特邀王平宇教授举办大鼠脑切片观片讲习班

<正> 徐州医学院王平宇教授多年来致力于大鼠脑构筑学的研究,编制了鼠脑切片图谱并利用暑期在江苏省范围内举办了两期鼠脑切片观片讲习班,为培养青年神经解剖学工作者做出了积极的贡献。王教授热心学会工作,热心于青年同道的培养。他举办讲习班的特点是不收费,学员住在实验室,王教授牺牲暑期休息时间担任指导。这种精神对于一些以“以会养会”为名,行“大吃大喝”或搞“经济效益”之实的一些会议来说,是鲜明的对比。我们深深为王平宇教授的精神所感动。为了更广泛地帮助一些初学的青年同志掌握基本     

外科病人术后营养支持的教学体会新桥医院营养

外科术后患者由于手术或应激等因素使机体处于高分解状态,缺乏良好的营养状况将会导致患者营养不良、免疫力下降、产生并发症。因此,营养支持在促进健康、改善预后中的重要作用已受到临床工作者的广泛关注。为了提高本章节的教学效果，帮助临床专业和护理专业学员将营养知识更好地运用到疾病的防治以及康复中，我们分析了本课程在教学中存在的主要问题并提出相应措施，取得了较满意的教学效果。     

提高非脱产“成教”大专《药理学》教学效果刍议

近两年医学“成教”大专,尤其非脱产学习方式招生非常火爆。为了使学员在提高学历档次的同时能相应提高知识结构,作为任课教师应当不断探索,努力寻找提高教学效果的措施及办法。我们认为,欲提高非脱产“成教”大专《药理学》教学效果,可以从以下     

关于青年教员提高药理学教学效果的探讨

本文从药理学教学角度出发,树立"以学员为根本"的理念,通过授课前准备、授课过程以及授课后分析,探讨青年教员如何提高教学效果。     

基于无线图传对显微结构实验教学系统的研究与应用

显微镜是生命科学教学研究中不可或缺的工具.在形态学实验实践教学中,很多实验是需要在显微镜下进行.但是普通显微镜只能一人进行显微观察,不能多人同时观看.教员和学员、学员与学员之间不能对同一个现象或者操作方法进行直观、直接和有效地讨论,限制了教学效率和教学效果的提高.     

优化血流动力学短期培训模式提高培训效果

目的研究血流动力学短期培训优化模式对培训效果的影响。方法于2016—2017年,在先后举办2期为期2 d的血流动力学培课程,采用"优化课程结构"、"开放式-在线-答疑"、"培训前后-考试评价"等一系列方法建立优化的培训模式,并评价教学效果。结果共有808名学员参加培训课程,培训前摸底考试通过率为44%(316/717),培训后结业考试通过率为88.2%(713/808)。其中627名学员同时完成摸底考试和结业考试,进行配对t检验分析,培训前成绩(55.7±19.3)分,培训后成绩提高到(73.7±10.5)分,成绩相差(18±21)分(P0.001)。培训前成绩和培训后成绩无显著相关性(R=0.105,P0.05)。结论血流动力学短期培训优化模式有助提高短期培训效果,但关于如何提高学员血流动力学的临床应用能力需要进一步研究。     

城市新婚夫妇性与婚育观初探——1000份问卷调查分析

随着改革开放和计划生育工作的深入开展．人们的性与婚育观念都发生了不同程度的改变．了解和掌握这些变化、对于开展人口、优生和计划生育基础知识教育，对于提高当前各地兴办起来的婚育学校的教学质量，具有十分重要的意义．为此，我们以汕头市新婚夫妇学校的学员为对象，进行一次问卷调查。     

浅析外科手术病理学实习教学中的唯物辩证法

学员在外科手术病理学实习期间学习兴趣浓厚、积极性高，但是很多学员由于没有掌握较好的学习方法而显得很茫然。唯物辩证法不仅完整地揭示了客观世界普遍联系和运动、发展、变化的本质规律，而且为人们提供了科学的认识论和方法论。笔者在多年的教学中体会到将唯物辩证法融入外科病理实习教学中，用联系的、发展的、全面的观点观察分析问题，会取得事半功倍的教学效果。     

成人大专解剖学教学的几点思考

在成人大专解剖学教学中,针对学员具有一定的医学基础知识和临床实践经验,以及授课时数少的特点,通过增加实验课时数,拓宽教学内容,结合临床病例等方法,提高解剖学教学效果。     

56名老人上老年大学前后心理健康评定

为了解老年人接受老年大学教育前后心理健康状况，我们对一届老年大学学员进行了一年半的追踪比较。实验对象为曲阜市老年大学学员，入学时６０名学员参加实验，一年半以后参加实验的有５６名。学员身体健康状况一般，约一半人有慢性病，生活能自理，能自赴学校学习，均无...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.