丙戊酸治疗癫痫持续状态

癫痫持续状态(Status Epilepticus SE)即"癫痫在短时间内频繁发作, 其中部分性发作未合并意识障碍者每次发作持续30 min以上; 全身性发作有意识障碍者在2次发作间期意识未恢复称为癫痫持续状态".     

丙戊酸镁治疗癫痫

丙戊酸镁治疗癫痫张敬军，陈青，孙思琴丙戊酸镁是继丙戊酸钠、癫痫安之后合成的另一丙戊酸类药，国外７０年代开始用于临床，国内应用尚少，本文单用丙戊酸镁治疗各型癫痫８３例，并监测血浓度，现就临床疗效、血浓度测定、脑电图变化及其不良反应加以分析及讨论。１资料...     

丙戊酸抗癫痫机制

丙戊酸(VPA)起初被用来治疗失神发作,近年来已经发展成为一广谱抗癫痫药(AED_(?))而广泛应用于临床。其抗癫痫机制仍在探索中,迄今为止的研究主要集中在三个方面:①增加脑部抑制性神经递质r-氨基丁酸(GABA)浓度;②加强突触后神经元对GABA的反应性;③推测VPA有直接的膜作用以降低神经元的兴奋性。 一、VPA增高脑组织GABA水平 Godln于1969年首先提出这一假说,并推测GABA的增加是GABA转氨酶(GABA-T)受抑制的结果,但     

丙戊酸钠的应用进展

本文对丙戊酸钠的抗痫机制及用量进行了综述,详述了丙戊酸钠的临床应用,与卡马西平、苯妥英钠的相互作用及不良反应。     

丙戊酸钠与地西泮治疗癫痫持续状态的系统评价

目的 系统评价丙戊酸钠与地西泮治疗癫痫持续状态(Status Epilepticus,SE)的有效性和安全性.方法 按照Cochrane系统评价的要求,制定纳入与排除标准.计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、Medline、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国学术期刊全文数据库等,收集国内外关于丙戊酸钠与地西泮治疗SE的随机或半随机对照试验.按系统评价的方法,由三名研究者独立进行质量评价和资料提取,采用Rev Man 5.1软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入9篇文献,包括400例SE患者.Meta分析结果显示:①丙戊酸钠组SE控制的有效率与地西泮组类似[RR=1.03,95％CI(0.91,1.16),P=0.65];②丙戊酸钠组SE复发率明显低于地西泮组[RR=0.41,95％ CI(0.22,0.79),P=0.007];③丙戊酸钠组药物的不良反应发生率明显低于地西泮组[RR =0.17,95％ CI(0.08,0.34),P＜0.0001].结论 丙戊酸钠可有效控制SE,药物不良反应少,癫痫复发率低,是治疗SE的理想药物.     

丙戊酸钠治疗难治性癫癇持续状态疗效观察

目的探讨丙戊酸钠治疗难治性癫癇持续状态的疗效。方法我院2008-03-2011-03收治难治性癫癇持续状态患者29例,应用丙戊酸钠注射液治疗。结果 26例于1h内完全控制,控制率89.65%,本组起效时间5～15min,平均（6±7）min,发作控制时间25～52min,平均（38.56±10.85）min。结论丙戊酸钠注射液治疗难治性癫癇持续状态具有起效快、应用安全,临床疗效确切等优点,适于临床应用。     

丙戊酸钠预防性治疗偏头痛的临床研究

丙戊酸钠(Sodium Valproate简称NaVPA)是一种有效的抗惊厥药物。最近有报道NaVPA用于预防偏头痛发作有较好的疗效,我们自1990年8月起,对43例偏头痛患者用NaVPA治疗取得了较满意的效果,结果报告如下。     

丙戊酸钠静脉滴注治疗偏头痛持续状态

目的评估丙戊酸钠治疗偏头痛持续状态的有效性和安全性。方法我们前瞻性地用静脉滴注丙戊酸钠来治疗偏头痛持续状态,然后比较患者治疗前与出院时视觉模拟评分(VAS)。并比较各种因素(一般情况,累计的丙戊酸钠剂量,合并用药)与治疗之间的关系。结果首次治疗中,26次(74.3%)治疗时患者VAS评分较治疗前减少50%或50%以上。所有治疗中,37次(82.2%)治疗使患者VAS评分较治疗前减少50%或50%以上。患者的性别与治疗反应无关。所有治疗中,合并用药(强痛定,索密通,散粒痛和达宁)和治疗时间与治疗反应呈负相关。仅3例(8.6%)出现短暂性眩晕。结论丙戊酸钠静滴是快速,有效和安全的止痛治疗。它对偏头痛持续状态有效。     

丙磺舒增强丙戊酸抗癫痫作用的试探性研究

本文研究了丙磺舒增强丙戊酸(VPA)的脑内作用,提示在VPA与丙磺舒合用后能显著提高CSF中的VPA浓度,而血中总浓度、游离浓度无显著性改变。本组12例病人在加用丙磺舒后使CSF中VPA浓度提高26～170％,6例癲痫发作频率显著减少,无明显副作用。它可能成为增强VPA脑内抗癲痫作用的一个重要途径。     

丙戊酸钠治疗偏头痛持续状态的有效性和安全性研究

目的：探讨丙戊酸钠治疗偏头痛持续状态的有效性以及安全性。方法将84例偏头痛持续状态患者随机分为观察组与对照组,各42例。对照组予以地塞米松静滴,观察组在对照组的基础上予以丙戊酸钠口服,比较2组临床疗效与不良反应。结果观察组头痛缓解有效率97.62％,显著高于对照组的83.33％（P＜0.05）;治疗后观察组 VAS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;2组不良反应发生率无明显差异（P＞0.05）。结论丙戊酸钠辅助治疗偏头痛持续状态疗效显著,但可出现心动过缓、消化道不适及低血压等不良反应,需加强合理用药管理。     

Efficacy of rapid IV administration of valproic acid for status epilepticus

Although not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of status epilepticus (SE), valproic acid (VPA) is an emerging option for this purpose. The authors reviewed 63 patients (30 men) with SE treated with IV VPA (average dose, 31.5 mg/kg). Analysis of demographic, clinical, and treatment information indicated an overall efficacy of 63.3% and favorable tolerance of rapid administration.     

Non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Valproic acid (VPA) may induce hyperammonemic encephalopathy. On the other hand, seizure-inducing effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be a paradoxical reaction or a result of AED-induced encephalopathy (commonly induced by VPA). METHODS: We present the case of a 19-year-old male who developed acute mental status changes consistent with encephalopathy evolving into repetitive seizures with oral automatisms induced by relatively small doses of VPA. RESULTS: Although serum hepatic enzymes, such as AST and ALT, were normal, serum ammonia concentration was high, i.e. 70 micromol/l (normal range 9-33 micromol/l). Administration of VPA was discontinued immediately after admission. The patient's condition improved during the second week of hospitalization and ammonium levels returned to normal. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, although uncommon, a possible induction of non-convulsive status epilepticus by valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be taken into account and properly managed by discontinuation of the drug.     

超难治性癫痫持续状态病例分析及文献复习

目的：探讨超难治性癫痫持续状态的诊断、治疗和预后。方法回顾分析了2009年10月收治的1例癫痫持续状态的患者,先后静脉给予地西泮、氯硝西泮和咪达唑仑等常规药物治疗,其癫痫发作才逐渐得到控制。检索复习癫痫持续状态的相关文献。结果目前国内外未见大宗样本报道。诊断尚存在争议,但治疗原则较为一致,采用渐进性贯序疗法。结论癫痫持续状态多由于严重的脑损伤导致,但某些患者没有明确病因也可能出现难治性癫痫持续状态。治疗多采用阶梯式治疗方法,预后较差。     

成人顽固性癫痫持续状态的临床分析

目的 探讨成人顽固性癫痫持续状态（RSE）的危险因素、临床特点、治疗及预后。方法 54例癫痫持续状态（SE）．58次发作事件，分为RSE组和非顽固性癫痫持续状态（NRSE）组．对病因、诱因、临床表现、辅助检查、预后等进行对比分析。结果 RSE占SE的43．1％，病毒性脑炎是RSE最主要的病因（P=0．001），相反，既往癫痫发作在NRSE中更常见（P=0．000），相应地药物治疗的改变引起的SE多为NRSE（P=-0．003）；RSE组GCS评分及预后较NRSE组均差（均P=0．000）。结论 SE经一、二线抗癫痫药治疗后仍有很大一部分难以控制，病毒性脑炎是导致RSE的一个重要病因，其预后较差．目前对RSE的治疗还缺乏十分合理的方案。     

Treatment of status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures with i.v. valproic acid vs phenytoin

Objective – To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment with valproic acid (VPA) in patients with status epilepticus (SE) or acute repetitive seizures (ARS) comparing it with phenytoin (PHT) treatment. Materials and methods – Patients with SE or ARS were treated in a consecutive manner with either VPA or PHT intravenously. The primary endpoint was defined as clinical seizure cessation; the secondary endpoint was evaluation of drug tolerability. Results – Seventy‐four adult patients with SE or ARS participated in the study, 49 with VPA i.v. and 25 PHT i.v. In 43 (87.8%) of the VPA patients, the seizures discontinued, and no rescue medication was needed. Similar results were found in the PHT group in which seizures of 22 (88%) patients were well controlled. Side effects were found in 12% of the PHT group, and in none of the VPA group. Conclusions – VPA i.v. seems to be effective and well tolerated in adult patients with SE or ARS.     

IV Valproate in generalized convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review

Aim of this review was to evaluate efficacy and safety of intravenous valproate (IV VPA) in the treatment of generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) in patients of any age, synthesizing available evidences from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs on IV VPA administered in patients (no age restriction) for GCSE at any stage were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were selected and data independently extracted. Following outcomes were considered: clinical seizure cessation after drug administration, seizure freedom at 24 h, and adverse effects. Outcomes were assessed using standard methods to calculate risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. Five trials met inclusion criteria. Two different comparisons were available (IV VPA versus phenytoin (PHT), IV VPA versus IV Diazepam), but only the former included more than one study with enough information to permit a meta-analysis. Compared with PHT, VPA had statistically lower risk of adverse effects (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.85), with no differences in GCSE cessation after drug administration (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.93-1.84) and in seizure freedom at 24 h (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.88-1.06). This review suggests that IV VPA has a better tolerability than PHT in treatment of GCSE, without any statistically significant differences in terms of efficacy. More rigorous RCTs of VPA versus an appropriate comparator, in a well-defined population with a systematic definition of SE, are however required to conclude about efficacy and tolerability of VPA in clinical practice.     

SENSE registry for status epilepticus

Evidence is scarce regarding the treatment of status epilepticus (SE). Only a few large randomized controlled trials have been published. Therefore, we set up a multicenter registry to prospectively document treatment practice in several different large hospitals in German‐speaking countries. Over a period of more than 4 years, we were able to document 1179 episodes of 1049 patients who were treated for SE in 1 of the 8 participating centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Median age was 70 years. The most frequent etiology was remote (32%), followed by acute (31%), or a mixture of acute and remote factors (10%). Semiology was generalized convulsive in 44%, focal motor in 27%, and nonconvulsive in 30%. Only a few patients did not have relevant comorbidities. Median latency between SE onset and first treatment was 1 hour (median). Three hundred ninety‐three (32%) of the patients were treated within 30 minutes after onset. The first treatment step consisted of benzodiazepines in more than 80%, and in levetiracetam in 15%. Five hundred eleven patients (49%) were refractory (defined as ongoing SE after application of benzodiazepine and 1 intravenous anticonvulsant). Further analysis of these registry data may be important for hypothesis generation and trial design for treatment of status epilepticus.     

EFNS guideline on the management of status epilepticus

The objective of the current paper was to review the literature and discuss the degree of evidence for various treatment strategies for status epilepticus (SE) in adults. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for relevant literature from 1966 to January 2005. Furthermore, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was sought. Recommendations are based on this literature and on our judgement of the relevance of the references to the subject. Recommendations were reached by informative consensus approach. Where there was a lack of evidence but consensus was clear we have stated our opinion as good practice points. The preferred treatment pathway for generalised convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is intravenous (i.v.) administration of 4 mg of lorazepam or 10 mg of diazepam directly followed by 15-18 mg/kg of phenytoin or equivalent fosphenytoin. If seizures continue for more than 10 min after first injection another 4 mg of lorazepam or 10 mg of diazepam is recommended. Refractory GCSE is treated by anaesthetic doses of midazolam, propofol or barbiturates; the anaesthetics are titrated against an electroencephalogram burst suppression pattern for at least 24 h. The initial therapy of non-convulsive SE depends on the type and the cause. In most cases of absence SE, a small i.v. dose of lorazepam or diazepam will terminate the attack. Complex partial SE is initially treated such as GCSE, however, when refractory further non-anaesthetising substances should be given instead of anaesthetics. In subtle SE i.v. anaesthesia is required.