长沙地区AIDS合并菌血症患者病原菌分布及耐药性

目的探讨艾滋病（获得性免疫缺陷综合征,AIDS）合并菌血症患者病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法对2009年1月-2010年12月某院住院患者送检标本中所有AIDS患者的血培养病原菌及其药敏资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期普通患者血培养病原菌资料进行比较。结果调查期间共收集9 554份血培养标本（其中AIDS患者标本1 522份）,普通患者血培养阳性571份,AIDS患者血培养阳性77份。 AIDS患者血培养病原菌主要以真菌为主（81.82%）,其中马内菲青霉菌占66.23%,其次是新生隐球菌（7.79%）、克鲁维酵母菌（5.19%）,细菌感染（18.18%）以散发病例为主;普通患者血培养病原菌主要以细菌为主（91.42%）,真菌占8.58%;两组患者菌血症感染病原菌差异有统计学意义（χ2=254.55,P＜0.01）。马内菲青霉菌对两性霉素B、氟康唑敏感性差;而新生隐球菌、克鲁维酵母菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性较高,无明显耐药。结论加强AIDS合并菌血症患者机会致病菌的流行病学监测,及早发现病原菌,是实现感染控制的关键。     

22例艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌感染患者的临床特征

目的分析艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌感染患者的临床特征。方法收集2016年1—12月长沙市第一医院收治的22例艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌感染患者的临床病历资料,回顾性分析患者的临床表现、辅助检查结果、治疗经过及疾病转归等临床资料。结果 22例患者中男性15例,女性7例,年龄18~57岁。22例患者均表现出呼吸系统症状,有20例患者出现不同程度的发热,12例患者出现皮疹,7例患者可触及脾大,15例患者伴有消瘦、口腔白斑、淋巴结大。患者辅助检查血常规白细胞、淋巴细胞下降,伴有贫血及血小板减少;CD4+计数均有不同程度减少,且均50cells/μL;21例患者血清腺苷脱氨酶有不同程度的升高;感染患者的胸部影像学表现常见斑片状或斑点状浸润影,其次为结节影、毛玻璃样改变。两性霉素B和伊曲康唑对马尔尼菲篮状菌感染的治疗效果较好。16例患者在积极抗真菌治疗后病情得到控制,5例患者转回当地继续治疗,仅1例患者在住院期间由于出现严重的多器官衰竭死亡。结论艾滋病合并马尔尼菲篮状菌感染患者的临床表现复杂多样,血清腺苷脱氨酶可作为一个辅助诊断指标,艾滋病患者均有明显免疫力缺陷。     

两种血培养瓶在昆明市某医院近5年艾滋病患者血流感染病原分析中的应用

目的了解昆明某医院近5年住院艾滋病患者血流感染病原分布。对比两种血培养瓶对不同病原菌的检出情况。 方法对2013-2017年住院艾滋病患者使用两种血培养瓶(普通血培养和分枝杆菌/真菌血培养)的培养结果进行回顾分析。 结果普通血培养阳性率5.8%,病原菌前5位为马尔尼菲篮状菌、新生隐球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌。分枝杆菌/真菌血培养阳性率12.8%,病原菌前5位为分枝杆菌、马尔尼菲篮状菌、新生隐球菌、大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。 结论2013-2017年艾滋病患者血流感染病原菌以真菌为主,马尔尼菲篮状菌和新生隐球菌为真菌感染的主要菌种;应用分枝杆菌/真菌血培养瓶,分枝杆菌检出率4.8%,分枝杆菌是引起艾滋病患者血流感染仅次于真菌的病原菌,分枝杆菌引起的血流感染不容忽视;普通血培养瓶配合分枝杆菌/真菌血培养瓶的使用可以增加艾滋病患者血流感染病原菌检出机会。     

Health care in-depth. Tuberculosis and HIV

Tuberculosis (TB) probably did not become a problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) until around the 1850s. Poverty, inadequate TB control activities, and the HIV epidemic contribute to SSA having the world's highest TB case notification rate. HIV infection is responsible for a marked increase in TB in 15-45 year olds. In some parts of SSA, up to 70% of TB patients have HIV infection. A healthy immune system controls infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and prevents progression to TB but does not rid the body of dormant TB bacilli. HIV infection lowers immunity, therefore increasing susceptibility to TB. 25% of new TB cases each year in SSA are attributable to HIV infection. TB is the leading cause of death in HIV-infected individuals in SSA. The median CD4 count in HIV-infected adult TB patients is 200-250. Many persons in late stage HIV infection with TB are sputum smear negative. HIV-infected persons are more likely to have disseminated and extrapulmonary TB than HIV-negative persons. HIV infection sometimes reduces the skin test response to tuberculin. It is best to avoid anti-TB treatment as a diagnostic test for TB. Clinicians should not treat HIV-infected TB patients with thiacetazone but rather ethambutol. Thiacetazone can induce a severe, and sometimes fatal, skin reaction in HIV-infected persons. Many National TB Programs recommend ethambutol in place of streptomycin due to the problems associated with inadequate sterilization of needles and syringes and the pain associated with streptomycin injections in wasted HIV-infected TB patients. HIV-infected TB patients are more likely to die within 12 months after anti-TB treatment has begun than HIV-negative patients. Active TB may boost HIV replication. The World Health Organization does not yet recommend widespread isoniazid preventive therapy for HIV-positive persons in high TB prevalence countries.     

Histoplasmosis capsulati and duboisii in Europe: The impact of the HIV pandemic,travel and immigration

The present report describes a fatal case of imported AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis capsulati infection associated with multiple coexisting infections, diagnosed with cultural recovery ofHistoplasma capsulation var.capsulatum with a commercial radiometricMycobacterium medium. The epidemiological and clinical features of histoplasmosis capsulati and duboisii in Europe are reviewed by examining also 69 documented cases ofHistoplasma capsulatum var.capsulatum infection (25 in AIDS patients) and 17 cases ofHistoplasma capsulatum var.duboisii infection (3 in HIV-infected patients), described since 1980. This draws special attention to the role played during recent years by the emergence of the HIV pandemic and the progressive intensification of travel and immigration as risk factors for this disease in our continent. AIDS patients, who are prone to multiple concurrent opportunistic infections which may share clinical and laboratory features with each other and with other HIV-associated diseases, represent the most relevant current group at risk for severe disseminated histoplasmosis, which may come to medical attention far from their place of origin.     

Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Rhodococcus equi from clinical specimens

Rhodococcus equi, an unusual gram positive aerobic actinomycete, was first described as a respiratory pathogen of livestock in 1923. Reports of human clinical illness have emphasized R. equi as a cause of invasive pulmonary infection in severely immunocompromised patients and, recently, have implicated it as a cause of pneumonia, bacteremia and disseminated infection in HIV-infected patients. To determine the distribution of R. equi we evaluated 107 isolates referred to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) during the period January 1973 through December 1990. The sites of these 107 isolates (101 patient and 6 animal isolates) were: blood (32 isolates), sputum (30), lung tissue (13) and other site (32). Before 1983, when the first R. equi isolate from an HIV-infected patient was received, CDC received a total of 52 patient isolates. In addition, during this 10 year period, R. equi isolates were received from more than one site from only one patient. However, during the two year period 1989–1990, we identified 8 patients with underlying HIV infection and R. equi pneumonia who accounted for 29 of 35 (83%) R. equi patient isolates; 6 of these patients also had bacteremia and three died with disseminated R. equi infection. No isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam, gentamicin or imipenem, and few (< 5%) isolates were resistant to erythromycin, rifampin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. These results suggest that HIV-infected patients, in particular, are predisposed to develop invasive pulmonary, fatal disseminated R. equi infection (or both), and appropriate antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates may improve the effectiveness of therapy of R. equi-infected patients.     

Emerging disease issues and fungal pathogens associated with HIV infection.

Fungal diseases are increasing among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. Infections due to Candida and Cryptococcus are the most common. Although mucocutaneous candidiasis can be treated with oral antifungal agents, increasing evidence suggests that prolonged use of these drugs results in both clinical and microbiologic resistance. The optimal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis remains unresolved, although initial treatment with amphotericin B, followed by life-long maintenance therapy with fluconazole, appears promising. Most cases of histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and blastomycosis occur in regions where their causative organisms are endemic, and increasing data suggest that a significant proportion of disease is due to recent infection. Aspergillosis is increasing dramatically as an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients, in part because of the increased incidence of neutropenia and corticosteroid use in these patients. Infection due to Penicillium marneffei is a rapidly growing problem among HIV-infected patients living in Southeast Asia. Although the advent of oral azole antifungal drugs has made primary prophylaxis against fungal diseases in HIV-infected patients feasible, many questions remain to be answered before the preventive use of antifungal drugs can be advocated.     

Risk factors for mortality among patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis at an academic inner-city hospital in the US

Despite an overall decrease in numbers of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the US, the proportion of extrapulmonary TB cases has increased. The study objective was to determine the most important predictors of all-cause mortality among patients with extrapulmonary TB. A retrospective chart review of adult extrapulmonary TB cases registered between 01/1995 and 12/2001 at Grady Memorial Hospital (a 1,000 bed, public inner-city hospital in Atlanta) was performed. Risk factors for death within 12 months after diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB were identified in multivariate analysis using log-binomial regression model. A total of 212 cases of extrapulmonary TB were identified; 100 (47%) were HIV-infected. The majority of patients were male (68%) and African-American (84%); mean age was 40 years. The most common sites of extrapulmonary TB were: lymph node (26%), pleural (21%), disseminated (20%), and central nervous system (CNS) or meningeal (16%). All-cause mortality rate in patients with extrapulmonary TB was 15% (21% among HIV-seropositive and 9% among HIV-uninfected patients, p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of mortality included disseminated disease (PR = 4.66, 95% CI 1.93–11.24) and CNS/meningeal extrapulmonary TB (PR = 4.29, 95% CI 1.78–10.33), controlling for HIV infection. Extrapulmonary TB continues to be a persistent problem in the inner city and is associated with high mortality rates, especially among HIV-infected. Disseminated disease and the presence of CNS/meningeal TB are associated with poor prognosis.     

4例少见丝状真菌深部感染实验室检测

目的报告4例少见丝状真菌深部感染病例的临床及实验室检测资料,为相关真菌病的诊断提供参考。方法取患者感染部位分泌物或血液标本直接涂片和真菌培养,根据真菌培养的菌落特点和镜下形态,鉴定至菌种。结果分别从4例患者的伤口分泌物和血培养标本中分离出4株丝状真菌,经鉴定为申克孢子丝菌、串珠镰刀菌、马尔尼菲青霉和尖端赛多孢子菌。结论申克孢子丝菌、串珠镰刀菌、马尔尼菲青霉和尖端赛多孢子菌引起的临床感染少见,且检测困难,应加强对少见真菌感染的认识和实验室检测,提高诊断和治疗水平。     

Clinicopathological features of cutaneous histoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Zimbabwe

Reports of disseminated Histoplasma infection in African AIDS patients are scanty. In Zimbabwe, 12 patients presented in 1994-2000 with facial nodular/papular cutaneous lesions, which became umbilicated and finally ulcerated. Histology revealed non-granulomatous inflammation and macrophages stuffed with Histoplasma. Recognition of these clinical features may lead to more rapid diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis in Africa.     

Disseminated infection with Simiae-Avium group mycobacteria in persons with AIDS--Thailand and Malawi, 1997

Persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection are susceptible to disseminated mycobacterial infections. In the United States, most such infections are caused by Mycobacterium avium or M. intracellulare (i.e., M. avium complex [MAC]). In less developed countries, M. tuberculosis is equally or more prevalent than MAC in persons with HIV-1 infection. Other mycobacterial species have been reported to cause disseminated infection in HIV-infected persons, including Simiae-Avium (SAV) group mycobacteria. SAV group organisms share characteristics of M. avium and M. simiae. Although disseminated (i.e., the isolation of a mycobacterial species from the blood) infection with M. simiae has been reported in HIV-infected persons, another distinct species within the SAV group, M. triplex, was characterized in 1996. Two cases of disseminated infection caused by M. triplex have been reported in HIV-1-positive persons. This report describes four HIV-infected patients from Bangkok, Thailand, and Lilongwe, Malawi, who were infected with SAV group organisms. Because different mycobacterial species are not susceptible uniformly to antimycobacterial agents, accurate identification of mycobacterial species causing an infection is crucial for directing appropriate therapy.     

Uveitis in patients with HIV infection

We carried out a retrospective analysis of 581 patients with uveitis seen over an 11-year period, to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in these patients and to look for associated diseases and the possible causes of uveitis in HIV-infected patients. All patients underwent routine eye examination and most also underwent a general examination and complementary tests. The prevalence of HIV infection was 14.3% (89 patients). Anterior uveitis (62%) was the most frequent, followed by posterior uveitis (22%), panuveitis (12%) and intermediate uveitis (4%). Associated conditions or causes were identified in 88% of the HIV-infected patients, with herpes zoster ophthalmicus the most frequent (43 %), followed by tuberculosis (16%), CMV infection (12%) and toxoplasmosis (10%). Thus, uveitis in HIV-infected patients is frequently associated with opportunistic infections.     

诺卡菌病13例临床分析

 目的 对诺卡菌病的临床特征进行分析,以期为诺卡菌病的诊断治疗提供经验。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2020年11月四川省人民医院13例诺卡菌病患者临床资料。结果 13例患者中肺部感染5例,中枢神经系统感染2例,皮肤感染4例,播散性感染及化脓性关节炎各1例。其中12例患有基础疾病,主要有支气管扩张、自身免疫性疾病、糖尿病、高血压。所有患者白细胞、C反应蛋白（CRP）均增高,仅3例检测降钙素原（PCT）,均增高。病原学检查结果均为诺卡菌。9例患者单用或联用复方磺胺甲口恶唑,3例患者单独使用左氧氟沙星,1例播散性感染患者使用碳青霉烯类联合利奈唑胺。脑脓肿和皮肤感染采取外科治疗,手术或者清创。12例患者均好转,仅1例化脓性脑膜炎患者加重。结论 诺卡菌病主要有肺部感染、中枢神经系统感染、皮肤感染、播散性感染4类,患支气管扩张或自身免疫性疾病的患者更容易感染。     

Common reservoirs for Penicillium marneffei infection in humans and rodents, China

Human penicilliosis marneffei is an emerging infectious disease caused by the fungus Penicillium marneffei. High prevalence of infection among bamboo rats of the genera Rhizomys and Cannomys suggest that these rodents are a key facet of the P. marneffei life cycle. We trapped bamboo rats during June 2004-July 2005 across Guangxi Province, China, and demonstrated 100% prevalence of infection. Multilocus genotypes show that P. marneffei isolates from humans are similar to those infecting rats and are in some cases identical. Comparison of our dataset with genotypes recovered from sites across Southeast Asia shows that the overriding component of genetic structure in P. marneffei is spatial, with humans containing a greater diversity of genotypes than rodents. Humans and bamboo rats are sampling an as-yet undiscovered common reservoir of infection, or bamboo rats are a vector for human infections by acting as amplifiers of infectious dispersal stages.     

Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons, Peru

During 1999 to 2000, we identified HIV-infected persons with new episodes of tuberculosis (TB) at 10 hospitals in Lima, Peru, and a random sample of other Lima residents with TB. Multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB was documented in 35 (43%) of 81 HIV-positive patients and 38 (3.9%) of 965 patients who were HIV-negative or of unknown HIV status (p<0.001). HIV-positive patients with MDR-TB were concentrated at three hospitals that treat the greatest numbers of HIV-infected persons with TB. Of patients with TB, those with HIV infection differed from those without known HIV infection in having more frequent prior exposure to clinical services and more frequent previous TB therapy or prophylaxis. However, MDR-TB in HIV-infected patients was not associated with previous TB therapy or prophylaxis. MDR-TB is an ongoing problem in HIV-infected persons receiving care in public hospitals in Lima and Callao; they represent sentinel cases for a potentially larger epidemic of nosocomial MDR-TB.     

Treatment and serological studies of an Italian case of penicilliosis marneffei contracted in Thailand by a drug addict infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

A case of disseminated penicilliosis marneffei, the first to be diagnosed in Italy, is described in a male HIV-positive drug addict. The patient had visited Thailand several times in the two years prior to his hospitalization. The presenting signs were fever, productive cough, facial skin papules and pustules, nodules on both thumbs and oropharyngeal candidiasis. Penicillium marneffei was isolated from a series of blood specimens with the lysis centrifugation procedure. Septate, yeast-like cells were observed in histological sections of the nodules and sputum smears.The patient was treated for 6 weeks with amphotericin B (total dosage 1,400 mg) and flucytosine (150 mg/kg/die) for the first 3 weeks. Prompt clinical improvement and sterilization of all biological specimens were attained. Itraconazole was administered as maintenance therapy (400 mg/die for the first month and 200 mg afterward). During the follow-up period, no relapse was observed. The patient, however, did succumb to a variety of non-mycotic infections and died nine months after start of therapy. At autopsy, P. marneffei was not detected in his tissues.Serological studies were performed with a micro-immunodiffusion procedure using a mycelial culture filtrate antigen of P. marneffei. Sera taken early in the course of the disease gave positive antibody reactions. Whereas sera taken 3–5 months following therapy were negative.All known cases of penicilliosis marneffei in bamboo rats and in humans among the inhabitants and visitors to the endemic areas of P. marneffei in South East Asia and Indonesia are summarized.     

Disseminated bacille Calmette�CGu��rin disease in HIV-infected South African infants

Objective

To determine the population-based incidence of disseminated bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) disease in HIV-infected infants (aged ≤ 1 year) in a setting with a high burden of tuberculosis and HIV infection coupled with a well-functioning programme for the prevention of HIV infection in infants.

Methods

The numerator, or number of new cases of disseminated BCG disease, was derived from multicentre surveillance data collected prospectively on infants with a confirmed HIV infection during 2004–2006. The denominator, or total number of HIV-infected infants who were BCG-vaccinated, was derived from population-based estimates of the number of live infants and from reported maternal HIV infection prevalence, vertical HIV transmission rates and BCG vaccination rates.

Findings

The estimated incidences of disseminated BCG disease per 100 000 BCG-vaccinated, HIV-infected infants were as follows: 778 (95% confidence interval, CI: 361–1319) in 2004 (vertical HIV transmission rate: 10.4%); 1300 (95% CI: 587–2290) in 2005 (transmission rate: 6.1%); and 1013 (95% CI: 377–1895) in 2006 (transmission rate: 5.4%). The pooled incidence over the study period was 992 (95% CI: 567–1495) per 100 000.

Conclusion

Multicentre surveillance data showed that the risk of disseminated BCG disease in HIV-infected infants is considerably higher than previously estimated, although likely to be under-estimated. There is an urgent need for data on the risk–benefit ratio of BCG vaccination in HIV-infected infants to inform decision-making in settings where HIV infection and tuberculosis burdens are high. Safe and effective tuberculosis prevention strategies are needed for HIV-infected infants.     

马尔尼菲青霉菌的分子生物学研究进展

马尔尼菲青霉菌是东南亚国家和我国南方地区艾滋病机会性感染常见的侵袭性真菌,一般引起播散性感染.其感染确诊需要病原诊断,治疗难度较大,病死率高.该菌致病途径多样,发病机制复杂,与流行病学、基因组学、蛋白组学等因素相关.近年来,马尔尼菲青霉菌分子流行病学特点、基因组特征、致病与耐药分子机制及PCR快速诊断等方面的研究取得了初步进展,为有效防治艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌感染提供了可靠的理论依据.     

HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.

This article reviews the clinical aspects and diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries, and summarizes WHO's recommendations for treatment. According to WHO estimates (early 1992) over 4 million persons worldwide have been infected with HIV and tuberculosis; 95% of them are in the developing countries. Clinical features of HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis in adults are frequently atypical, particularly in the late stage of HIV infection, with non-cavitary disease, lower lobe infiltrates, hilar lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion. More typical post-primary tuberculosis with upper lobe infiltrates and cavitations is seen in the earlier stages of HIV infection. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is reported more frequently, despite the difficulties in diagnosing it. WHO's recent guidelines recommend 6-month short-course chemotherapy with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis. The older 12-month regimen without rifampicin is much less effective. Streptomycin should not be used, because of the risk of transmitting blood-borne pathogens through contaminated needles. Thioacetazone should be abandoned, because of severe adverse reactions observed among HIV-infected patients. The roles of preventive chemotherapy and BCG vaccination for prevention of tuberculosis are also briefly discussed.     

马尔尼菲青霉菌培养与鉴定

目的 提高马尔尼菲青霉菌(PMA)培养鉴定在基层实验室的诊断水平.方法 取患者血液或骨髓液置于BacT/Alert 3D血培养仪系统配套的成人中和抗生素培养瓶,经培养提示阳性,取阳性培养物和淋巴结组织涂片、革兰染色镜检见病原体有细长分枝、分隔菌丝、腊肠形菌体,转种到哥伦比亚血平板、萨布罗琼脂及CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基,观察25℃和35℃孵育时的菌落形态及镜下菌体特征;测试相关生化反应,观察其结果.结果 PMA培养鉴别依据:是双相型真菌,25℃培养为真菌相,35℃培养为酵母相,均能产生葡萄酒红色色素;显微镜下菌体形态:25℃培养有典型的帚状枝,35℃培养可见圆形、卵圆形、两端钝圆略弯曲呈腊肠形有横隔菌体;生化结果:都能同化和发酵葡萄糖产酸,脲素酶阳性,都能被放线菌酮环己酰亚胺抑制,不能同化发酵乳糖.结论 PMA适宜的培养基是萨布罗培养基,菌体形态结构适宜的染色是乳酸棉兰染色、革兰染色,适宜基层实验窀开展.