasonic technique. Eleven infants were studied on 22 occasions. Median (range) gestation of the group was 28 weeks (25-31) with birth weight 1090 g (714-1360). The human milk fortifier FM-85 (Nestlé, Vevey, Switzerland) was used in all infants. Half-emptying time for unfortified breast milk was less than half that for fortified breast milk. Mean (±SEM) half emptying times were 21 min (±3.6) and 48 min (±4.0), respectively. Breast milk emptied faster than fortified breast milk in 10 out of 11 patients. These data demonstrate that the addition of human milk fortifier can significantly slow gastric emptying. This has important implications for the management of infants who have feed intolerance.     

Fatty acids in breast milk of allergic and non-allergic mothers: The PIAMA birth cohort study

Fatty acid composition was studied in breast milk of allergic and non-allergic mothers, focusing in particular on concentrations of the n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturates (LCP) in relation to maternal allergy. Milk samples were obtained from 168 mothers with asthma or inhalant allergies and 107 mothers without asthma and inhalant allergies, between 2 and 35 weeks after delivery. Mean values of fatty acid concentration (weight% of total fatty acids) were estimated for individual fatty acids, for groups of fatty acids and for the metabolic index (the ratio between the sum of n-6 polyunsaturates and linoleic acid). For the most relevant fatty acids, the association with maternal allergy was subsequently analyzed in more detail using multiple regression analysis. The metabolic index in breast milk was significantly lower in the allergic than in the non-allergic mothers, but no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of any of the n-6 fatty acids. Also concentrations of the n-3 fatty acids and nearly all other fatty acids were similar in allergic and non-allergic mothers' breast milk. No differences in fatty acid concentrations were observed between mothers with asthma and mothers with single or with multiple inhalant allergies. Our data suggest that differences in fatty acid composition between breast milk of allergic and non-allergic mothers are small and are unlikely to be responsible for the differential effects of breastfeeding by allergic and non-allergic mothers that have been observed in some studies.     

Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children

The role of primary prevention of allergic diseases has been a matter of debate for the last 40 years. In order to shed some light on this issue, a group of experts of the Section of Pediatrics EAACI reviewed critically the existing literature on the subject. An analysis of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies was performed following the statements of evidence as defined by WHO. The results of the analysis indicate that breastfeeding is highly recommended for all infants irrespective of atopic heredity. A dietary regimen is unequivocally effective in the prevention of allergic diseases in high-risk children. In these patients breastfeeding combined with avoidance of solid food and cow's milk for at least 4-6 months is the most effective preventive regimen. In the absence of breast milk, formulas with documented reduced allergenicity for at least 4-6 months should be used.     

Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children

The role of primary prevention of allergic diseases has been a matter of debate for the last 40 years. In order to shed some light into this issue, a group of experts of the Section of Pediatrics EAACI critically reviewed the existing literature on the subject. In this paper, the immunology of the fetus and newborn is reviewed as well as the post-natal development of the immune system. The influence of post-natal environment and breastfeeding on tolerance induction and sensitization are examined. Allergic diseases result from a strong relationship between genetic and environmental factors. Sensitization to food allergens occurs in the first year of life and cow's milk allergy is the first food allergy to appear in the susceptible infants. Hypoallergenicity of food formulas to be used is a critical issue both for treatment of cow's milk-allergic children and for prevention. Methods to document hypoallergenicity are discussed and evaluated in the preclinical and clinical steps.     

Effects of breast milk from allergic and non-allergic mothers on mitogen- and allergen-induced cytokine production

Breast milk contains several components that provide specific immunity and affect the maturation of the infant's immune system. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of breast milk, on mitogen- and allergen-induced cytokine production from cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC), and if those effects differ between allergic and non-allergic mothers. The cells were incubated for 96 h with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), ovalbumin or cat dander in the presence of various dilutions of colostrum. Colostrum inhibited both mitogen- and cat-induced IFN-γ and mitogen-induced interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. The inhibition on IFN-γ production was to some extent caused by TGF-β, as the effect was modified when an anti-TGF-β antibody was added to the cultures. In contrast, colostrum enhanced allergen-induced production of the Th2-like cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, and this was accompanied with increased production of IL-10. No differences were found between allergic and non-allergic mothers. The inhibitory effect of breast milk on IFN-γ production, which was partly due to the high levels of TGF-β, together with the enhancing effect on IL-10 secretion, confirm that breast milk is anti-inflammatory. Although the production of IL-5 and IL-13 was enhanced by colostrum, this was accompanied with an increased production of IL-10. Together with the high levels of TGF-β in breast milk and inhibitory effect of colostrum on IL-4 production, this suggests a possible mechanism whereby breast-feeding may protect against the development of allergy. Despite differences in the composition of breast milk between allergic and non-allergic mothers, the effects of breast milk on cytokine production from CBMC were independent of the atopic status of the mothers.     

A new breast milk supplement for preterm infants

Objective : To assess the effect of a new formula (Prenan), which contains n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) on the fatty acid profile of preterm infants.
Methodology : Plasma fatty acids were measured in 61 preterm infants at term by gas liquid chromatography. In 20 of these infants, paired samples were collected and changes in fatty acids with time analysed.
Results : Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were higher in those who had been fed expressed breast milk (EBM) ±/or Prenan compared with those fed standard formula ± EBM, P <0.05. The plasma arachidonic acid (AA) levels of infants fed Prenan were not different to those fed EBM, both groups achieving higher levels than infants fed standard formula, P <0.05. Further, paired analysis demonstrated that DHA levels increased in infants changed from standard formula to Prenan to levels equal or higher than those of fully breast-fed infants ( P <0.01), whereas DHA levels remained unchanged with time in all other groups.
Conclusions : The fatty acid composition of Prenan enables preterm infants fed formula to have plasma DHA and AA levels similar to those of infants fed breast milk and consequently different to those of infants fed standard formula. Prenan is an appropriate supplement to breast milk for preterm infants in that it provides LC PUFA as well as additional phosphorus and protein without exposing the infant to intact cows milk protein.     

Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children.

Because of scientific fraud four trials have been excluded from the original Cochrane meta-analysis on formulas containing hydrolyzed protein for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Unlike the conclusions of the revised Cochrane review the export group set up by the Section on Paediatrics, European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (SP-EAACI) do not find that the exclusion of the four trials demands a change of the previous recommendations regarding primary dietary prevention of allergic diseases. Ideally, recommendations on primary dietary prevention should be based only on the results of randomized and quasi-randomized trials (selection criteria in the Cochrane review). However, regarding breastfeeding randomization is unethical, Therefore, in the development of recommendations on dietary primary prevention, high-quality systematic reviews of high-quality cohort studies should be included in the evidence base. The study type combined with assessment of the methodological quality determines the level of evidence. In view of some methodological concerns in the Cochrane meta-analysis, particularly regarding definitions and diagnostic criteria for outcome measures and inclusion of non peer-reviewed studies/reports, a revision of the Cochrane analysis may seem warranted. Based on analysis of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies the results still indicate that breastfeeding is highly recommended for all infants irrespective of atopic heredity. A dietary regimen is effective in the prevention of allergic diseases in high-risk infants, particularly in early infancy regarding food allergy and eczema. The most effective dietary regimen is exclusively breastfeeding for at least 4-6 months or, in absence of breast milk, formulas with documented reduced allergenicity for at least the first 4 months, combined with avoidance of solid food and cow's milk for the first 4 months.