心理咨询门诊与精神科门诊不同年限初诊病例分析

目的　了解心理咨询门诊和精神科门诊就诊对象有何异同。方法　随机抽取 1999、2 0 0 1、2 0 0 3年一月份所有在上海市心理咨询中心和上海市精神卫生中心就诊的共 2 94 5个初诊病例 ,进行回顾性分析。结果　咨询门诊常见诊断依次为神经症、心境障碍、其它心理问题、精神分裂症 ,而精神科门诊常见诊断依次为精神分裂症、其它精神障碍、心境障碍、神经症 ,病种有显著统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　精神科门诊就诊对象以精神病性障碍为主 ,而心理咨询门诊更多的是亚健康人群的心理问题 ,心理咨询门诊是传统精神科门诊窗口的延伸 ,它拓展了精神科服务范围     

精神科门诊初诊病人1 020例调查分析

目的了解精神科门诊初诊病人的职业、病程和病种分布。方法对2003年1月～2004年7月精神科门诊初诊病人进行统计分析，对确诊病例按CCMD-3诊断标准进行分类。结果共调查1020例，发现职业以农民居多，占42．55％；病程以达到或超过1年的明显高于其他，而且其中以农村人口明显居多(P≤0．01)；病种以精神分裂症为最高，分裂样精神病次之，心境障碍居第三位，神经症次之，应激相关障碍居第五。结论门诊初诊病人的分布受职业、病程和病种等多因素影响，与就诊患的化素质、医院的特殊情况以及精神疾病的患病率等多方面有关。加强农村地区精神卫生知识的宣传，提高人们对精神卫生知识的认识已刻不容缓。     

心理咨询门诊与普通专科门诊抽样对照分析

目的调查本院心理咨询门诊与普通专科门诊就诊疾病谱的差异,了解两者在精神分裂症治疗上的差异以及对预后的影响。方法以1/20抽取1995～2002年间的门诊病例进行统计分析,其中心理咨询门诊病例79份,普通专科门诊病例143份。自行设计表格对就诊者的性别、年龄、初诊诊断和服药、住院情况进行统计,比较两者就诊疾病谱的差异,以及两者在精神分裂症治疗上的差异和对预后的影响。结果(1)心理咨询门诊就诊者以心境障碍和神经症为主(分别达25%和27%),普通专科门诊以精神分裂症为主(48%,t=14．66,P＜0．005)；(2)在精神分裂症的治疗上,心理咨询门诊第二代抗精神病药(SGAs)的应用率较高(50%vs 14%,P＜0．005),两处就诊者的预后也存在差异。结论心理咨询门诊与普通专科门诊在初诊中存在一定的分工；两者对精神分裂症治疗存在差异,这种差异可能直接导致精神分裂症的预后,我国有待建立规范的精神分裂症治疗指南；全社会对非重性精神疾病的重视程度仍有待加强。     

不同时期精神科门诊初诊病人的临床特征分析

目的分析不同时期初诊病人一般情况及诊断,旨在为精神科诊疗提供参考。方法自编调查表比较1994年1月1日-12月31日与2005年同期精神科门诊初诊病人,并进行统计学分析。结果2005年组门诊初诊病人为1994年组的两倍,其中,城镇病人显著增加,平均年龄显著增大,大学、高中文化程度者显著增多,农民和工人显著减少,已婚病人显著减少,精神分裂症、急性短暂性精神病、癔症和神经衰弱显著减少;而抑郁症、焦虑症、非器质性睡眠障碍和精神发育迟滞则显著增多。结论不同时期精神科门诊初诊病人的临床特征不同,应进一步加强对精神病的防治工作。     

综合医院心理咨询门诊中的精神分裂症

作者分析了在本院心理门诊十年内收集到的７００例精神分裂症病人，其中男性居多，住城市者居多，１６岁至３０岁者居多，４０．７１％的病人首诊时无人陪诊，病程在１年内者为４１．４８％，仅３０．４３％的病人来诊前曾接受过专科诊治，咨询原因包括幻觉、妄想、淡漠、懒散等，治疗３周以上者９５．４５％取得了较好疗效。作者认为，综合医院心理咨询门诊在精神分裂症的二级预防中能起极为重要的作用，也能为其三级预防提供便利．     

氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮对血糖影响的对照分析

目的　比较氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮对精神分裂症病人血糖的影响。方法　采用全自动生化仪对单用氯丙嗪、氯氮平或利培酮治疗的精神分裂症病人各 3 0例进行治疗前后的血糖测定对比分析。结果　氯氮平组的精神分裂症病人治疗后血糖较治疗前明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,氯丙嗪组和利培酮组治疗前后血糖无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　氯氮平可引起精神分裂症病人糖代谢的异常 ,在用氯氮平时应注意监测血糖。     

阿立哌唑、利培酮及氯丙嗪对精神分裂症疗效及认知功能的影响

目的探讨非经典抗精神病药阿立哌唑、利培酮及传统抗精神病药氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的疗效及对认知功能的影响。方法将148例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症病人随机分为阿立哌唑组（48例）、利培酮组（52例）和氯丙嗪组（48例），观察12周，分别于治疗前及治疗后4、8、12周采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应；治疗前及治疗后12周采用韦氏成人记忆测检（WMS）及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）测定。结果与治疗前比较，三组治疗后12周PANSS总分及各因子分显著下降（P〈0．01），但三组之间无显著差异；利培酮、氯丙嗪组的不良反应发生率高于阿立哌唑组（P〈0．05），主要表现为肌强直、震颤等锥体外系等不良反应；阿立哌唑、利培酮组WMS和WCST评分均有显著改善，而氯丙嗪组治疗前后则无差异。结论阿立哌唑、利培酮及氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症均有效，且疗效相当，阿立哌唑所致锥体外系不良反应较少，阿立哌唑、利培酮对认知功能有改善作用，而氯丙嗪则对认知功能无影响。     

利培酮与氯丙嗪治疗难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的：比较利培酮与氯丙嗪治疗难治性精神分裂分裂症的疗效。方法：将符合入组条件的病人随机分为2组,分别服用利培酮或氯丙嗪治疗12周,用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和副反应情况。结果：利培且总有效率为71．4％,明显高于氯丙嗪组42．9％,经统计学处理差异有显著性（P＜0．05）,结论：利培酮对难治性精神分裂症的 疗效优于氯丙嗪,对阴性症状效果更佳。     

抗精神病药对血清酶水平的影响

目的：比较氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮对精神分裂症患者血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)及γ-羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)活性的影响。方法：对单用氯丙嗪(30例)、氯氮平(29例)或利培酮(32例)治疗的精神分裂症患者于治疗前、治疗4、8和12周末分别进行血清酶测定及对比分析。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效。结果：氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮均可引起精神分裂症患者AST、CK及HBDH活性明显下降，氯丙嗪组和氯氮平组下降更明显。氯丙嗪、氯氮平均可引起精神分裂症患者LDH活性明显下降。结论：氯丙嗪、氯氮平及利培酮均可影响精神分裂症患者部分血清酶活性，但这些酶活性的改变不能说明精神分裂症发病和严重程度，也不能作为抗精神病药疗效指标。     

门诊抗精神病药使用情况的调查

为了解门诊病人抗精神病药（ＡＰＤ）使用频度、治疗方案、药物副反应和疗效，采用分层随机方法抽取４８１例病人，用半定式表格填写自制的精神药物使用调查表。结果发现，门诊使用ＡＰＤ前３位药品为氯丙嗪、氯氮平及奋乃静，治疗方案前３位为氯丙嗪、氯氮平及氯丙嗪＋氯氮平；发现治疗剂量＜４００ｍｇ／ｄ组病人，药物副反应轻，疗效亦较好；单一治疗组副反应较合并及联合用药组轻，且疗效明显较好。有５３．６％的病人使用安坦，其中３７．２％的病人为预防性使用安坦。作者认为门诊病人尽量单一应用ＡＰＤ治疗，维持治疗剂量宜在４００ｍｇ／ｄ以下，不主张长期或预防性使用安坦。     

Is the incidence of schizophrenia declining?: an investigation of the examination rates in the psychiatric clinics of a medical school hospital and a general hospital]

PURPOSE: Some researchers in Europe, America and Oceania have recently reported that the incidence of schizophrenia is declining. We investigated changes in the proportion of schizophrenic patients to the total number of patients in two Japanese hospitals during the last decade. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects were patients who first consulted the psychiatric clinic of Jichi Medical School or the psychiatric clinic of Kamitsuga General Hospital between December 1993 and November 1994 or between December 2003 and November 2004. Both clinics accepted new patients without prior appointments. Patients were classified using ICD-10 criteria (F0-F9, G40). The sex distribution of the patients and the mean age at first contact were compared for the two time periods. The proportion of schizophrenia (F2 in the ICD-10 criteria) to the total number of patients was compared for the two time periods after standardizing the populations with regard to age using the "1985 model population in Japan." RESULTS: A decade ago, 398 patients first contacted the psychiatric clinic of the medical school hospital, compared with 958 patients in the recent investigation. A decade ago, 166 patients first contacted the psychiatric clinic of the general hospital, compared with 407 patients in the recent investigation. No differences in the sex ratios of the two groups were noted. The mean age of the patients visiting the medical school significantly increased by 3.5 years (36.9 to 40.4 years), while that of the patients visiting the general hospital significantly increased by 10.0 years (46.2 to 56.2 years). The proportion of schizophrenia patients in the medical hospital decreased from 8.5% to 6.9%, while that in the general hospital decreased from 11.0% to 5.4%. Only the change in the proportion of schizophrenia patients at the general hospital was significant. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The facts that the mean age of first-contact patients has risen and that the number of first-contact patients has increased approximately 2.5-fold suggests a change in the composition of first-contact patients in the last decade. We have some reservations regarding the comparison of these two groups. Although the actual number of first-contact patients with schizophrenia increased in both clinics, we found that the proportions of schizophrenia patients decreased in both clinics after standardizing the populations with regard to age. This finding must be investigated in view of other factors, including the overall age distribution of first-contact patients, increases in the proportions of affective disorders and organic mental disorders, and so on.     

Polypharmacy in psychiatric treatment. Patterns of psychotropic drug use in Austrian psychiatric clinics.

There are great variations in the way psychotropic drugs are prescribed. Most experts are in favour of psychopharmacological monotherapy, but little is known about the extent to which it is actually practised. A survey of the psychopharmacological medication of all patients under treatment was carried out in three Austrian psychiatric clinics of various types on two separate days. A psychiatric university clinic, the psychiatric department of a general hospital and a regional mental hospital were selected for the survey. It was established that only 8% to 22% of the patients underwent psycho-pharmacological monotherapy and that the patients received 2.2 to 3.3 psychotropics on average. Five to 22% of the patients received five or more psychotropic agents. The results are presented in more detail in relation to the diagnoses of schizophrenia and depression. The rare occurence of monotherapy might be due to unsound treatment regimens in some instances, but much more to a general trend in psychiatry fostering polydrug use.     

Post-discharge Contact with Mental Health Clinics and Psychiatric Readmission: A 6-month Follow-up Study

Background: Continuity of mental health care is a major topic in the post deinstitutionalization era, especially concerning its possible importance as a contributing factor in preventing rehospitalization. Objectives: To examine a) the association between continuing care and time to rehospitalization; and b) the predictors of time to first outpatient contact after discharge from psychiatric hospital. Methods: Hospitalization records of all patients discharged from the Tirat Carmel psychiatric hospital in Israel, between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2006, the National Register of Psychiatric Hospitalizations database and administrative databases of all psychiatric outpatient clinics in this catchment area were used to monitor continuing care and rehospitalization within 180 days from discharge. Predictors of time to rehospitalization and outpatient visits were examined using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: Out of the 908 discharged inpatients, 29% were rehospitalized and 59% visited an outpatient clinic during the study period. Of those who visited a clinic, 22% were rehospitalized compared with 40% of those who did not visit. Not making aftercare contact with a mental health clinic during the study period and/ or having a history of more than four hospitalizations were significant predictors of earlier psychiatric readmission. Males and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders made contact with outpatient clinics significantly earlier. Patients who were discharged from the hospital after a daycare period contacted outpatient clinics significantly later than those who were not in daycare. Conclusions: The findings suggest that psychiatric rehospitalization is associated with discontinuity of contact with psychiatric services but not with diagnosis. Patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders were found to adhere to a greater degree to clinical aftercare, which may explain why they are not rehospitalized earlier than less severe patients.     

Twelve-year retrospective analysis of outpatients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Shanghai

Background

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common diagnosis among children treated in outpatient psychiatric clinics in China, accounting for up to 50% of all patients.

Objective

Understand changes over time in the characteristics and treatment of children with ADHD seen at specialty psychiatric clinics in China.

Methods

For each year from 2000 through 2011, 250 charts of patients who made their initial visit to the Child and Adolescent Psychological Counseling Clinic of the Shanghai Mental Health Center were randomly selected. Among the 3000 selected patients, 998 (33%) had a diagnosis of ADHD.

Results

About 80% of the ADHD patients were male and the majority of them fell ill prior to the age of seven. The mean (sd) age at the time of first attendance at the clinic was 10.0 (2.6) years and the mean duration of illness at the time of the initial visit was 2.9 (1.2) years; both of these values decreased significantly over time. About 20% of them were non-residents of Shanghai and about 11% had comorbid psychiatric diagnoses (primarily depression and tic disorder); both of these proportions increased significantly over time. Among the 576 (58%) who visited the clinic more than once, 77% were treated with central nervous system stimulants, but the proportion administered behavioral treatments (either solely on in combination with medications) increased significantly over time.

Conclusion

ADHD remains the most common diagnosis of children seen in specialty psychiatric clinics in China but the proportion of clinic attendees with ADHD is gradually declining as non-specialty treatment services expand and other diagnoses become more prominent. There are encouraging trends of earlier identification and treatment of ADHD and of increasing use of non-pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, most children with ADHD have been ill for at least two years at the time of the initial diagnosis, so continued research efforts are needed to identify the best ways to speed up the recognition and treatment of this disabling condition.     

Screening for and detection of depression, panic disorder, and PTSD in public-sector obstetric clinics

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed rates of detection and treatment of minor and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder among pregnant women receiving prenatal care at public-sector obstetric clinics. METHODS: Interviewers systematically screened 387 women attending prenatal visits. The screening process was initiated before each woman's examination. After the visit, patients were asked whether their clinician recognized a mood or anxiety disorder. Medical records were reviewed for documentation of psychiatric illness and treatment. RESULTS: Only 26 percent of patients who screened positive for a psychiatric illness were recognized as having a mood or anxiety disorder by their health care provider. Moreover, clinicians detected disorders among only 12 percent of patients who showed evidence of suicidal ideation. Women with panic disorder or a lifetime history of domestic violence were more likely to be identified as having a psychiatric illness by a health care provider at some point before or during pregnancy. All women who screened positive for panic disorder had received or were currently receiving mental health treatment outside the prenatal visit, whereas 26 percent of women who screened positive for major or minor depression had received or were currently receiving treatment outside the prenatal visit. CONCLUSIONS: Detection rates for depressive disorders in obstetric settings are lower than those for panic disorder and lower than those reported in other primary care settings. Consequently, a large proportion of pregnant women continue to suffer silently with depression throughout their pregnancy. Given that depressive disorders among perinatal women are highly prevalent and may have profound impact on infants and children, more work is needed to enhance detection and referral.     

Young cases of schizophrenia identified in a national inpatient register--are the diagnoses valid?

Background: Psychiatric inpatient registers are often used in research in the Nordic countries. We aimed to investigate the validity of recorded diagnoses of schizophrenia in the Swedish National Inpatient Register, in cases of early age at onset. We also wanted to describe the accuracy of the diagnoses in cities/university clinics and country hospitals as well as in child and adolescent psychiatric clinics and clinics for adults. Method: One hundred cases with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, born 1973–1977, were randomly selected. The psychiatric records were scrutinised according to the criteria of DSM-IV. Results: Eighty-six per cent (95 % CI 78–93 %) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria of schizophrenia syndrome and 76 % (95 % CI 66–86 %) fulfilled the “narrow” definition. There were no large differences in the accuracy of the diagnoses between regions or clinics. Conclusion: The proportion of “true” cases of schizophrenia is high in the Swedish National Inpatient Register. In addition, the results did not support large differences between clinics or regions although a larger sample size would be needed to test this formally. In comparison with earlier studies from the Nordic countries the validity seems to be quite stable over time, between different ages at onset and between Nordic countries. Thus, the registers are well suited to be used in schizophrenia research. Accepted: 17 June 2002 Correspondence to Ch. Dalman     

Mental health problems of Army personnel seen in medical outpatient clinics in Greece

OBJECTIVE: The problem of the underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment of mental disorders in people who visit health services has been studied in Greece as well as in other countries. There is not, however, enough research data for military personnel. The purpose of the present study is to assess the psychiatric morbidity of military personnel referred to outpatient clinics for physical problems. METHOD: Two hundred twenty-two (222) males serving in the Army, aged 21.9 +/- 2.8 years, were examined when they visited the outpatient clinics of a General Military Hospital of a border area of Greece. They gave information concerning demographic data, completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and were assessed by the psychiatric interview M.I.N.I. (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). RESULTS: Eighty-two out of 222 individuals (36.9%) were classified as GHQ cases. Enlisted men and personnel with chronic physical disabilities were classified more often as cases than were professionals and physically able military men. Those referred for fractures had fewer psychiatric problems than those referred for other reasons. The most common diagnoses were anxiety disorders, major depressive episode, and alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: A large number of military personnel present undiagnosed psychological problems despite attempts in the last few years by army services to develop mechanisms of timely diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric cases. Measures for the improvement of this situation are discussed.     

湖南省浏阳市农村社区精神分裂症患者就诊延误及其影响因素的研究

目的 探讨农村社区精神分裂症患者就诊延误情况及其影响因素.方法 以浏阳市农村社区为研究现场,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对抽中的3个乡镇共23个行政村≥15岁常住人口61 165人进行精神障碍的线索调查,对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版轴I障碍定式临床检查患者版中精神分裂症诊断标准的220例患者进行问卷调查.就诊延误定义为出现精神症状后≥2个月的时间没有就诊于医疗机构.结果 220例精神分裂症患者中,仅71例(32.3%)在出现明确的精神症状1个月内到医疗机构就诊;129例(58.6%)就诊延误≥2个月,113例(51.4%)≥3个月,104例(47.3%)≥6个月,28例(12.7%)自发病到接受调查之日从未就诊.影响患者就诊延误的主要因素是起病缓慢、首发症状以阴性症状为主、文化程度低和无稳定婚姻关系.结论 浏阳市农村社区精神分裂症患者存在严重的就诊延误;针对影响就诊延误的主要因素,应通过健康教育和精神障碍筛查等手段提高精神分裂症患者的就诊率.     

Correlates of ADHD among children in pediatric and psychiatric clinics

OBJECTIVE: Conventional wisdom among pediatricians has been that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who receive their diagnosis and are managed in the primary care setting have fewer comorbid psychiatric disorders and milder impairments than those seen in psychiatric clinics. The authors sought to determine whether comorbidity and clinical correlates of ADHD differ among children in these two settings. METHODS: A case-control study design was used. Participants were 522 children and adolescents of both sexes, six to 18 years of age, with (N=280) and without (N=242) ADHD. Participants were drawn from pediatric and psychiatric clinics in a tertiary care hospital and a health maintenance organization in a large metropolitan area. Assessments were conducted with standardized measures of psychiatric, cognitive, social, academic, and family function. RESULTS: The number, type, clusters, and age at onset of ADHD symptoms were nearly identical for youths at pediatric and psychiatric ascertainment sources. Regardless of source, participants with ADHD were significantly more likely than controls to have a higher prevalence of mood disorders, other disruptive behavior, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Significant impairments of intellectual, academic, interpersonal, and family functioning did not differ between ascertainment sources. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD from both psychiatric and pediatric practices have prototypical symptoms of the disorder; high levels of comorbidity with mood, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorders; and impairments in cognitive, interpersonal, and academic function that do not differ by ascertainment source. These findings suggest that children cared for in pediatric practice have similar levels of comorbidity and dysfunction as psychiatrically referred youth.