性传播疾病与预防对策探讨

喀什市卫生防疫站１９８７——１９９４年监测性传播疾病（ＳＴＤ）的结果，发现喀什市区仅３０余万人口，８年内性病（不完全统计）累计发病高达１７６４例，其中男性患病１５２７例，占总患病人数的８６．５６％。以１９９４年监测为例，表明性病在喀什蔓延猖獗。一年内就发病４２７例，占总人口的１．４２‰，占受检人员的３０．３‰；其中：患者以２１—２５岁年龄组患病率最高，占总患病率的２６９．３‰；以职业划分，个体户又是患病率最高的人群，占总患病率的２０８．４‰。     

江苏省卫生服务利用状况分析

一、卫生需求与卫生服务利用比较１．两周患病率。１９９８年与１９９３年的两周患病率比较 ,江苏从１２４．２‰上升至１３７．７‰（全国从１４０．１‰升至１４９．８‰），江苏上升１３．１个千分点，其中江苏城市平均从１７０．９‰下降至１５１．０‰（全国城市从１７５．２‰升至１８７．２‰），农村平均从１０８．７‰上升至１３１．８‰（全国农村从１２８．２‰升至１３７．１‰）。２．两周未就诊率、未住院率。１９９８年调查地区两周内患病未就诊人次数占两周患病人次数的比例为３３．３３%。其中城市 (４２．６６% )明显高于…     

浙江省0～2岁儿童先天性心脏病患病率研究

目的　了解０ ～２ 岁儿童先天性心脏病（ 先心病） 患病情况。方法　利用心脏听诊和超声检查相结合的方法，对浙江省嘉兴等１３ 个市县０ ～２ 岁儿童进行了先心病患病率调查和病因分析。结果　发现０ ～２ 岁儿童先心病患病率为３．７２ ‰。不同年龄组间先心病患病率存在差异，０岁组最高，为５ ．５４‰；１ 岁组次之，为３ ．３６ ‰；２ 岁组最低，为２ ．６６ ‰。男女间先心病患病率没有差异。室间隔缺损比例最高，占５９ ．４ ％ 。结论　表明先心病属我国重要的公共卫生问题之一，开展出生儿先心病监测和病因研究，减少先心病发生，对提高儿童生命质量有重要的意义。     

云南省沧源县佤族婴儿死亡情况研究

为了摸清佤族婴儿死亡率及主要死因，１９９４年在云南沧源佤族自治县进行了一次调查，结果如下：（１）６个乡佤族婴儿死亡率为６５．８４‰～１２４．０４‰，平均９２．９９‰；（２）婴儿的主要死因是肺炎，腹泻，新生儿窒息，早产，新生儿破伤风，占全部死因的８６．４３‰，其中感染性疾病占６５．０７‰；（３）婴儿死亡漏报率高达６２．７７％，漏报者均发生在县以下基层卫生部门；（４）产前检查率，住院分娩率，患病率儿就     

我市精神卫生工作的调查与分析

为了全面了解精神卫生工作的概貌，为各级领导制定卫生工作规划提供参考，最近我们对全市精神卫生工作情况进行了１次较全面的调查。一、日照市精神病患病率及治疗情况据１９９４年全市精神病流行学调查资料显示：精神病患病率达９．１４‰，且逐年以０．３‰的速度上升（见表１）。其中７１．０１％的患者接受过治疗，而仅有２１．７４％的患者接受过系统治疗、４９．２７％的患者只是间断性治疗，２８．９９％的患者从未接受过治疗。自１９９３年以来，精神病人杀人案件占同类案件的２６．１％。对社会危害极大。二、存在问题及原因（一）…     

安徽省农村地区1—8岁儿童脑瘫现况及地区分布的流行病学研究

采用分层整群抽样方法,选取安徽省３ 个自然地理区域７ 个县所辖２０ 个乡镇的５０７１４ 名１ ～８ 岁儿童进行脑瘫调查。结果显示,安徽省农村地区１ ～８ 岁儿童脑瘫患病率为２－０７ ‰,不同性别和不同年龄组脑瘫患病率均无显著性差异,但３ 个地区儿童脑瘫患病率呈显著性差异,以淮北地区最低（１－２８ ‰） ,皖南地区最高（３－３４ ‰） ,江淮地区居中（２－０９ ‰） 。其地区差的原因尚待进一步研究     

山东省糖尿病患病现况与流行因素研究

以分层整群随机抽样方法对２０２２８人糖尿病患病情况进行了流行病学调查，结果发现：总患病率为１０．９３‰，ＩＤＤＭ占４．５％，ＮＩＤＤＭ占９５．５％；总患病率随年龄递增，≥６０岁达５５．６‰；城市患病率（２３．５‰）最高，其次为海岛、沿海居民（２１．４‰），农村最低（４．２２‰）；男、女患病率差异无显著性；调查中新诊断的病人占病人总数３３．５％。对２１１例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者进行的流行因素的病例对照分析发现：最终进入多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型有意义的因素有家族史系数、ＢＭＩ、喜素食和高血压，ＯＲ值分别为３．３２、２．８９、０．３８和１．６７。交互作用分析表明，阳性家族史与体重超重或不良饮食习惯二因素并存者，特别是该三因素并存者为ＮＩＤＤＭ社区干预的重点人群     

广州市棉尘病的研究

对广州市１９８９年仅有的两家加工纯棉工厂１３２０名工人作研究，发现可吸入性棉尘与总尘浓度、内毒素含量中位数分别为０．７１（０．４１－１．５１）与５．２８（３．０４－１２．３２）ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，２００７（１２３６－４１００）Ｅｕ／ｍ＾３；呼吸系统异常的检出率、慢性气管炎及棉尘病患病率分别为：（１）典型星期一症状９．０％，（２）班后ＦＥＶ１下降≥５％为１６．８％，（３）班后ＦＥＶ１下降≥１０％为４．２％     

某部队伤病残战士情况调查分析

目的：为了解部队伤病战士现状。总结卫生工作经验教训。增强工作针对性，为做好部队伤病残战士作提供依据。方法：设计专门调查表，组织经过培训的专业人员进行调查。结果：共调查３８０２８名战士，其中伤病发生率为８．２０％，伤病之比１：１．３８，伤病战士中评残的占３３．９７％，致残率为２．７９‰，伤残与病残之比１：０．３１，第１年度及第４年度以上战士病员多于伤员。受伤战士以下肢骨折居多。患病战士以精神系统疾病     

浅谈做好部队传染病监测的体会

驻广东某部队系全军疾病监测点。通过两年运行，取得的基本经验主要是：（１）加强领导，健全组织；（２）收集信息，分析疫情；（３）依据信息，制定预防措施；（４）对不报、迟报、漏报原因进行分析；（５）对传染病发病因素进行分析。从而使部队９６年传染病总发病率控制在２．３４‰．比１９９４年下降了７３．１７％。部队昼夜发病率为１．０５‰。有效地控制了部队非战斗减员。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.