有机磷中毒迟发性周围神经病临床及电生理分析

目的分析有机磷农药中毒迟发性周围神经病临床及电生理特点,为早期诊断及判断预后提供依据。方法 对确诊的32例患者行肌电图和神经传导速度检测。结果 32例均为急性有机磷农药中毒经治愈出院后发生迟发性周围神经病患者,平均潜伏期18d。肢体远端无力32例,肌萎缩31例。32例肌电图均呈神经源性损害。运动神经传导速度(MCV)减慢29例,感觉神经传导速度(SCV)减慢4例。结论有机磷农药中毒迟发性周围神经病是一种以轴索病变为主的周围运动神经病。中毒轻、中、重度均可发病,但中毒的程度越重,预后越差。     

糖尿病周围神经电生理改变的临床研究

目的为探讨糖尿病与周围神经电生理改变的关系，提高糖尿病性周围神经病早期确诊率。方法应用神经电生理检查方法，测定了126例糖尿病患者胫后、腓肠、正中、尺神经感觉传导速度（SCV）及相应肌肉的肌电图。结果结果异常95例（75．39％），多发性损害87例（69．05％），其中23例无自觉症状，19例无周围神经病体征，糖尿病病程长短与神经电生理异常差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；血糖控制情况不同，神经电生理异常差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论SCV是糖尿病周围神经病早期诊断的敏感指标，随着病程的延长及血糖控制的不理想，易发生周围神经病。     

神经传导速度对亚临床型糖尿病周围神经病的诊断价值

目的通过检测无周围神经病症状的糖尿病患者的周围神经传导速度（NCV）,以探讨NCV在亚临床型DPN早期诊断中的价值。并探讨早期药物干预,对亚临床型DPN预后的影响。方法糖尿病组：60例,按1999年WTO糖尿病诊断标准确诊为糖尿病但无DPN临床症状的患者。对照组：30例,为无糖尿病及可引起周围神经病的其他疾患的健康人,糖尿病组与对照组在性别、年龄上无显著差异。两组患者均检测正中神经、尺神经、胫神经、腓总神经的运动神经传导速度,正中神经、尺神经、腓肠神经的感觉神经传导速度。结果①糖尿病组异常率为48．33％。对照组异常率为3．33％。P〈0．01．两者相比差异有极显著统计学意义;②下肢NCV异常率高于上肢;③感觉神经传导速度（SCV）异常率高于运动神经传导速度（MCV）;④早期给予干预治疗,明显改善率为75．86％。结论①神经传导速度检查可早期诊断亚临床型糖尿病周围神经病;②早期给予干预治疗可能逆转周围神经病损害。     

急性有机磷农药中毒致迟发性多发性神经病30例分析

目的探讨急性有机磷农药中毒后迟发性神经病的临床特点,以提高早期诊断及治疗效果。方法回顾30例迟发性多发性神经病发生的时间、症状及体症,结合辅助检查,进行系统分析。结果 30例迟发性多发性神经病患者均为口服中毒,潜伏期为10～32d,平均18d。主要表现为肢体末端开始的感觉和运动障碍,表现为疼痛、麻木、无力、肌肉萎缩、腱反射减弱或消失,肌电图示神经源性损害。用糖皮质激素、B族维生素等综合治疗,大部分预后良好。结论迟发性多发性神经病经早期诊断,积极治疗,预后一般良好,激素治疗可加速神经功能恢复。     

汞中毒相关膜性肾病的临床治疗并文献复习

目的：探讨汞中毒相关膜性肾病的治疗方法,为临床提供参考。方法：经查阅相关文献,对汞中毒相关膜性肾病患者的临床表现、肾脏病理特点、治疗预后等进行总结,并对我院2012年12月收治的1例因使用含汞药物导致汞中毒相关膜性肾病患者的实际情况进行分析。结果：文献报道的52例汞中毒引起的肾病病例中,男性14例,女性38例;年龄最小15岁,最大53岁;外用及内服含汞物质3周～6年;37例行肾活检,以膜性肾病为主（33例）;33例膜性肾病患者均给予驱汞治疗及对症支持治疗,其中联合激素治疗者11例,均未使用免疫抑制剂,多数患者经驱汞治疗3～4个疗程临床症状缓解,完全缓解时间小于7个月。我科收治1例36岁男性患者,院外服用含汞中药秘方药丸80 d,肾脏病理表现为膜性肾病Ⅰ期,患者未使用激素及免疫抑制剂,驱汞治疗效果较好。结论：应提高对汞中毒相关膜性肾病的认识,及时行驱汞治疗,预后较好。     

盐酸丁咯地尔注射液联合怡开治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变的临床观察

目的 观察盐酸丁咯地尔注射液联合怡开治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效.方法 将56例2型糖尿病并周围神经病变患者随机分为治疗组28例,对照组28例,治疗组予以盐酸丁咯地尔200mg溶于250ml生理盐水中静脉滴注,每日1次;并联合怡开120u口服,每日3次.对照组仅予以盐酸丁咯地尔200mg溶于250ml生理盐水中静脉滴注每日1次.结果 入选患者治疗两周后两组神经症状及体征均得到改善,治疗组四肢震动感觉阈值均明显改善,与对照组比有显著差异（P〈0.05）.结论 盐酸丁咯地尔注射液联合怡开治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病疗效满意,值得临床广泛推广应用.     

巴曲抗栓酶治疗糖尿病性周围神经病2例

目的：观察巴曲抗栓酶治疗糖尿病性周围神经病的疗效。方法：患有糖尿病性周围神经病２例（男性，６１ａ，５８ａ），用巴曲抗栓酶治疗，首剂２０ＢＵ静脉滴注，以后５ＢＵ，ｑｏｄ，除首剂２０ＢＵ外，２０ＢＵ为一个疗程，共２个疗程。结果：临床症状改善或基本治愈。结论：巴曲抗栓酶可用于治疗糖尿病性周围神经病。     

神经电生理检测对糖尿病周围神经病的诊断价值

目的探讨神经电生理检测对糖尿病周围神经病的诊断价值.方法采用肌电图仪对92例2型糖尿病患者进行四肢运动神经传导速度（MCV）和感觉传导速度（SCV）进行测定。结果92例2型糖尿病患者中,临床诊断糖尿病周围神经病60例（65.2%）,电生理检查后确诊72例（78.3%）;MCV异常率55.9%,SCV异常率69.6%,上肢神经异常率55.2%,下肢异常率69.5%;差异均有统计学意义。结论神经电生理检测是糖尿病周围神经病的早期诊断一种有价值的手段,测定神经感觉传导速度尤其是下肢SCV,可作为诊断糖尿病周围神经病变的敏感指标。     

巴曲抗栓酶治疗糖尿病性周围神经病2例

目的：观察巴曲抗栓酶治疗糖尿病性周围神经病的疗效。方法：患有糖尿病性周围神经病２例（男性，６１ａ，５８ａ），用巴曲抗栓酶治疗，首剂２０ＢＵ静脉滴注，以后５ＢＵ，ｑｏｄ，除首剂２０ＢＵ外，２０ＢＵ为一个疗程，共２个疗程。结果：临床症状改善或基本治愈。结论：巴曲抗栓酶可用于治疗糖尿病性周围神经病。     

神经生长因子在周围神经系统疾病中的临床应用

神经生长因子(NGF)具有营养、保护神经元及促进受损神经的再生和修复等多种生物学功能,在临床上用于治疗中毒性、外伤性和糖尿病性周围神经病以及HIV相关性感觉神经病等周围神经系统疾病.疗效确切,具有广泛的应用前景.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.