A user evaluation of the Nosocomial Infection National Surveillance System: surgical site infection module

The Nosocomial Infection National Surveillance Scheme (NINSS) enables hospitals in England to undertake surveillance of healthcare associated infection, compare their results with national aggregated data, and use the information to improve patient care. A surgical site infection (SSI) module was introduced in 1997, and participation has increased steadily since its inception. This survey was undertaken to assess the views of users on the current service, and how the module should be developed to best meet their needs and resources. Survey forms were sent to infection control teams (ICTs) at the 113 hospitals that had participated at any time during the first three years of the programme. The response rate was 90% (102). The views of users were generally very positive and indicated considerable support for the approach to this type of surveillance. The ability to compare hospital infection rates with national data, the availability of standardized surveillance methods, and centralized data analysis and report production were key reasons for participation for over 80% of users. Most did not wish to see any major changes made to the protocol, although more than a third of users suggested additional data items. Overall, users were satisfied with both the content and timescale for receipt of feedback reports, and 77% disseminated them to at least three groups of clinicians and managers. The majority of ICTs (89%) gave the results directly to the surgeons. For some users (29%) it was too early to assess the value of the surveillance. Of the remainder, although results provided evidence of good performance for some, 46% identified high rates of SSI in one or more groups of surgical patients. In about two-thirds of these hospitals, a review or change in clinical practice was initiated as a result. Three main areas for development were identified: an extended range of surgical procedures, post-discharge surveillance and improved local data collection and analysis systems. Users said they would also like training in handling and interpreting surveillance data. These needs should be addressed in order to ensure the continuing success of national surveillance.     

Risk factors for surgical site infection in a Tanzanian district hospital: a challenge for the traditional National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system index.

The incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) was 24% in a district hospital in Tanzania. Wound classification was not an independent risk factor for SSI, indicating that risk scores developed in industrialized countries may require adjustments for nonindustrialized countries. The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system score required adjustments to reliably predict SSI, probably to account for improper hygiene and the lack of adjustment for the duration of surgery (defined as the 75th percentile of the duration for each type of operative procedure) to reflect local circumstances. Multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative pathogens expressing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases, have already emerged.     

全国医院感染监控网络医院感染管理的调查

目的 为了解我国医院感染监控网络医院感染监控管理的基本情况。方法 采用问卷形式对全国医院感染监控网134所网内医院及部分非网络医院进行医院感染管理基本情况调查。结果 共收到有效问卷97份,在医院感染监控机构设置方面,有63所医院（63．9％）将医院感染监控机构单独成立科室,少部分仍附属于医务科等职能科室;97所医院平均每190．3张床位有1名专职人员,中、小型医院人员配备较大型医院多,医生仍较少,专职检验人员缺乏;46所医院感染监控机构已配备了微机（占47．4％）;只有26所医院的感染监控机构有独立的实验室,18所医院既无专门实验室,检验科亦无专人负责;少数医院专职人员缺乏培训;大部分医院领导对医院感染监控能从经费、人员配备等方面给予支持,但仍有23所医院在专职人员晋升方面不能同等对待或给予倾斜。结论 全国医院感染监控网医院,大多数医院感染管理条件的基本情况是好的,感染监控工作得到医院的重视;但为了适应监控管理工作的需要,仍需提高对医院感染监控工作的认识,医院要从科室设置,专业人员配备、培训、晋升、实验室建设,微机配备等方面加大支持,保证全国医院感染监控网健康发展。     

Incidence of surgical-site infections and the validity of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System risk index in a general surgical ward in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency of and risk factors for surgical-site infections (SSIs) in Bolivia, and to study the performance of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System risk index in a developing country. DESIGN: A prospective study with patient follow-up until the 30th postoperative day. SETTING: A general surgical ward of a public hospital in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. PATIENTS: Patients admitted to the ward between July 1998 and June 1999 on whom surgical procedures were performed. RESULTS: Follow-up was complete for 91.5% of 376 surgical procedures. The overall SSI rate was 12%. Thirty-four (75.6%) of the 45 SSIs were culture positive. A logistic regression model retained an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of more than 1 (odds ratio [OR], 1.87), a not-clean wound class (OR, 2.28), a procedure duration of more than 1 hour (OR, 1.81), and drain (OR, 1.98) as independent risk factors for SSI. There was no significant association between the NNIS System risk index and SSI rates. However, a "local" risk index constructed with the above cutoff points showed a linear trend with SSI (P < .001) and a relative risk of 3.18 for risk class 3 versus a class of less than 3. CONCLUSIONS: SSIs cause considerable morbidity in Santa Cruz. Appropriate nosocomial infection surveillance and control should be introduced. The NNIS System risk index did not discriminate between patients at low and high risk for SSI in this hospital setting, but a risk score based on local cutoff points performed substantially better.     

全国医院感染监控网医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的　了解医院感染病原菌的排序及细菌的耐药情况。方法　对全国医院感染监控网 79所医院医院感染病原菌来源及细菌耐药性进行统计分析。结果　在 4 0 6 88例医院感染患者中共分离出病原菌 12 2 96株 ,分离阳性率为 2 6 .6 8% ,病原菌仍以革兰阴性需氧杆菌为主 ,占 4 7.98% ,革兰阴性杆菌除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌外 ,对亚胺培南的敏感率均在 80 %以上 ;与未加酶抑制剂抗菌药相比 ,大多数医院感染革兰阴性菌对加酶抑制剂抗菌药耐药率均有不同程度的下降 ,尤其以头孢哌酮与头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦明显 ,两者比较差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率达 75 .36 %。结论　为控制细菌的耐药性 ,必须加强抗菌药物的合理使用     

NNIS风险指数在手术部位感染应用的效果评估

目的评估NNIS风险指数在手术部位感染的应用效果,为NNIS风险调整作参考。方法回顾性收集2014年1月-2016年8月12所医院14 308例手术病例资料,计算不同手术不同NNIS风险组的感染率,应用Spearman秩相关检验分析NNIS风险等级与感染率的相关关系,以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)评价NNIS风险指数对不同手术术后感染的预测能力。结果 NNIS-0、1级、2级、3级感染率分别为1.77%、5.85%、13.13%、26.14%,Spearman秩相关系数为0.642,P<0.01;结直肠切除、开腹胆囊及胆管手术的AUC分别为0.731、0.721、0.717,长骨骨折切开复位内固定、髋关节置换、冠状动脉搭桥、腹式子宫切除的AUC分别为0.634、0.608、0.646、0.623,剖宫产AUC为0.502。结论 NNIS风险指数作为手术部位感染风险分层工具判别能力较好,对感染率高的手术预测能力优于感染率低的手术,如能根据我国的情况对NNIS风险指数进行风险调整或许能够让其作用发挥更有效。     

综合医院外科手术部位感染的监测研究

手术部位感染居医院感染的第3位，仅次于下呼吸道感染和胃肠道感染，占住院病人医院感染的14％～16％。手术部位感染不但延长了病人的住院时间，而且提高了发病率和死亡率，给病人的身体和经济带来了沉重的负担。为了给手术部位感染预防控制措施提供依据，特对2002年2月～2004年1月某综合医院外科病人的手术部位感染状况进行了如下调查。     

Surveillance of surgical site infections after digestive surgery

Objective

The authors had for aim to monitor surgical site infections (SSI) after digestive surgery and to compare local hospital rates to those of the south-east French region. The overall rate of SSI was compared to the rate of two targeted surgeries: cholecystectomy and hernia repair (CHOL, HERN).

Method

Surveillance of all surgical procedures, following “CCLIN Sud-Est” surveillance guidelines was carried out between June and August 2006.

Results

Three hundred and thirty-eight surgeries were included. Among them, 20 SSIs (5.92%) were diagnosed and confirmed by a surgeon. The univariate analysis identified six risk factors: age, wound classes (3 or 4), ASA (3 or 4 or 5), length of surgery (greater than two hours), complexity of surgery, and carcinologic surgery. In the multivariate analysis, ASA score and length of surgery were significantly linked to SSI. SSI rates for HERN and CHOL were respectively 2.7 (2/73) and 2.9% (2/68).

Conclusion

The overall rate of infection was high compared to the “CCLIN Sud-Est” 2005 data. However, teaching hospitals accounted for only 8% of all interventions and they usually hospitalize patients at risk. Thus, the overall follow-up requires stratifying the results in homogeneous groups of patients (NNIS) to have comparable results overtime and between hospitals. In addition, this monitoring is difficult to perform because it is a very time-consuming routine. However, if CHOL and HERN are more reliable for comparison and less time-consuming, they do not reflect the overall rate of SSI.     

全国医院感染监控网老年患者医院感染病原菌及其耐药特征分析

目的探讨老年患者医院感染病原菌及其耐药性特征.方法对1999年7月～2002年6月全国医院感染监控网医院上报的老年患者医院感染病原菌进行统计分析.结果共计发生46 126例次老年患者医院感染,报告相应病原菌15 126株,阳性率为32.79%;病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占44.65%,其次为真菌、革兰阳性菌,分别为29.12%、25.92%,位于前3位的病原菌分别为其他真菌(14.36%)、白色念珠菌(12.33%)、铜绿假单胞菌(8.69%);除嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌以外,革兰阴性菌以亚胺培南最敏感,敏感率＞87%,对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢唑林的耐药率＞51%,对头孢哌酮、哌拉西林的耐药率＞33%;阴沟肠杆菌和非发酵菌对头孢西丁的耐药率＞87%;MRSA和MRSE的检出率高达86.76%和76.32%.结论在老年患者医院感染病原菌中,真菌所占的比例高;细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性相当严重.     

Nosocomial infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and treatment implications associated with urinary tract and surgical site infections

A prospective cohort study was conducted from January 2000 to December 2001 to determine the rate of bacterial nosocomial infections in renal transplant recipients. The patients were divided into two groups according to the origin of the allograft, namely deceased or living related donors. One hundred and sixty-three renal transplant recipients were reviewed during hospitalization; 110 (67.5%) kidneys were from deceased donors and 53 (32.5%) kidneys were from living related donors. The median length of hospitalization was 12 days for transplants from living related donors and 26 days for transplants from deceased donors (P<0.0001). Twenty-one (39.6%) recipients of kidneys from living related donors and 68 (61.8%) recipients of kidneys from deceased donors had bacterial nosocomial infectious episodes (P=0.019). The post-transplant nosocomial infections diagnosed during hospitalization included urinary tract infections (UTIs) (44.8%), surgical site infections (SSIs) (11%), pneumonia (6.1%), catheter-related bloodstream infections (4.2%) and others (1.8%). Risk factors for UTI included: recipient of kidney from a deceased donor, substitution of the initial immunosuppressive regimen, duration of urinary bladder catheterization, and length of hospitalization before the infection. Six Enterobacter cloacae strains with multiple resistances to antibiotics were identified in UTIs, and hospital dissemination was documented using molecular typing. UTI was the single most important hospital infection and was significantly higher in recipients of kidneys from deceased donors (P=0.001).     

腹部外科手术部位感染风险预测模型

目的构建手术部位感染发病风险预测模型,为筛选手术部位感染高危人群提供技术支持。方法选择2013年1月-2015年12月国内6所医院5 067例腹部外科手术病例资料,采用logistic回归构建预测模型,以ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评价模型的预测效果。结果手术部位感染率为7.14%;纳入风险预测模型的变量包括糖尿病、低蛋白血症、高血压、术前炎症反应、手术切口分类、手术持续时间、ASA分级、腹腔镜手术8个指标,构建的模型ROC曲线下面积为0.803,优于NNIS风险指数的预测效力(AUC=0.731)。结论预测是预警的基础,本研究所建立的风险预测模型若与信息技术结合,对于预警高危患者具有重要价值。     

阑尾切除术手术部位感染危险因素研究

目的探讨阑尾切除术手术部位感染的危险因素,为制定感染控制措施提供依据。方法对某院2010年8月-2011年12月施行阑尾切除术的512例患者资料进行调查。结果512例患者发生手术部位感染42例,感染率8.20%,均为表浅手术切口感染。单因素分析结果显示,患者年龄、皮下组织厚度、是否患糖尿病、麻醉类型、手术持续时间、手术季节、手术切口类型、阑尾病理类型等与手术部位感染相关（均P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,手术切口类型(OR 95%CI: 2.75～67.45)、皮下组织厚度(OR 95%CI: 4.54～45.81)、是否患糖尿病(OR 95%CI: 5.13～29.91)、麻醉类型(OR 95%CI: 1.79～53.28)、手术持续时间(OR 95%CI: 8.10～78.63)及阑尾病理类型(OR 95%CI:5.51～54.74)是患者手术部位感染的危险因素（均P＜0.05）。结论应针对手术部位感染危险因素重点防控,预防阑尾切除术后手术部位感染的发生。     

胸部手术部位感染的危险因素分析

目的 分析剖胸术后引起手术部位感染的主要危险因素,为临床控制剖胸术后手术部位感染提供参考.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月-2012年10月行剖胸术的1124例患者资料,术后手术部位发生感染66例患者为感染组,随机抽取该时间段接受剖胸术但未发生感染66例患者作为非感染组,通过对比两组患者的资料,分析引起感染的原因,涉及的因素包括:性别、年龄、体重指数、住院时间、手术时间、慢性基础疾病等.结果 1124例患者剖胸术后手术部位感染患者66例,感染率为5.87％,其中表浅切口、深部切口感染率分别占65.32％和32.18％,器官腔隙感染占2.50％;通过logistic回归分析显示,手术时间、引流管个数及引流管留置时间与术后手术感染成正性相关,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 剖胸术后手术部位感染可能与手术时间的长短、引流管个数、引流管留置时间长短有关,临床在抗感染的过程中对此应特别注意.     

综合病房医院感染调查

目的 了解综合病房医院感染状况。方法 用前瞻性方法，对1998年4月-2000年5月期间收治的2602例住院患者进行调查。结果 医院感染率为6．42％，例次感染率8．15％；≥60岁患者分别占77．25、80．66％；部位分布为呼吸道(66．04％)、胃肠道(12．26％)、泌尿道(8．49％)；高发时段为住院时间＞20d；主要基础病为各种肿瘤、心脑血管病患者；常见病原菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌(34．65％)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(11．81％)等。结论 以中老年患者为主的综合病房医院感染应受到重点关注。     

外科手术部位感染危险因素的监测与分析

目的探讨外科手术部位感染的危险因素,为采取有效措施减少手术部位感染提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究的方法对7种外科手术的手术部位感染状况进行监测研究。结果发生外科手术部位感染共24例,手术部位感染率为3.9%,其中Ⅰ类手术感染率为11.9%,Ⅱ类手术感染率为2.8%,Ⅲ类手术感染率为14.3%;颅脑手术手术部位感染率为17.8%,位居第1;感染部位分泌物培养病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主。结论手术部位感染危险因素与年龄、性别、手术时间、住院天数、有无植入物、是否引流及麻醉方式有关,其中有无植入物、住院天数、年龄、手术时间这4个因素与医院感染有显著关系。     

手术部位感染的危险因素分析及干预措施

目的 探讨手术部位感染在手术中的危险因素,为控制手术室医院感染提供依据.方法 对手术室引起手术部位感染的相关因素进行分析,针对原因提出建立手术室医院感染监控机制,加强组织管理与培训,重视医护人员手与患者术前皮肤消毒,加强手术室的无菌操作及环境管理等措施.结果 医院2009-2011年无1例手术感染发生,未发生医院感染暴发事件,Ⅰ类切口的感染率控制为0.结论 做好手术室医院感染监控是预防手术部位感染的重要手段,加强围手术期患者的管理是控制感染的关键.     

外科手术部位感染的危险因素分析及控制策略

目的 分析手术部位感染的危险因素,制定感染控制策略.方法 重视外科无菌技术,合理使用抗菌药物,增强围手术期患者管理等措施.结果 对术前、术中、术后3个环节进行严格管理,可有效预防手术部位感染.结论 加强围手术期患者的管理是控制感染的关键,做好手术部位监控工作是预防手术部位感染的重要手段.     

新生儿重症监护病房医院感染监控与管理

目的 加强新生儿神经内科室症监护病房(NICU)的医院感染监控和管理。方法 领导重视，规章制度落实；加强教育增强感染意识；在常规监测的基础上积极开展目标性监测。结果 感染意识提高，消毒隔离制度的落实变被动为主动；NICU空气质量改善，呼吸机相关感染减少。结论 加强NICU的医院感染监控和管理，及时发现和解决感染控制的薄弱环节，控制医院感染的发生，确保医疗安全，提高医疗质量。