内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管混合性神经内分泌-非神经内分泌肿瘤1例

<正>混合性神经内分泌-非神经内分泌肿瘤(mixedneuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm,MiNEN)是临床上较为罕见的神经内分泌成分和非神经内分泌成分分别至少占病变的30%的肿瘤^[1-2]。其发病率低,多见于中老年男性,临床表现缺乏特异性,确诊需依靠术后病理组织活检联合特异性的免疫组织化学检测^[3]。由于其罕见性,治疗方式的选择上并无明确的指南和规范,对于局限期的肿瘤,主要采取根治性外科手术切除。而进展期肿瘤,主要予以放化疗和其它分子靶向药物治疗^[4]。有文献综述认为,随着内镜技术的发展,神经内分泌肿瘤可在综合评估的基础上,适当的进行内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)或内镜粘膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗,术后根据病理情况考虑是否追加外科手术及辅助放化疗^[5]。本文报道了1例ESD治疗食管MiNEN病例,为该疾病诊断及治疗提供临床参考。     

内镜下透明帽辅助黏膜切除术与内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗较小胃神经内分泌肿瘤的对照研究

本研究对2014年8月—2019年8月郑州大学第一附属医院55例直径≤12 mm的胃神经内分泌肿瘤(gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms,G-NENs)病例进行了回顾性分析,按内镜切除方式分成内镜下透明帽辅助黏膜切除术组(EMR-C组,35例)和内镜黏膜下剥离术组(ESD组,20例),结果发...     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床价值

胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤（neroendocrine tumouts,NETs）是起源于消化道的胺前体摄取与脱羧酶（amine precursor uptake decarbosylase,APUD）细胞的异质性肿瘤,包含了从惰性的缓慢生长、低度恶性,直至高转移性等明显恶性的一系列生物学行为。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年3月-2011年6月经胃肠镜检查发现消化道黏膜下肿瘤48例,回顾性分析48例患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果病灶直径为0.8～5.8 cm,平均(3.3±0.75)cm,ESD手术时间为27～167 min,平均(71.0±22.6)min,ESD完整切除病灶45例(45/48,93.75%),穿孔3例(3/48,6.25%),其中1例大出血,1例食管患者ESD术后出现食管狭窄,经内镜下球囊扩张食管狭窄消失。所有病人均完成了术后6个月的内镜随访,1例患者见肿瘤复发。结论 ESD技术对较大病变可以整块切除,并提供完整的病理诊断资料;消化道SMT行ESD术是安全、有效的。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道早期肿瘤技巧

内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD) 是一种安全有效的内镜下微创治疗新技术, 其在消化道早期肿瘤的微创治疗中发挥 着重要的作用。ESD 技术能一次性、大块、完整切除病变组织, 并提供完整的病理资料, 显著减少病灶残留及复发, 达到根治性切除消化道早期肿瘤的疗效。文章就ESD 应用于消化道早期肿瘤的适应证和禁忌证、操作步骤、风险预 防以及处理等内容进行阐述。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗Ⅰ型胃神经内分泌肿瘤的安全性、有效性分析

目的探究内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗Ⅰ型胃神经内分泌肿瘤(gastric neuroendocrine tumors,GNETs)的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年12月接受ESD治疗并病理确诊的Ⅰ型GNETs患者,收集临床及病理资料进行分析,门诊及电话随访术后情况。结果共纳入61例Ⅰ型GNETs病例,总病灶数143个,多发病灶2~5个36例(59.0%),病灶≥6个5例(8.2%)。病灶分布在胃体128个(89.5%),胃底10个(7.0%),胃窦5个(3.5%)。所有病变均为整块切除(100%),病灶直径平均为7.9 mm(4~30 mm),115个病灶(80.4%)直径<10 mm,病灶直径>20 mm 4例(2.8%)。ESD平均手术时间为19 min(10~60 min),全组病例未出现术中和术后穿孔、出血等并发症。ESD术后病理显示G₁级99个(69.2%)病灶,G₂级44个(30.8%)病灶。2例病灶垂直切缘阳性,完整切除率98.6%(141/143),1例切缘阳性患者追加补救性外科手术。术后中位随访38.3个月(10~93个月),1例患者意外死亡,死因与GNETs无关。随访中无患者出现原位复发。10例患者ESD术后异位再发,再发率为16.4%(10/61),中位再发时间为12.8个月。再发病例中,有6例G₁级和1例G₂级患者再次接受ESD治疗;2例G₁级患者拒绝再次手术,密切随访;1例G₂级患者发现复发后意外死亡。5例患者病灶数目≥6个,其中4例G₁级,1例G₂级,ESD术后均密切随访,异位再发率40.0%(2/5)。4例患者病灶直径>20 mm,其中1例G₂级病例为前述因切缘阳性追加补救性外科手术;其余3例术后病理评估为1例G₁级,2例G₂级,水平切缘和垂直切缘均阴性、无脉管侵犯,随访无原位复发或异位再发。结论ESD是Ⅰ型GNETs安全、有效的治疗选择。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗结直肠神经内分泌瘤效果观察

目的：探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ ESD ）治疗结直肠神经内分泌瘤（ NET ）效果及安全性。方法对21例结直肠NET（肿瘤直径4～12 mm,位于结肠9例,位于直肠12例）患者行ESD治疗,分析手术效果及随访结果。结果21例ESD术中均单次完整剥离切除肿瘤,时间15～50（25．5±10．8）min,术中出血量（20．4±12．5）mL,所有患者均经电凝止血成功,1例术后3 d出现迟发性出血,出血量约100 mL,经禁食、药物治疗后出血停止。无肠穿孔发生,无手术相关死亡。术后病理NET G1级19例,G2级2例,基底和切缘均未见肿瘤累及,病理检查示肿瘤完整切除率100％。术后随访6～54个月,患者均存活且未见局部复发和远处转移。结论 ESD治疗直径小于1 cm的结直肠NET效果确切,且较为安全。     

内镜下治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床效果

目的 比较不同内镜下治疗方式对直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(rectal neuroendocrine tumors, R-NET)的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2022年5月于武汉大学人民医院消化内科经内镜下治疗后确诊为R-NET的81例患者的临床资料。结果 81例R-NET患者均在内镜下成功切除病灶,病灶多呈表面光滑隆起型或息肉样病变(95.1%),色泽多为正常或淡黄色(92.6%),大部分位于距肛门5～10 cm处(72.8%)。内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)组61例,其中50例行超声肠镜检查,结果提示,肿瘤起源于黏膜层、黏膜下层43例,固有肌层7例;内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR)组20例,仅2例行EUS检查,其中黏膜层1例,黏膜下层1例;两组在术前EUS检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。内镜治疗中,EMR较ESD手术时间短、住院时间短、治疗费用低(P均<0.001),而手术并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫组化结果...     

改良内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)在直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的应用及预后分析

目的 探讨不同内镜下切除方式对直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(NETs)患者的疗效及转归情况。方法 本研究为回归性研究。选取2018年1月至2022年6月我院收治的行内镜下直肠NETs切除术的110例患者为研究对象。术前通过内镜检查对患者病灶进行测量及分类,并根据患者接受的内镜治疗方式分为改良内镜下黏膜切除术(m-EMR)组和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)组,术后比较两组整体切除率、组织病理学完全切除率以及并发症发生率,分析影响不完全切除的危险因素。结果 110例NETs患者病灶平均直径为6.27±2.92 mm, m-EMR和ESD治疗组的整体切除率分别为98.41%(62/63)和100%(47/47),组织病理完全切除率分别为92.06%(58/63)和80.85(38/47),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ESD组出现1例穿孔、3例迟发性出血、1例肿瘤复发。相较于m-EMR组,ESD组迟发性出血率更高(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小≥7 mm、肿瘤深度为黏膜下层为影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结论 m-EMR和ESD是切除直径≤15 mm直肠NETs安全有效的内镜切除方...     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道病灶的初步评价

目的 探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)处理上消化道病灶的疗效和安全性.方法 以胃镜检查发现的上消化道黏膜病灶及黏膜下病灶作为入选对象,通过超声内镜和(或)活检病理检查明确病灶大小、位置、范围、性质,应用钩刀、IT刀、氩气刀及高频电凝电切术进行ESD操作,步骤包括:(1)胃镜及黏膜染色确定病灶,针刀或者氩气刀标记病灶;(2)黏膜下注射含靛胭脂及肾上腺素生理盐水抬高病变;(3)预切开病变周围黏膜一圈;(4)自病变黏膜下层完整剥离病灶.术后应用抑酸、黏膜保护剂治疗,术后第1、2、6个月内镜随访,评价溃疡是否愈合以及病灶有无残留与复发.结果 2006年8月至2008年1月,共153例患者进入观察研究.黏膜病变85例(溃疡型病灶2例,隆起型病灶48例,糜烂型病灶35例),病灶直径0.4～5.0 cm,平均2.0 cm;手术时间15～210 min.平均55min.所有病例均切除病灶,其中1例迟发性出血行内镜下紧急止血,7例穿孔均保守治疗愈合.随访期溃疡创面均愈合,其中4例复发,3例再次ESD完整切除病灶,1例手术切除.黏膜下肿瘤68例,52例术前行超声内镜检查,其余病例经术后病理证实.病灶直径0.4～4.0 cm,平均1.2 cm;手术时间10～182 min,平均41 min;68例完整剥离黏膜下肿瘤,1例改行尼龙绳结扎治疗.1 1例穿孔均保守治疗,1例术后出血未控制行手术治疗.结论 ESD作为一种微创治疗方法,能实现较大病变的一次性大块剥离,剥离的病变能提供完整的病理诊断资料,病变局部的复发率低,并发症少,为上消化道黏膜层病灶尤其是早期肿瘤以及黏膜下肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的途径.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for foregut neuroendocrine tumors: An initial study

AIM:To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) for foregut neuroendocrine tumors(NETs).METHODS:From April 2008 to December 2010,patients with confirmed histological diagnosis of foregut NETs were included.None had regional lymph node enlargement or distant metastases to the liver or lung on preoperative computerized tomography scanning or endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS).ESD was attempted under general anesthesia.After making several marking dots around the lesion,a mixture solution was injected into the submucosa.The mucosa was incised outside the marking dots.Dissection of the submucosal layer beneath the tumor was performed under direct vision to achieve complete en bloc resection of the specimen.Tumor features,clinicopathological characteristics,complete resection rate,and complications were evaluated.Foregut NETs were graded as G1,G2,or G3 on the basis of proliferative activity by mitotic count or Ki-67 index.All patients underwent regular follow-up to evaluate for any local recurrence or distant metastasis.RESULTS:Those treated by ESD included 24 patients with 29 foregut NETs.The locations of the 29 lesions are as follows:esophagus(n = 1),cardia(n = 1),stomach(n = 23),and duodenal bulb(n = 4).All lesions were found incidentally during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for other indications,and none had symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.Preoperative EUS showed that all tumors were confined to the submucosa.Among the 24 gastric lesions,16 lesions in 11 patients were type I gastric NETs arising in chronic atrophic gastritis with hypergastrinemia,while the other 8 solitary lesions were type Ⅲ because of absence of atrophic gastritis in these cases.All of the tumors were removed in an en bloc fashion.The average maximum diameter of the lesions was 9.4 mm(range:2-30 mm),and the procedure time was 20.3 min(range:10-45 min).According to the World Health Organization 2010 classification,histological evaluation determined that 26 lesions were NET-G1,2 gastric lesions were NET-G2,and 1 esophageal lesion was neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC).Complete resection was achieved in 28 lesions(28/29,96.6%),and all of them were confined to the submucosa in histopathologic assessment with no lymphovascular invasion.The remaining patient with NEC underwent additional surgery because the resected specimens revealed angiolymphatic and muscularis invasion,as well as incomplete resection.Delayed bleeding occurred in 1 case 3 d after ESD,which was managed by endoscopic treatment.There were no procedure-related perforations.During a mean follow-up period of 24.4 mo(range:12-48 mo),local recurrence occurred in only 1 patient 7 mo after initial ESD.This patient successfully underwent repeat ESD.Metastasis to lymph nodes or distal organs was not observed in any patient.No patients died during the study period.CONCLUSION:ESD appears to be a safe,feasible,and effective procedure for providing accurate histopathological evaluations and curative treatment for eligible foregut NETs.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastrointestinal neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection （ESD） is an advanced technique of therapeutic endoscopy for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms. Three steps characterize it：injecting fluid into the submucosa to elevate the lesion, cutting the surrounding mucosa of the lesion, and dissecting the submucosa beneath the lesion. The ESD technique has rapidly permeated in Japan for treatment of early gastric cancer, due to its excellent results of en- bloc resection compared to endoscopic mucosal resection （EMR）. Although there is still room for improvement to lessen its technical difficulty, ESD has recently been applied to esophageal and colorectal neoplasms. Favorable short-term results have been reported, but the application of ESD should be well considered by three aspects：（1） the possibility of nodal metastases of the lesion, （2） technical difficulty such as location, ulceration and operator＇s skill, and （3） organ characteristics.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道病变

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗消化道病变的疗效、安全性及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析ESD方法治疗29例(共31块)消化道病变的内镜下手术情况、并发症及治疗、预后情况。结果术中出血2例,1例创面小动脉出血,内镜下钛夹止血,另1例胃黏膜下持续出血,形成血肿,中转开腹行胃窦切除术;1例直肠管状腺瘤ESD术后7天大出血,经肛门缝扎止血;术中发现肠壁穿孔1例,中转开腹行肠壁修补术。29例患者均痊愈出院,无1例留下后遗症,平均住院时间5 d。随访2～27个月未见复发。结论 ESD治疗消化道病变是安全的,可以一次性完整切除较大病变,提供完整的病理学资料,且术后不易复发。缺点是操作时间长,技术难度较大,并发症较EMR多。     

EMR和ESD在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用

考虑到外科手术的风险和改善患者生活质量等问题,内镜下粘膜切除术(EMR)和内镜下粘膜剥离术(ESD)在日本已成为消化道早期粘膜癌的常规治疗方法,并逐渐被西方等国家认同。现就EMR、ESD在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用现状和进展作一综述。     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms

Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) gains acceptance as one of the standard treatments for esophageal and stomach neoplasms in Japan, it is still in the developing stage for colorectal neoplasms. In terms of indications, little likelihood of nodal metastasis and technical resectability are principally considered. Some of intramucosal neoplasms, carcinomas with minute submucosal invasion, and carcinoid tumors, which are technically unresectable by conventional endoscopic treatments, may become good candidates for ESD, considering substantial risks and obtained benefits. ESD as a staging measure to obtain histological information of the invasion depth and lymphovascular infiltration is acceptable because preoperative prediction is difficult in some cases. In terms of techniques, advantages of ESD in comparison with other endoscopic treatments are to be controllable in size and shape, and to be resectable even in large and fibrotic neoplasms. The disadvantages may be longer procedure time, heavier bleeding, and higher possibility of perforation. However, owing to refinement of the techniques, invention of devices, and the learning curve, acceptable technical safety has been achieved. Colorectal ESD is very promising and become one of the standard treatments for colorectal neoplasms in the near future.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms

Endoscopic resection is an effective treatment for noninvasive esophageal squamous cell neoplasms(ESCNs).Endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)has been developed for small localized ESCNs as an alternative to surgical therapy because it shows similar effectiveness and is less invasive than esophagectomy.However,EMR is limited in resection size and therefore piecemeal resection is performed for large lesions,resulting in an imprecise histological evaluation and a high frequency of local recurrence.Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)has been developed in Japan as one of the standard endoscopic resection techniques for ESCNs.ESD enables esophageal lesions,regardless of their size,to be removed en bloc and thus has a lower local recurrence rate than EMR.The development of new devices and the establishment of optimal strategies for esophageal ESD have resulted in fewer complications such as perforation than expected.However,esophageal stricture after ESD may occur when the resected area is larger than three-quarters of the esophageal lumen or particularly when it encompasses the entire circumference;such a stricture requires multiple sessions of endoscopic balloon dilatation.Recently,oral prednisolone has been reported to be useful in preventing post-ESD stricture.In addition,a combination of chemoradiotherapy(CRT)and ESD might be an alternative therapy for submucosal esophageal cancer that has a risk of lymph node metastasis because esophagectomy is extremely invasive;CRT has a higher local recurrence rate than esophagectomy but is less invasive.ESD is likely to play a central role in the treatment of superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms in the future.     

Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for large superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a well-established treatment for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms (SESCNs) with no risk of lymphatic metastasis. However, for large SESCNs, especially when exceeding two-thirds of the esophageal circumference, conventional ESD is time-consuming and has an increased risk of adverse events. Based on the submucosal tunnel conception, endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) was first introduced by us to remove large SESCNs, with excellent results. Studies from different centers also reported favorable results. Compared with conventional ESD, ESTD has a more rapid dissection speed and R0 resection rate. Currently in China, ESTD for large SESCNs is an important part of the digestive endoscopic tunnel technique, as is peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia and submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection for submucosal tumors of the muscularis propria. However, not all patients with SESCNs are candidates for ESTD, and postoperative esophageal strictures should also be taken into consideration, especially for lesions with a circumference greater than three-quarters. In this article, we describe our experience, review the literature of ESTD, and provide detailed information on indications, standard procedures, outcomes, and complications of ESTD.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is currently accepted as the major treatment modality for superficial neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus.An important advantage of ESD is its effectiveness in resecting lesions regardless of their size and severity of fibrosis.Based on excellent outcomes for esophageal neoplasms with a small likelihood of lymph node metastasis,the number of ESD candidates has increased.On the other hand,ESD still requires highly skilled endoscopists due to technical difficulties.To avoid unnecessary complications including perforation and postoperative stricture,the indications for ESD require careful consideration and a full understanding of this modality.This article,in the highlight topic series,provides detailed information on the indication,procedure,outcome,complications and their prevention in ESD of superficial esophageal neoplasms.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for removal of superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms: A technical review

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now the most common endoscopic treatment in Japan for intramucosal gastrointestinal neoplasms (non-metastatic). ESD is an invasive endoscopic surgical procedure, requiring extensive knowledge, skill, and specialized equipment. ESD starts with evaluation of the lesion, as accurate assessment of the depth and margin of the lesion is essential. The devices and strategies used in ESD vary, depending on the nature of the lesion. Prior to the procedure, the operator must be knowledgeable about the treatment strategy(ies), the device(s) to use, the electrocautery machine settings, the substances to inject, and other aspects. In addition, the operator must be able to manage complications, should they arise, including immediate recognition of the complication(s) and its treatment. Finally, in case the ESD treatment is not successful, the operator should be prepared to apply alternative treatments. Thus, adequate knowledge and training are essential to successfully perform ESD.