胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及其对放疗临床靶区的意义

目的 研究胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移的规律,探讨临床病理因素对淋巴结转移的影响,为胸段食管癌放射治疗临床靶区的制定提供依据.方法 回顾性分析1077例行根治术的胸段食管鳞癌患者的淋巴结转移规律,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析评估临床病理因素对淋巴结转移的影响.结果 胸上段食管癌颈部、上纵隔、中纵隔、下纵隔及腹部淋巴结转移率分别为16.7%、33.3%、11.1%、5.6%和5.6%,胸中段食管癌分别为4.0%、3.8%、28.5%、7.1%和17.1%,胸下段食管癌分别为1.5%、3.0%、22.7%、37.0%和33.2%.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肿瘤长度、浸润深度和分化程度是影响胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(OR分别为1.145、1.501和1.973).结论 影响胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移的主要因素有肿瘤浸润深度、分化程度及肿瘤长度,应综合考虑肿瘤部位及这些因素,以选择合适的放疗临床靶区.     

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律探究

目的探讨胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素,以指导淋巴结清扫方式。方法回顾分析漳州市医院2010年4月至2012年7月手术治疗的328例胸段食管鳞癌的临床病理资料,探讨淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。结果全组328例共清扫淋巴结9 937枚,平均30.3枚/例。共437枚、153例有淋巴结转移,转移率46.65%;其中喉返神经旁淋巴结转移18.30%,10.46%喉返神经旁淋巴结为唯一转移部位。胸段食管癌淋巴结转移与肿瘤部位、长度、分化程度及浸润深度明显相关。胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移方向主要向上纵隔及下颈部;胸中段食管癌颈、胸、腹均可发生淋巴结转移;胸下段食管癌主要向腹腔、中下纵隔转移。结论食管上段鳞癌,颈部淋巴结转移率高,应行三野淋巴结清扫;下段食管癌清扫重点在腹腔、中下纵隔;中段鳞癌应提倡进行个体化清扫和适度清扫;分化程度差,浸润程度深的病例应适当扩大清扫范围。胸段食管癌喉返神经旁淋巴结转移率高,均应行喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫。     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素*

目的:探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。方法:选择行根治性手术切除、胸腹二野淋巴结清扫术的229 例胸段食管癌进行研究,手术共清扫淋巴结2 458 枚。分析食管癌不同病变部位淋巴结转移度分布情况以及肿瘤浸润深度、病变长度、大体病理形态、肿瘤分化程度等因素对淋巴结转移的影响。结果:1）102 例食管癌发生淋巴结转移,淋巴结转移率为44.5%（102/229）。 258 枚淋巴结发生转移,淋巴结转移度为10.5%（258/2 458）。2）胸上段食管癌上纵隔、中纵隔、下纵隔和腹腔淋巴结转移度分别为19.0% 、6.7% 、9.8% 和14.2% ;胸中段食管癌分别为26.1% 、7.4% 、11.8% 和11.9% ;胸下段食管癌分别为0、1.6% 、5.3% 和10.0% 。3）Tis期无淋巴结转移。T1、T2、T3、T4 期淋巴结转移率分别为28.6% 、42.9% 、48.3% 和31.3% ;淋巴结转移度分别为7.9% 、10.8% 、10.7% 和10.8% ;T1~T4 期淋巴结转移率和转移度组间比较均无显著性差异（χ2=2.733,P=0.435 和χ2=0.686,P=0.876）。 4）病变长度≤3cm组、
3～5cm组和>5cm组淋巴结转移率分别为45.2% 、43.4% 和46.2% ,淋巴结转移度分别为9.1% 、11.6% 和11.7% ,组间比较差异均不显著（χ2=0.094,P=0.954 和χ2=3.933,P=0.140）。 5）髓质型、溃疡型、蕈伞型和缩窄型食管癌淋巴结转移度分别为14.0% 、9.6% 、4.3% 和18.3%（χ2=19.292,P=0.000）,蕈伞型食管癌淋巴结转移度较低。6）鳞癌、低分化鳞癌淋巴结转移率为42.5% 和75.0%（χ2=4.852,P=0.028）;淋巴结转移度为9.5% 和18.6%（χ2=11.323,P=0.001）。 低分化者易发生淋巴结转移。结论:胸段食管癌淋巴结转移涉及部位多,播散广泛,且食管癌病变早期即可发生癌转移。大体病理形态及肿瘤分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的主要因素。      

胸中段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移度及合理清扫范围的临床研究

目的:本研究通过分析胸中段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及淋巴结转移度对预后的影响,探讨合理的淋巴结清扫范围.方法:对129例经现代二野淋巴结清扫术的胸中段食管鳞癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:全组患者淋巴结转移率为56.6%,总淋巴结转移度(阳性淋巴结数/清扫淋巴结总数,LMR)为11.3%,上纵隔淋巴结转移率为43.4%.最常见的淋巴结受累区域为食管旁、右喉返神经旁、贲门及胃左血管旁、隆突下.影响淋巴结转移的主要因素为肿瘤浸润深度、分化程度及肿瘤长度.无淋巴结转移组、淋巴结转移度≤20%组和淋巴结转移度>20%组患者5年生存率分别为50.4%、31.0%和6.8%,结果差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).结论:淋巴结转移度是判断食管癌预后的一个重要因素,胸中段食管癌应该常规行包括双侧上纵隔的现代二野淋巴结清扫术.     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律与放疗意义探讨

目的 了解胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律，探讨胸段食管癌放疗临床靶区的设计。方法 对首程治疗行颈、胸、腹3个野根治术的胸段食管鳞癌患者621例，标记各部位清扫的淋巴结分别送检，进行临床病理资料分析，了解淋巴结转移规律，为食管癌放疗临床靶区的设计提供理论依据。结果 胸上、中、下段食管癌颈部淋巴结转移率分别为42．9％、27．9％和7．9％，上纵隔的分别为31．2％、24．0％和10．1％，中纵隔的分别为14．3％、29．7％和33．7％，下纵隔的分别为1．3％、4．0％和19．1％，腹部的分别为11．7％、25．1％和55．1％。胸部各段食管癌淋巴结转移部位比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。病变长度愈长、肿瘤分化越低、肿瘤浸润越深食管癌淋巴结转移率也愈高（P〈0．05）。结论 胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移以颈段食管旁、锁骨上、上中纵隔转移多见，胸中段食管癌淋巴结转移具有明显的上下双向转移和跳跃性转移特点，胸下段食管癌淋巴结转移以腹部、中下纵隔转移多见。建议胸上段食管癌临床靶区的范围上界包括颈段食管旁及锁骨上、下界包括隆突下的淋巴结引流区，胸下段食管癌临床靶区的范围上界至隆突水平、下界包括胃左血管旁的淋巴结引流区，胸中段食管癌临床靶区的范围应根据具体情况设定。     

胸段食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移特点

目的:了解胸段食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移特点,探讨合理的上纵隔淋巴结的清扫范围.方法:回顾性分析2004年11月至2010年6月150例接受胸段食管癌三切口根治术患者的临床及病理资料.结果:全组淋巴结转移率为60.7%,其中胸廓入口处淋巴结转移率为32.7%,转移度为20.99%.单因素分析显示:胸上、中、下段食管癌均可向胸廓入口处淋巴结转移,其转移率分别为57.7%、28.9%、23.5%;不同分段之间胸廓入口处淋巴结转移率具有统计学意义(χ2=9.020、P=0.010).高、中、低分化食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移率分别为13.0%、40.9%、43.8%;不同组织分化程度的食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移率有统计学差异(χ2=11.665,P=0.003).肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤直径与胸廓入口处淋巴结转移比较差异无统计学意义.多因素分析显示:组织分化程度和病变部位是影响胸廓入口淋巴结转移的危险因素.结论:胸廓入口处淋巴结的清扫对预防胸段食管癌术后局部复发和转移有重要意义.     

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素分析

目的:探讨胸段食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。方法:回顾性研究2009-06-2012-04我院胸外科收治1 630例食管癌患者的手术及术后病理资料,分析其淋巴结转移规律及影响因素。结果:全组共清除5 273组淋巴结(共16 373枚),淋巴结转移率33.31%,淋巴结转移度8.15%。多因素分析显示,肿瘤部位、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤长度及T分期均与淋巴结转移有关,P<0.05;而年龄和性别与其无关,P>0.05。不同部位肿瘤存在双向转移及跳跃转移。胸部各段食管癌间,颈部淋巴结的淋巴结转移率和淋巴结转移度差异均有统计学意义,χ2值分别为8.786和14.179,P值分别为0.012和0.001;腹腔淋巴结的淋巴结转移率和淋巴结转移度差异均有统计学意义,χ2值分别为32.936和66.490,P值均<0.01。结论:肿瘤部位、分化程度、肿瘤长度和T分期是淋巴结转移的影响因素。胸段食管癌发生跳跃转移的概率较高。肿瘤部位不同,向颈部及腹腔淋巴结转移的趋势亦不同。应综合考虑这些影响因素及淋巴结转移的规律,以选择合适的综合治疗方案。     

胸段食管鳞癌术后复发模式及辅助治疗的意义

目的:探讨胸段食管鳞癌术后复发模式,临床病理指标与复发模式的关系及术后辅助治疗的意义。方法:回顾性分析具有完整随访资料,行手术治疗的胸段食管鳞癌256 例,全部病例均按TNM分期（1997年UICC分期法）,率的比较采用χ2检验。结果:全组中141 例术后复发（55.08%）,复发平均时间15.1 个月（4～58个月）,其中淋巴结转移82例（58.16%）;血行性转移15例（10.64%）;混合型转移（血行转移伴淋巴结转移或吻合口复发）26例（18.44%）;吻合口复发18例（12.77%）。 胸段食管癌术后复发与肿瘤浸润深度、临床分期及局部淋巴结转移相关（P=0.034,P=0.037,P=0.004）。 胸上段食管癌术后淋巴结转移主要发生于颈部;胸下段食管癌术后腹部及中、下纵隔淋巴结转移率明显大于上纵隔和颈部淋巴结转移率;胸中段食管癌术后上纵隔和颈部淋巴结转移率大于中、下纵隔和腹部。辅助放化疗组淋巴结转移及吻合口复发33例,与无辅助治疗组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）,辅助放化疗组血行及混合转移13例,与无辅助治疗组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.065）。 结论:胸段食管鳞癌术后复发主要为局部淋巴结转移;肿瘤浸润深度、临床分期及局部淋巴结转移与术后复发相关;胸上段食管癌术后颈部淋巴结转移率高,胸下段食管癌术后腹部淋巴结转移率高;术后放化疗治疗对局部控制具有统计学意义。      

食管癌淋巴结转移特点分析

目的:探讨食管癌淋巴结转移特点。方法:回顾性分析1 791例手术治疗的食管癌患者临床病理资料,分析淋巴结的转移规律及特点。结果:1 791例食管癌患者的淋巴结转移率为35.18%,淋巴结转移度为8.33%。基底细胞样鳞癌及腺鳞癌的淋巴结转移率及转移度与鳞癌无明显差异（均P>0.05）,而腺癌及神经内分泌癌的淋巴结转移率及淋巴结转移度明显高于鳞癌（均P<0.05）。肿瘤分化、病变长度、T分期及是否有脉管癌栓是淋巴结转移率的独立影响因素（均P<0.05）,并且肿瘤分化、T分期及是否有脉管癌栓是影响N分期的独立影响因素（均P<0.05）。上段食管癌的颈部淋巴结转移率要高于中、下段食管癌（P=0.002）,而纵隔及腹腔淋巴结转移率在不同部位之间无显著性差异（均P>0.05）。结论:肿瘤分化、T分期及是否有脉管癌栓是影响食管癌淋巴结转移率及N分期的重要因素;上段食管癌更容易发生颈部淋巴结转移;无论肿瘤位置都应加强对腹腔淋巴结的清扫。     

胸段食管鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移特点及其临床意义

背景与目的：食管癌颈部淋巴结转移率较高,但少有专门报道。本研究分析胸段食管鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移特点,探讨其临床意义。方法：选择1993年1月—2003年12月在福建省肿瘤医院行胸段食管鳞癌三野淋巴结清扫根治术患者1 131例,对术后病理证实颈部淋巴结转移患者376例的具体情况进行分析。结果：全组颈部淋巴结转移率为33.2%,其中胸上、中及下段的颈部淋巴结转移率分别为43.7%、33.0%和16.0%。单因素分析显示,颈部淋巴结转移率与肿瘤部位、病理分化程度、病变X线长度、pT分期以及淋巴结转移个数有关(P<0.05),但多因素回归分析显示,颈部淋巴结转移率只与肿瘤部位、pT分期及淋巴结转移个数有关(P<0.05)。颈段食管旁淋巴结转移最多见,其次是锁骨上淋巴结转移,颈深淋巴结及咽后淋巴结转移少见;胸上、中及下段的颈部淋巴结转移数占该段淋巴结总转移数的比率分别为57.7%、32.0%和10.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各段食管癌右颈部淋巴结转移多于左颈部。结论：影响胸段食管鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移独立因素是肿瘤部位、pT分期及淋巴结转移数;颈段食管旁淋巴结转移最多见,其次是锁骨上淋巴结转移,颈深淋巴结及咽后淋巴结转移少见。     

Criteria for the selection of radionuclides for targeting nuclear antigens for cancer radioimmunotherapy

The potential of utilizing immunoconjugates to selectively deliver radionuclides for the destruction of tumors has stimulated much research activity. From dosimetric and other considerations, the choice of radiolabel is an important factor that needs to be optimized for maximum effectiveness of radioimmunotherapy (RIT). This paper reviews and assesses a number of present and future radionuclides that are particularly suitable for RIT based on the various physical, chemical, and biological considerations. Although intermediate to high-energy beta emitters (with and without gamma photons in their emission) possess a number of advantages for most RIT, the use of alpha, Auger, and short range conversion electron emitters could be attractive for targeting nuclear antigens when the radioimmunoconjugate is internalized into tumor cells. Factors relating to the production and availability of candidate radionuclides as well as their stable chemical attachment to monoclonal antibodies are discussed.     

肿瘤分子靶向治疗疗效预测因子的研究进展

疗效预测因子检测可能改善肿瘤分子靶向治疗的预后。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、棘皮动物微管蛋白样4-间变性淋巴瘤激酶(EML4-ALK)、人表皮生长因子2(HER2)、KRAS、c-kit/PDGFRA和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)等是肿瘤分子靶向治疗的重要预测因子。     

Guidance for peptide vaccines for the treatment of cancer

Recent progress in fundamental understanding of tumor immunology has opened a new avenue of cancer vaccines. Currently, the development of new cancer vaccines is a global topic and has attracted attention as one of the most important issues in Japan. There is an urgent need for the development of guidance for cancer vaccine clinical studies in order to lead to drug development. Peptide vaccines characteristically have the effect of indirectly acting against cancer through the immune system – a mechanism of action that clearly differs from anticancer drugs that exert a direct effect. Thus, the clinical development of cancer peptide vaccines should be planned and implemented based on the mechanism of action, which differs significantly from conventional anticancer drug research. The Japanese Society for Biological Therapy has created and published Guidance for peptide vaccines for the treatment of cancer as part of its mission and responsibilities towards cancer peptide vaccine development, which is now pursued globally. We welcome comments from regulators and business people as well as researchers in this area.     

Searching for targets for the systemic therapy of mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma is an incurable disease associated with asbestos exposure arising in the pleural cavity and less frequently in the peritoneal cavity. Platinum-based combination chemotherapy with pemetrexed is the established standard of care. Multimodality approaches including surgery and radiotherapy are being investigated. Increasing knowledge about the molecular characteristics of mesothelioma had led to the identification of novel potential targets for systemic therapy. Current evidence suggests pathways activated in response to merlin deficiency, including Pi3K/mTOR and the focal adhesion kinase, as well as immunotherapeutic approaches to be most promising. This review elaborates on the rationale behind targeted approaches that have been and are undergoing exploration in mesothelioma and summarizes available clinical results and ongoing efforts to improve the systemic therapy of mesothelioma.     

Evaluation of global literature for definition of dose-response relationship for hexachlorobenzene toxicity

Numerous research groups have generated data that can be collated to define the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dose-response relationship for subchronic/chronic target-organ toxicity, oncogenicity and reproductive toxicity. Subchronic toxicity studies in rats are typified by Kuiper-Goodman et al. (1977) and Mollenhauer et al. (1975) in which the lowest-observed-effect-level was 0.25-2.0 mg/kg per day and the no-observed-effect-level was 0.05-0.5 mg/kg per day. In the pig, den Tonkelaar et al. (1978) defined the subchronic lowest-observed-effect-level and the no-observed-effect-level as 0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg per day, respectively. In a 12-month dog study by Gralla et al. (1977) the lowest-observed-effect-level was 10 mg/kg per day and the no-observed-effect-level was 1 mg/kg per day. Rozman et al. (1978) reported a no-observed-effect-level of 0.033 mg/kg per day in a study of 18 months' duration in the monkey. Oncogenic assessment of HCB has been carried out in studies using the hamster (Cabral et al., 1977), the mouse (Cabral et al., 1979) and the rat (Arnold et al., 1978; Smith & Cabral, 1980), with responses obtained at doses of approximately 2-4 up to greater than 24 mg/kg per day, but no response at doses of approximately 0.4-0.8 up to 6 mg/kg per day. Reproductive toxicity studies of HCB have used the cat (Hansen et al., 1979a), the pig (Hansen et al., 1979b) and the rat (Grant et al., 1977), obtaining no-observed-effect-levels of 1.0, greater than 0.025-0.5 and 1-2 mg/kg per day respectively, for the three species. Overall, the substantial amount of toxicity data from these studies can be collated into a cohesive pattern that defines the dose-response relationship for HCB toxicity.     

胃癌癌前病变研究的 30年进展

本文就近30年来国内外胃癌病变研究的进展作一简要综述。