单峰双M多发性骨髓瘤

多发性骨髓瘤一般认为是单克隆γ球蛋白病,双克隆或双M蛋白病例并不多见。Orial等统计分析6141病例,发现含有不只一种M蛋白成分者仅60例,不及1%。国内情况相仿,只有个别双M病例报道,系     

Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The efficacy and safety of lenalidomide maintenance therapy after ASCT in patients with MM has been in question. In order to address the issue, we conducted a meta-analysis of two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies encompassing 1074 patients treated with lenalidomide or placebo maintenance therapy after ASCT. The predominant clinical outcomes of interest were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events. There was a marked benefit in PFS with lenalidomide (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.93 to 3.24). There was statistically non-significant tendency toward benefit in OS with lenalidomide (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.65 to 2.24). For adverse events, more patients in lenalidomide treatment arm experienced neutropenia (OR = 4.88, 95% CI = 3.67 to 6.50), infection (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.67 to 4.73), hematologic cancers (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.30 to 8.41), and solid tumors (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.01 to 4.98). No significant differences were seen with deep vein thrombosis (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 0.92 to 5.06), peripheral neuropathy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.53 to 4.25), thrombocytopenia (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.12 to 9.54), and anemia (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 0.02 to 83.86). Based on these results, we conclude that lenalidomide maintenance therapy for patients with MM after ASCT was effective in the improvement of PFS. However, treatment-related adverse events must be close monitored. Although there was a trend for increased OS with lenalidomide, there was no statistically significant difference in OS between lenalidomide maintenance therapy arm and placebo maintenance therapy arm. Therefore, longer follow-up and additional high quality RCTs were needed to evaluate the effects of lenalidomide maintenance on OS.     

Changes in renal function after different tandem hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation approaches in patients with multiple myeloma

This study was done to observe the alteration of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in multiple myeloma patients according to type of tandem hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Forty-one patients were enrolled in this study. Twenty patients underwent autologous HSCT (auto-HSCT) and 21 patients underwent allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT). The changes in eGFR after the two tandem HSCT modalities were different between the two groups, according to the donor of stem cells (P = 0.016). In the auto-HSCT group, the eGFR, recorded 12 months after secondary HSCT, was significantly decreased compared with the eGFR recorded before stem cell mobilization (P = 0.005). Although there was no significant difference, the trend showed that the eGFR after allo-HSCT decreased from the previous HSCT until a month after secondary HSCT. In addition, after 6 months of secondary HSCT, the eGFR recovered to the level recorded prior to the HSCT (P = 0.062). This difference may be due to total body irradiation, a calcineurin inhibitor, or maintenance therapy. Changes in renal function would be monitored closely for these patients. The recovery of the eGFR would be a main focus for the patients treated with the total body irradiation or the calcineurin inhibitor, a progressive decline of the eGFR would be also crucial for the patients treated with maintenance therapy.     

Non-cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: Bicentric study

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of autologous transplantation of non-frozen peripheral blood stem cells in Moroccan patients with multiple myeloma.Material and methodsThis was a bicentric retrospective study conducted in the Clinical Haematology Department of Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital and at the Al Madina Clinic in Casablanca. The study period was from January 2015 to June 2019. All patients with multiple myeloma who had undergone an autologous peripheral stem cell transplant without freezing were included. Mobilisation was performed with lenograstim alone and the collected stem cells were stored for 24–48 hours in a blood bank refrigerator at a temperature of 4 °C. After standard conditioning with high-dose melphalan, the peripheral blood stem cells were reinjected 24 h following conditioning.ResultsOver the study period, 55 patients received an autologous transplant using non-frozen peripheral blood stem cells. The median richness of the CD34 cells collected was 4.5 × 10⁶ CD34/kg (range: 2–12.2). The time required for neutrophil recovery was 12 days (range: 7–19). The time required for platelet recovery was 14 days (range: 9–32). The mortality rate within 100 days post-transplant was 3.6%. We did not observe any cases of graft failure.ConclusionOur study finds good feasibility and low toxicity of autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation without freezing in patients with multiple myeloma.     

The role of autologous stem cell transplantation in the management of multiple myeloma

In the past 10 years, the concept of dose intensity with autologous hematopoietic stem cell support has modified the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We review here the rationale for high dose therapy (HDT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in the treatment of myeloma patients, its benefit as compared to standard therapy, indications according to patients' age and clinical status, modalities and optimal timing. We also discuss the future prospects for improvement.     

Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation for multiple myeloma.

The idiotype (Id) determinants on the multiple myeloma immunoglobulin can serve as tumor-specific antigens. An anti-Id immune response may stem the growth of the malignant clone. We report on 26 patients treated at our institution with high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) and vaccinated with the Id protein. The patients received chemotherapy and PBPCT to establish a minimal residual disease state. After high-dose therapy, the patients received a series of monthly immunizations consisting of 2 intravenous infusions of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with either Id protein or Id coupled with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as an immunogenic carrier protein, followed by subcutaneous boosts of Id-KLH conjugates. DCs were obtained in all patients from a leukapheresis product 3 to 9 months after PBPCT. Patients were observed for toxicity, immune responses, and tumor status. The DC infusions and the administration of Id-KLH boosts were well tolerated, with patients experiencing only minor and transient side effects. Of the patients, 24 of 26 generated a KLH-specific cellular proliferative immune response. Only 4 patients developed an Id-specific proliferative immune response. Three of these immune responders were in complete remission at the time of vaccination. A total of 17 patients are alive at a median follow-up of 30 months after transplantation. Id vaccination with autologous DCs is feasible for myeloma patients after transplantation. Id-specific cellular responses can be induced in patients who are in complete remission. Further studies are needed to increase the rate of anti-Id immune responses in patients who do not achieve complete remission.     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的新进展

背景：自体造血干细胞移植是治疗多发性骨髓瘤的有效手段,诱导化疗后行自体造血干细胞移植已成为多发性骨髓瘤的标准治疗方案,多单位、多中心进行了大规模的研究报道。如何减少药物毒副反应、移植相关并发症及改善长期生存是目前关注的重点。 目的：综述自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的新进展。 方法：应用计算机检索2006年1月至2012年11月PubMed、CNKI数据库、维普数据库、万方数据库、free medicaljournals.com网络资源关于自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的文献。英文检索词“Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, multiple myeloma”;中文检索词“自体造血干细胞移植,多发性骨髓瘤”。选中相关性强的46篇进行综述。 结果与结论：大剂量化疗联合自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的疗效优于传统化疗。但单次自体造血干细胞移植后仍有许多患者不能得到很好的缓解,疾病最终难免复发;异基因造血干细胞移植受到供体来源限制,且治疗相关病死率高,运用受到限制。因此目前的新发展方向包括：在单次自体造血干细胞移植的基础上进行2次自体造血干细胞移植、自体联合减低预处理强度的异体移植以及药物巩固维持治疗。新型药物蛋白酶体抑制剂及免疫调节剂在诱导缓解、预处理、尤其是巩固维持阶段的使用,使多发性骨髓瘤的治疗总体反应率及长期生存得到显著改善。     

High-dose therapy with single autologous transplantation versus chemotherapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Myeloablative high-dose therapy and single autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT) is frequently performed early in the course of multiple myeloma, supported by some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicating overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) benefit compared with nonmyeloablative standard-dose therapy (SDT). Other RCTs, however, suggest variable benefit. We therefore undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of all RCTs evaluating upfront HDT versus SDT in myeloma. The primary objective was to quantify OS benefit with HDT, with PFS benefit a secondary objective. Anticipating heterogeneity, sensitivity and subgroup analyses were undertaken to assess robustness of results. Assessment of harms (treatment-related mortality) was also undertaken. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Collection of Controlled Trials databases using the terms myeloma combined with autologous or transplant or myeloablative or stem cell. In total, 3407 articles were accessed, and 10 RCTs prospectively comparing upfront HDT with SDT, with > or =2-year follow-up, and reporting OS benefit on an intent-to-treat basis were identified. Two reviewers independently extracted study characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. Hazard ratios (with 95% confidence interval) were determined. Nine studies comprising 2411 patients were fully analyzed. Significant heterogeneity was present. The combined hazard of death with HDT was 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.13). The combined hazard of progression with HDT was 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.96). The totality of the randomized data indicates PFS benefit but not OS benefit for HDT with single autologous transplantation performed early in multiple myeloma. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses supported the findings and indicated that, contrary to current reimbursement criteria, PFS benefit with upfront HDT is not restricted to chemoresponsive myeloma. However, the overall risk of developing treatment-related mortality with HDT was increased significantly (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.64-5.50). Hence, evaluating alternative therapeutic options upfront may also be reasonable.     

Second autologous stem cell transplantation as salvage therapy for multiple myeloma: impact on progression-free and overall survival

The role of a second autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) as salvage therapy is unclear, particularly with the availability of novel agents to treat progressive multiple myeloma (MM). We retrospectively reviewed all MM patients who received a second ASCT as salvage therapy at our center from March 1992 to December 2009. Eighty-one MM patients received a second ASCT for relapsed MM. The median time to relapse after first transplant was 39 months (9.83-100). All patients received reinduction therapy before the second ASCT. The high-dose regimen given before the second ASCT consisted of melphalan (MEL) alone in the majority. Complete response, very good partial response, and partial response were seen in 7.7%, 39.7%, and 50%, respectively, at day 100 post-ASCT; the median time to relapse after the second ASCT was 19 months. Early deaths occurred in 2.6%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) based on the time to myeloma relapse after first ASCT was 9.83 months (relapse ≤ 24 months) and 17.3 months (relapse ≥ 24 months) (P < .05). Median overall survival (OS) was 28.47 months (relapse ≤ 24 months) and 71.3 months (relapse >24 months) (P = .006). Second ASCT is a feasible and safe option for salvage therapy in MM. The best outcome was observed in patients whose time to progression was >24 months after first ASCT, as these patients had a subsequent PFS lasting over 1 year and an OS of almost 6 years.     

Randomized comparison of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus intensive chemotherapy for peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma.

Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma offers higher response rates and improved survival compared with conventional chemotherapy. However, successful autografting requires effective cytoreduction and rapid hematologic reconstitution. We conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of 2 cycles of priming chemotherapy with either granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for peripheral blood stem cell mobilization followed by autologous transplantation. The major study end points were the comparative utility of G-CSF versus GM-CSF, the percentage of patients achieving complete response after transplantation, and overall and progression-free survival. Priming chemotherapy included cyclophosphamide (4 g/m2), mitoxantrone (8 g/m2 every day for 2 days), and dexamethasone (20 mg/m2 every 12 hours for 2 days) followed by randomization to either G-CSF or GM-CSF daily until completion of leukapheresis. Conditioning for transplantation included cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg every day for 2 days) plus total body irradiation (165 cGy twice daily for 3 days), and patients received maintenance immunotherapy with interferon alpha. Seventy-two patients were randomized, and 64 underwent autologous transplantation. The median age at transplantation was 52 years, and the median time from diagnosis to transplantation was 10 months; 58% of the patients had received >4 cycles of pretransplantation chemotherapy. The median number of CD34+ cells obtained after mobilization was 16.4 x 10(6)/kg in the G-CSF arm versus 12.8 x 10(6)/kg in the GM-CSF arm (P = .8). Neutrophil recovery was faster in the G-CSF group after both cycle 1 (median, 13 days with G-CSF and 16 days with GM-CSF; P < .01) and cycle 2 (median, 13 days versus 17 days in the 2 groups, respectively; P = .03). Although platelet recovery was similar after cycle 1, platelet recovery to >100000/microL was notably faster in the G-CSF group both after cycle 2 and after transplantation (P = .03). Response and overall and disease-free survival were similar in both cohorts. Overall, 23% of the patients achieved a complete response after priming chemotherapy, which improved to 33% after transplantation. An additional 47% attained a partial response after transplantation, for a total response rate of 80%. With a median follow-up of 2 years (range, 0.7-8 years), the overall survival was 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80%-96%) at 1 year and 65% (95% CI, 51%-79%) at 3 years. Progression-free survival was 73% (95% CI, 62%-84%) at 1 year and 40% (95% CI, 26%-54%) at 3 years. Relapse or progressive disease was the most common cause of death (25 [83%] of 30 deaths). We conclude that mobilization with chemotherapy plus G-CSF versus GM-CSF results in similar CD34+ progenitor collections, even in patients exposed to multiple cycles of alkylator-based chemotherapy. Earlier neutrophil and platelet recovery was seen with G-CSF priming. Two cycles of priming chemotherapy plus autologous transplantation yields survival rates similar to those in published reports, including those using tandem transplantation.     

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in multiple myeloma

Allogeneic transplantation in multiple myeloma can induce complete remission, defined as disappearance of abnormal immunoglobulins in the blood, light chains in the urine and no apparent myeloma cells in the marrow, in about 50 percent of patients. The five-year survival is about 30 percent and important prognostic factors for survival are to be a female, to be in stage I at the time of diagnosis irrespective of the time of transplantation, to have received only one line of treatment before transplantation, to have responsive disease and a low beta 2-microglobulin. Transplant-related mortality is between 40-50 percent, and therefore overall survival is poorer than with autologous transplantation, while long-term survival is similar with both transplant modalities. Although the relapse rate of patients in complete remission is about 50 percent at 5 years, it is still lower than with autologous transplantation. Donor lymphocyte transfusion to patients with persistent abnormal immunoglobulins or relapse may induce regression or new complete remissions. Further studies aim at reducing transplant-related mortality by using peripheral blood stem cells, CD34-selected cells, more aggressive anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral treatment and relapse rate will be counteracted by donor lymphocyte transfusions and perhaps post-transplant interferon treatment.     

The efficacy of high-dose melphalan with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma

Although high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is widely accepted as an effective and safe consolidation therapy for multiple myeloma (MM), few reports on its efficacy are available in Korea. We present the results of a prospective phase II study, involving 33 patients with MM treated with HDT with ASCT. The treatment consisted of 4 courses of VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone) induction, peripheral blood stem cell collection, and high-dose melphalan with stem cell infusion. The overall response rate was 93%, with 45% of patients having complete responses. The toxicity was predictable and tolerable. With a median follow-up of 27.6 months, the 2-year event free survival rate was 43%. At the time of writing, the median overall survival duration had not been reached with 2-year survival and projected 3-year survival rates of 81% and 74%, respectively. The overall survival was significantly better than that of the historical control patients (N=82) treated with conventional chemotherapy at our institution. The results suggest that HDT with ASCT is a valuable first or second-line treatment for patients with MM.