正常胰胆管汇合Oddi括约肌功能与胰液胆管逆流的关系

目的 探讨Oddi括约肌(SO)压力对胰液胆管逆流(PBR)的影响.方法 对23例SO基础压力正常(正常组)、55例压力升高(升高组)和24例曾行EST(EST组)患者的SO基础压力值、胆汁淀粉酶(BA)检测结果及细菌培养结果进行对比分析.结果 正常组和升高组在细菌培养阳性率、BA升高发生率及其BA值方面差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),升高组中SO压力与BA呈负相关,但胆总管直径≥15 mm与＜15 mm的BA值[中位数(四分位间距),4270(12 337) U/L比279.5 (1370) U/L]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).EST组与完整乳头组(正常组+升高组)在BA升高发生率[83.3％ (20/24)比59.0％ (46/78)]及细菌培养阳性率[75.0％ (18/24)比33.3％ (26/78)]方面差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 SO基础压力升高与PBR无直接关联.但胆管直径显著增加时会导致BA值升高,对PBR的程度产生间接性影响;胰胆管高位汇合逆流程度明显,共同管长度可能与PBR的发生存在一定关联.而EST虽可引起PBR和胆汁细菌感染,但能减轻胆汁淤积,可能有利于逆流的胰液排出.     

Oddi括约肌压力对胰液胆管逆流的影响

目的探讨正常胰胆管汇合Oddi括约肌（SO）压力对胰液胆管逆流（PBR）的影响。方法选择因胆道疾病需要ERCP治疗的患者作为研究对象。ERCP时测SO基础压力、取胆汁测胆汁淀粉酶（BA）及细菌培养。结果 83例中正常组21例,9例（42.9%）BA升高;升高组47例,SO压力与BA值呈负相关（r=-0.43）,28例（59.6%）BA升高。两组间PBR发生的频度、其BA值及细菌培养阳性率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。升高组中胆总管直径≥15mm与〈15mm比较,BA值明显升高（P〈0.05）。EST组（15例）与完整乳头组（正常组和升高组）比较,PBR发生的频度和细菌培养阳性率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 SO基础压力升高不是影响PBR的直接因素,但胆管显著扩张时会导致BA值升高。EST可能有利于逆流胰液的排出。     

正常胰胆管汇合患者胆汁淀粉酶升高与胆道疾病关系的研究

目的探讨正常胰胆管汇合（NPBJ）者胆汁淀粉酶升高与胆道疾病的关系。方法连续202例患者（胆管胆汁组）在内镜治疗胆道疾病时抽取胆管胆汁检测淀粉酶,其中68例同时检测胆汁脂肪酶,149例做胆汁细菌培养,27例测Oddi括约肌压力（SOM）,38例测胆管压力。另外73例（胆囊胆汁组）经皮经肝胆囊镜治疗胆囊结石,取胆囊中胆汁检测淀粉酶,31例进行胆囊黏膜活检。两组病例均除外先天性胰胆管汇合异常、胆肠吻合术和既往内镜乳头切开治疗者。结果胆管胆汁组95例（47．0％）淀粉酶升高,其中肿瘤（56．9％,29／51）与非肿瘤疾病（43．7％,66／151）差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但肝门部胆管癌大多数（7／9）淀粉酶值升高;胆汁脂肪酶水平与淀粉酶有明显的相关性（r=0．561）;淀粉酶水平与Oddi括约肌和胆管压力无明显关联;胆汁细菌培养阳性率在淀粉酶值正常和升高者之问无明显差异。胆囊胆汁组34．3％淀粉酶升高,其中87．5％见胆囊上皮细胞异型增生,与淀粉酶正常者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论NPBJ胆道疾病患者胰液向胆管逆流发生频度较高,淀粉酶升高者中肿瘤和非肿瘤疾病无显著差异,但淀粉酶升高者胆囊上皮细胞异型增生和肝门部胆管癌发生频度高。     

胰液胆管内逆流与胆道癌

本文简述了胰胆管汇合异常（PBM）、胰胆管高位汇合（HPCBD）、正常胰胆管汇合及其所致胰液胆道逆流的危害性,重点阐述胰液胆管逆流引致胆道癌的危险因素、致癌机理和诊断,对临床工作有参考价值。     

内镜下胰胆管造影术对胆胰管汇合异常的诊断及治疗价值

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对胆胰管汇合异常(APBDJ)的诊断、治疗及其效果的价值。方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2014年7月本院确诊的52例APBDJ患者的临床表现、诊断及治疗方式,用直观模拟标度尺(VAS)评分来评估治疗前、后腹痛症状的改善情况。结果:患者的临床表现以腹痛为主,发生率为80.8%。常并发胆管结石(38.5%)、慢性胰腺炎(25.0%)及急性胰腺炎(15.4%)。经ERCP确诊的患者中,磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)的检出率为18.6%。内镜下治疗包括内镜下留置鼻胆管引流(ENBD)(61.5%)、内镜下胆管括约肌切开术(EST)(47.7%)及内镜下逆行胆管引流(ERBD)(23.1%)。经治疗后,患者疼痛VAS评分明显下降[(1.2±0.8)分比(5.8±1.6)分,P<0.05]。结论:APBDJ的主要症状为腹痛,胆管结石及急慢性胰腺炎发生率较高。ERCP是APBDJ一种可靠的诊断手段。可根据患者合并症的具体情况采取相应的内镜治疗措施,有效改善症状。     

磁共振胰胆管成像对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的风险因素分析

目的 研究磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术前发挥的作用。方法将2004年6月至2007年6月的944例胆囊结石患者在术前随机给予MRCP检查,了解胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,及胆道解剖异常的发生率。将合并胆总管结石或存在胆道解剖异常患者的术前资料和MRCP的结果进行对比分析。结果胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的发生率为8．1％（77／944）,其中无征兆胆总管结石的发生率为1．2％（11／944）,胆道解剖异常的发生率3．7％（35／944）。胆总管直径〉0．8cm者MRCP阳性率83％;胆囊结石病史5年以上者MRCP阳性率11％;有黄疸病史者MRCP阳性率65％;有胆源性胰腺炎病史者MRCP阳性率29％;实验室检查肝功能异常者MRCP阳性率33％;多发胆囊结石者MRCP阳性率13％,其中〈0．3cm的泥沙样结石MRCP阳性率15％。结论MRCP对胆总管结石及胆道解剖异常有很高的诊断价值。对于有危险因素的患者术前给予MRCP检查可降低LC术后胆总管残余结石及胆道损伤的发生率。     

胆囊切除术中高位胆管损伤的原因和治疗

胆囊切除术中高位胆管损伤的原因和治疗淄博矿务局中心医院（２５５１２０）季新海葛永明１９８３年以来，我们收治胆囊切除术中高位胆管损伤患者１６例，效果满意。现报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料本组男７例，女９例；年龄２６～５７岁，平均４１岁。损伤部位在肝...     

胰胆管造影对胆囊切除术后综合症的诊断价值

胆囊切除术后常继发多种症状且治疗效差，患者负担很重。为寻找有效的手段，本文选择了此类患者３６例，作逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查，全部得以明确诊断，表明ＥＲＣＰ对疑难性胆囊切除术后患者的诊断价值很大。１．病例选择：３６例均为胆囊切除术后症状明显而收住...     

鼻胆管引流术预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的临床观察

目的 探讨鼻胆引流术（ENBD）预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的效果.方法 收集诊断性及治疗性ERCP患者119例,其中68例患者术后放置鼻胆引流管,与51例术后未放置鼻胆引流管患者（对照组）比较,观察术后2小时和24小时血清淀粉酶值,比较两组术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的发生.结果 两组患者均操作成功.ENBD组术后2小时及24小时血清淀粉酶分别为（234.72 ＋82.16） U/L和（288.92±74.34） U/L,与对照组术后2小时及24小时血清淀粉酶[（547.13±121.27） U/L和（581.92±102.13） U/L]比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.ENBD组与对照组分别有8例（11.8％）和22例（43.1％）发生高淀粉酶血症,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组分别有1例（1.5％）和9例（17.6％）发生术后胰腺炎,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组患者均未见重症胰腺炎发生.结论 内镜下放置鼻胆引流管能有效预防ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症,方法简单,值得临床推广.     

ERCP在腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆管并发症诊治中的应用

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后胆管并发症诊治中的应用价值。方法对96例LC术后胆管并发症者行ERCP检查,并根据检查结果给予相应处理。结果本组ERCP显示,胆管残余结石70例,45例采用括约肌切开术（EST）,25例采用乳头气囊扩张术（EPBD）,结石排出67例;胆总管部分狭窄17例,行胆管扩张和内镜逆行胆管内引流术（ERBD）,术后随访1a狭窄解除12例;胆总管完全横断5例,2例行ERBD,黄疸减退后均行外科胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合;胆瘘4例,3例经EST治疗后症状减轻,避免手术,1例症状无改善接受手术治疗。结论对Lc术后胆管并发症者行ERCP,有助于明确病因,并指导相应的治疗。     

Occult pancreaticobiliary reflux is a pathogenic factor of some benign biliary diseases and gallbladder cancer

Background: Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM) is a well-known high-risk factor for biliary malignant tumors because of constant pancreaticobiliary reflux(PBR). However, the impact of occult pancreaticobiliary reflux(OPR), which is characterized by high bile amylase levels in individuals with anatomically normal pancreaticobiliary junction, on biliary diseases remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between OPR and biliary diseases. Methods: We enrolled 94 consecuti...     

Severe dysplasia of the gallbladder associated with occult pancreatobiliary reflux

Pancreatobiliary reflux usually occurs in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction and can be associated with the occurrence of gallbladder carcinoma. We present the case of a patient with pancreatobiliary reflux despite having a normal pancreatobiliary junction (occult pancreatobiliary reflux; OPBR), in whom the resected gallbladder presented severe dysplasia. The patient, a 61-year-old woman, showed thickness of the gallbladder wall, detected by ultrasonography and computed temography (CT). Her biliary amylase level in the common bile duct was 103 000 IU/l, and in the gallbladder it was 153 500 IU/l, although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a normal pancreaticobiliary junction. Immunohistochemical staining showed many p53-positive nuclei in the dysplastic lesion, and about 50% of the dysplastic cells exhibited diffuse nuclear staining for Ki-67. In the present patient, early diagnosis of occult pancreatobiliary reflux led to early detection of a precancerous lesion of the gallbladder mucosa.     

Gallbladder carcinoma associated with occult pancreatobiliary reflux in the absence of pancreaticobiliary maljunction

We herein report a case of gallbladder carcinoma associated with occult pancreatobiliary reflux (PR) in the absence of pancreatobiliary maljunction. A 67‐year‐old woman was referred to our hospital for the evaluation and treatment of a gallbladder tumor. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a nodular lesion in the fundus of the gallbladder, indicating the possibility of a gallbladder carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed the nodular tumor and thickness of the surrounding epithelium. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a normal pancreaticobiliary junction without the common channel and a slight dilatation of the common bile duct (15 mm in diameter). An open cholecystectomy and partial resection of the liver bed of the gallbladder with regional lymphadenectomy was performed. A C‐tube was inserted from the cut end of the cystic duct into the common bile duct to prevent bile stasis. Biliary amylase and lipase levels sampled in the gallbladder were 2604 IU/l and 775 IU/l, respectively. Biliary amylase level in the bile collected from the C‐tube in the common bile duct was 119 550 IU/l on postoperative day (POD) 6 and 22 265 IU/l on POD 12. These observations suggested that PR was present in this patient. The histopathological findings of the resected specimen showed a well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder with invasion to the muscle layer and no metastasis of the resected lymph nodes. A high index of nuclear staining for MIB‐I in the cancer cells (about 10%) was exhibited, and a few cells in the normal epithelium also stained positive.     

Diagnosis and clinical implications of pancreatobiliary reflux

The sphincter of Oddi is located at the distal end of the pancreatic and bile ducts and regulates the outflow of bile and pancreatic juice. A common channel can be so long that the junction of the pancreatic and bile ducts is located outside of the duodenal wall, as occurs in pancreaticobiliary maljunction （PBM）; in such cases, sphincter action does not functionally affect the junction. As the hydropressure within the pancreatic duct is usually greater than in the bile duct, pancreatic juice frequently refluxes into the biliary duct （pancreatobiliary reflux） in PBM, resulting in carcinogenetic conditions in the biliary tract. Pancreatobiliary reflux can be diagnosed from elevated amylase level in the bile, secretinstimulated dynamic magnetic resonance cholangiop ancreatography, and pancreatography via the minor duodenal papilla. Recently, it has become obvious that pancreatobiliary reflux can occur in individuals without PBM. Pancreatobiliary reflux might be related to biliary carcinogenesis even in some individuals without PBM. Since few systemic studies exist with respect to clinical relevance and implications of the pancreatobiliary reflux in individuals with normal pancreaticobiliary junction, further prospective clinical studies including appropriate management should be performed.     

Pancreaticobiliary reflux in patients with a normal pancreaticobiliary junction: Pathologic implications

Knowledge on pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction and its pathologic implications has experienced tremendous progress during the last few years.This editorial reviews the current knowledge on this condition and its pathological implications on gallbladder diseases.The following aspects were def ined appropriate for discussion:(1) Evidence of carcinogenesis associated with pancreaticobiliary reflux;(2) Evidence of pancreaticobiliary reflux in normal pancreaticobiliary junction;and(...     

Biliopancreatic reflux—pathophysiology and clinical implications

The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct open into the duodenum, where they frequently form a common channel. The sphincter of Oddi is located at the distal end of the pancreatic and bile ducts; it regulates the outflow of bile and pancreatic juice. In patients with a pancreaticobiliary maljunction, the action of the sphincter does not functionally affect the junction. Therefore, in these patients, two-way regurgitation (pancreatobiliary and biliopancreatic reflux) occurs. This results in various pathological conditions of the biliary tract and the pancreas. Biliopancreatic reflux could be confirmed by: operative or postoperative T-tube cholangiography; CT combined with drip infusion cholangiography; histological detection of gallbladder cancer cells in the main pancreatic duct; and reflux of bile on the cut surface of the pancreas. Biliopancreatic reflux occurs frequently in patients with a long common channel. Although the true prevalence, degree, and pathophysiology of biliopancreatic reflux remain unclear, biliopancreatic reflux is related to the occurrence of acute pancreatitis. Obstruction of a long common channel easily causes bile flow into the pancreas. Even if no obstruction is present, biliopancreatic reflux can still result in acute pancreatitis in some cases.     

A case of gallbladder carcinoma associated with pancreatobiliary reflux in the absence of a pancreaticobiliary maljunction： A hint for early diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma

A 62-year-old man with progressive thickening of the gallbladder wall visited our outpatient clinic. The biliary amylase level in the common bile duct was 19900 IU/L and that of the gallbladder was 127000 IU/L, although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed no pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Histology demonstrated a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Pancreatobiliary reflux and associated gallbladder carcinoma were confirmed in the present case, in the absence of a pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Earlier detection of the pancreatobiliary reflux and progressive thickening of the gallbladder wall might have led to an earlier resection of the gallbladder and improved this patient's poor prognosis.