急性和慢性多发性周围神经病的电生理及形态学观察

目的寻找神经、肌肉电生理和腓肠神经病理在急性和慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性周围神经病(GBS和CIDP)的诊断价值。方法总结GBS和CIDP(15例和17例)的临床、电生理及病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果EMG异常而神经电生理正常共8例;临床和电生理均未提示感觉异常的患者病理发现髓鞘和轴突的丧失、髓鞘再生及许旺细胞内结构改变。结论腓肠神经活检及神经、肌电生理的测定是本组疾病相辅相成的辅助检查手段。     

有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病的临床和神经病理四例

目的探讨有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病(OPIDP)的临床及神经病理改变特点。方法对4例口服有机磷后出现周围神经损害症状的患者进行电生理和腓肠神经活检检查。结果 4例患者于急性中毒后平均20.5(10～24)天出现以下肢受累为主的逆行性运动感觉周围神经病,其中2例患者存在锥体束征。电生理检查提示以运动神经受累为主的轴索性周围神经损害。腓肠神经活检主要表现为与病程相关的轴索损害及再生现象,可见急性期的炎性反应、小纤维损害和继发的髓鞘改变。结论有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病表现为以运动障碍为主的逆行性神经病,中枢神经系统亦可能受累及;周围神经病理表现为轴索损害为主,同时存在小纤维损害及继发的髓鞘改变。     

显性遗传性运动感觉性神经病Ⅱ型一个家系分析

目的本文报道一个在老年期发病的遗传性运动感觉性周围神经病Ⅱ型家族。方法对家族成员进行临床和电生理检查,其中１例病人进行腓肠神经活检。结果家族成员在老年期出现四肢无力和感觉减退。老年病人和无症状年轻病人的电生理检查均发现周围神经的诱发电位波幅显著下降。腓肠神经活检证实轴索性周围神经病。结论检查结果符合显性遗传性运动感觉性周围神经病Ⅱ型的诊断,电生理检查可以发现家族中的亚临床病人。     

以周围神经病为首发症状的6例结节性多动脉炎的临床病理特点

目的回顾性分析6例以周围神经病为首发症状的结节性多动脉炎(PAN)患者的临床和病理特点,为早期诊断提供帮助。方法总结分析6例PAN患者的临床特点,作为首发症状的周围神经病的起病方式,进展过程,症状与体征的演变,以及电生理检查与腓肠神经组织病理学特点。同时总结6例患者的其他伴随症状,血液学检查,血管超声等检查手段的诊断意义。结果6例患者多数起病较急,下肢受累早,且症状比上肢重。感觉神经受累出现早,且刺激性症状比较突出。症状与体征不对称,尤其在病程早期更明显,后期可表现为远端对称或不对称性的多发性周围神经病。本组患者神经传导以波幅下降为主,感觉和运动神经均受累。3例患者行腓肠神经活检术,仅1例患者发现血管炎的典型病理改变。结论结节性多动脉炎以周围神经病为首发症状时诊断较困难。应详细询问病史,仔细查体。实验室检查如血沉快,C反应蛋白升高,血白细胞增多,血管彩超发现小动脉瘤或血管狭窄等具有提示意义。电生理检查可明确神经病变的部位和程度,神经和肌肉活检可证实诊断。     

变应性肉芽肿性血管炎的神经系统表现

目的研究变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(AGA,亦称ChurgStrauss综合征,CSS)相关神经病的发病率、临床类型、发病机制、诊断和治疗。方法14例确诊为CSS的患者从临床表现、实验室检查、神经电生理检查和活检病理检查等方面予以分析,并观察治疗效果。结果14例CSS患者中有12例累及周围神经系统,其中5例以周围神经病为首发症状。12例周围神经受累的患者中5例表现为多发性单神经病,4例表现为远端不对称的多发性神经病,2例表现为对称的多发性神经病。腓肠神经活检可见有髓神经纤维丢失,轴索变性。电生理检查发现感觉和运动传导波幅显著降低或消失。CSS的诊断应结合临床与病理所见。除1例患者外,激素治疗对CSS相关神经病有效。结论CSS患者中周围神经病很常见,早期诊断可改善预后。     

急性感觉性神经元神经病两例的临床病理观察

目的明确感觉性神经元神经病（SND）的临床表现、神经电生理、颈椎核磁共振的影像学特点以及皮肤神经活检、腓肠神经活检和脊髓后索病变的病理学特征。方法分析2例胃肠道感染后死于SND的患者的临床与辅助检查资料，后者包括神经电生理检查、周围神经和脊髓的尸检病理，结合相关文献进行复习。结果患者独特的临床表现为早期出现共济失调，广泛分布的感觉减退和腱反射减低。电生理检查见感觉神经动作电位广泛异常，与神经纤维长度无关。SND患者脊髓后索髓鞘脱失，腓肠神经活检可见以大有髓纤维为主的神经纤维丢失，无再生神经丛。本组2例患者颈椎磁共振检查结果正常。结论SND独特的临床表现与神经电生理检查特点提示周围感觉神经纤维广泛受累。脊髓后索尸检病理证实感觉神经中枢传导纤维变性脱失，支持病变位于脊髓后根神经节。SND早期颈椎磁共振可能正常。     

以深感觉障碍为突出表现的周围神经病

目的:报告10例以深感觉障碍为突出表现的周围神经病的临床、电生理及病理改变,以提高对慢性炎性脱髓性多发性神经根神经病(CIDP)等疾病的临床认识和鉴别诊断能力。方法:对临床上以深感觉障碍为突出表现的周围神经病作脑脊液生化、免疫检查,电生理检查,腓肠肌活检及其它有助于鉴别诊断的检查。结果:8例证实为CIDP,其中一例合并副癌综合征,1例合并Shy-Drager综合征,2例为POEMS病。其临床表现均为以深感觉障碍为突出表现的周围神经病。电生理提示广泛周围神经损害,既有脱髓鞘改变,又有轴索变性。腓肠肌活检提示为慢性脱髓鞘改变,部分病例有轴索变性。结论:此周围神经病由于选择性损害了雪旺氏细胞产生节段性脱髓鞘,选择性损害了粗纤维致深感觉障碍性共济失调。     

皮肤神经活检与神经电生理以及腓肠神经活检的初步对比观察

目的 对周围神经病的患者进行皮肤神经活检、临床特点、神经电生理和腓肠神经活检的对比观察。方法 观察7例周围神经病患者，进行皮肤神经活检、腓肠神经活检、神经电生理检查，并对这些检查的一致性进行比较。结果 7例患者的神经电生理检查均提示有周围神经损害，腓肠神经活检也有不同程度的神经病变。6例皮肤神经活检同时有远近端皮肤神经的异常，且与腓肠神经活检所见病变的严重程度相一致。此6例患者的皮肤神经异常远端重于近端，符合长度依赖性周围神经病变。结论 皮肤神经活检与临床特点、神经电生理以及腓肠神经活检的结果有高度一致性；皮肤神经活检可以反映长度依赖性周围神经病变。     

腓骨肌萎缩症神经电生理及组织病理学研究

目的:研究腓骨肌萎缩症(charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,CMT)临床特征分析神经电生理检测在其诊断和分型中的价值。方法:CMT 20例其临床特征,神经电生理及腓肠神经活检结果进行分析。结果:20例中均表现为慢性进行性双下肢或四肢无力及肌萎缩。双上肢以前臂1/2远端明显。双下肢以大腿下1/3远端明显。骨骼变形,双手呈爪形,双足高弓。5例合并感觉障碍。15例运动神经传导速度减慢(15-28m/s)。10例腓肠神经活检符合慢性脱髓鞘性周围神经病。其中6例有剥洋葱样改变,4例符合慢性轴索神经病。结论:慢性进行性双下肢或四肢无力及肌萎缩为主要临床特征的腓骨肌萎缩征分为Ⅰ型(脱髓鞘型)和Ⅱ型(轴索型)两个主要亚型。周围神经电生理检查是诊断和区分不同亚型的可靠方法。而腓肠神经活检是进一步提高对CMT临床认识和优化基因突变检测程序,明确诊断和分型的客观依据。     

腊肠体样周围神经病的临床、电生理和病理特点

目的总结腊肠体样周围神经病的临床、电生理和病理特点。方法收集3例患者病史、体格检查以及电生理检查及病理检查资料。结果3例患者中男2例、女1例,13～28岁发病,阳性家族史2例;机械性压迫或牵拉后导致双侧腓总神经麻痹1例,隐袭和慢性起病各1例。电生理检查可见广泛的周围神经损伤,正中神经运动传导远端潜伏期（DML）均延长。腓肠神经活检均可见少数明显增粗的有髓神经纤维,电镜下可见髓鞘板层数增多。1例患者肌肉活检示轻微病理改变。结论腊肠体样周围神经病为周围神经髓鞘发育障碍所致,神经电生理和神经病理对诊断有特异性。     

替比夫定相关肌病和周围神经病(附5例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨替比夫定相关肌病和周围神经病的临床表现、辅助检查结果、病理特点及可能的致病机制。方法回顾性分析5例替比夫定相关肌病和周围神经病患者的临床特点、辅助检查及肌肉病理特点,结合文献复习分析讨论。结果 5例患者中男4例、女1例;平均起病年龄(43.8±10.5)岁;平均用药至起病时间(9.2±4.4)个月。替比夫定用量均为600 mg,qd。主要临床症状为无力、恶心呕吐、肢体麻木,有2例患者伴有乳酸性酸中毒。实验室检查可见肌酸激酶和血乳酸明显升高。3例患者肌电图提示肌源性损害,2例患者提示肌源性伴周围神经损害,且以轴索损害为主。肌肉活检5例均见线粒体功能异常。停药及对症治疗后肌无力症状均有所恢复,麻木症状恢复欠佳。结论替比夫定相关肌病及周围神经病与线粒体功能障碍密切相关,周围神经损害以轴索为主,替比夫定相关肌病预后良好。     

Neuropathy and mitochondrial myopathy

It has been stated that peripheral neuropathy can be a feature of so-called ophthalmoplegia-plus syndrome, but to date only one case of hypertrophic neuropathy has been reported. This study is concerned with the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological observations in a 37-year-old man with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and a ragged-red fiber myopathy associated with severe sensorimotor neuropathy. Histological and morphometric studies of the sural nerve revealed a marked loss of large myelinated fibers and an occasional degenerating axon. Residual fibers had disproportionately thin myelin sheaths in relation to axon calibers. In contrast to the muscle biopsy findings, no mitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions were observed in the nerve. However, the number of mitochondria per square micron of Schwann cell cytoplasm was elevated when compared with values obtained from normal subjects and a patient with a chronic neuropathy. These findings may indicate an alteration of mitochondrial function common to muscle fibers and Schwann cells which, in nerves, could lead to axon loss and abnormality of myelination.     

Mitochondrial myopathy with peripheral neuropathy]

This paper reported mitochondrial myopathy with peripheral neuropathy of 2 cases. Both patients were males. Age: 22, 32. Duration: 11, 14 years respectively. They showed recurrent paralysis and asthenia of limbs. Case 1 was motor sensory neuropathy, whose EMG revealed neurogenic injury. Case 2 involved only the lower limbs, whose lactic acid level was increased. In both patients, muscle biopsy showed Ragged Red fibers and abnormal mitochondria. Sural nerve biopsy revealed moderate reduction in the number of mylinated fibers and chronic axonal degeneration without regeneration cluster and hypertrophic neuropathy. Electron microscopic examination showed the increase of Schwann cells and mitochondria, and abnormal mitochondria being less marded in Case 2. Mitochondrial myopathy with peripheral neuropathy and its pathogenesis were discussed.     

Peripheral neuropathy in mitochondrial disease

Clinical, electrophysiological, histological and biochemical studies of two patients with mitochondrial disease revealed a moderately advanced axonal neuropathy with mitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions in Schwann cells, fibroblasts and muscle fibers. In addition there was a myopathy, and the activity of muscle cytochrome c oxidase was diminished by more than 50%. There were electrophysiological signs of myopathy, neuropathy and failure of excitation-contraction coupling in both patients. The partial enzyme deficiency raises some questions as to its pathogenetic role in these neuromyopathies.     

神经活检在周围神经疾病诊断中的意义及与电生理检查相关性分析

目的探讨神经活检在周围神经病诊断中的意义,并分析病理检查与神经电生理检查结果的一致性。方法收集2009-2011年作者医院行腓肠神经活检的16例周围神经病患者的临床诊断、电生理诊断和病理诊断资料;分析电生理诊断、光镜诊断和电镜诊断在判断轴索损害或/合并髓鞘损害的一致性,并分析其结果不一致的可能原因。结果电生理检查结果示异常12例(12/16),其中表现为轴索损害为主5例(5/16),髓鞘损害为主7例(7/16);病理检查结果示15例(15/16)患者有不同程度的髓鞘或轴索损害;4例(4/16)患者经神经活检后原有的诊断得到了补充或修改;进一步分析神经病理对于周围神经损害的诊断与电生理诊断无统计学差异。结论 (1)神经活检能够发现一些间质改变和亚临床、亚电生理的神经损害,从而对疾病的认识和治疗提供帮助。(2)神经病理对于周围神经损害的诊断与电生理诊断相关性较好,但当电生理表现为轴索损害时其一致的趋势欠佳,可能与轴索损害的多样性有关。     

腓浅神经与腓骨短肌联合活体组织检查的诊断意义初探及15例临床病理报告

目的 开展单一切口下的腓浅神经与腓骨短肌联合活体组织检查,通过回顾相关病例的临床和病理资料,分析联合活体组织检查的诊断意义.方法 共15例患者,女性7例,男性8例,年龄14 ～72岁,其中亚急性6例、慢性9例,均患有周围神经病,3例临床上合并肌肉病.周围神经病的临床类型包括对称性感觉和运动性神经病7例、多发性单神经病5例、对称性感觉性神经病3例.在外踝前上方纵切口,取材腓浅神经与腓骨短肌.神经和肌肉病理结论的意义评价分为3级:(1)具有确诊意义;(2)对诊断有帮助:(3)对诊断无帮助.结果 活体组织检查病理结论有确诊意义者7例,包括血管炎5例、炎性脱髓鞘性周围神经病1例和淀粉样变性1例.有帮助者5例:病理改变分别为:慢性髓鞘性神经病伴洋葱球样肥大纤维;小血管病变伴轻度炎性反应;轻度间质炎性反应;脂褐素沉积等.无帮助者3例.最终12例通过活体组织检查得以确诊.结论 联合活体组织检查的诊断阳性率较高,血管炎周围神经病和淀粉样变性等适用联合活体组织检查.     

Familial scapuloperoneal myopathy and mitochondrial DNA defect

The authors present 13 members of 4 generations in a family with scapuloperoneal myopathy. The disease showed autosomal dominant inheritance. In all 6 patients examined, the disease began in the third decade (18-31 years). Initially the shoulder girdle was involved, and the process slowly spread to the distal part of the lower extremities in several years or decades. The facial and pelvic muscles were only moderately involved; ocular muscle involvement was absent. Myopathy was proved by electromyography and muscle biopsy. In 1 case, electrophysiological evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found, and in 3 other patients central nervous system involvement (dementia, epilepsy) and optic atrophy complicated the syndrome. In the youngest patient, a mutation could be found in the 'hot-spot region' of the muscle mitochondrial DNA by polymerase chain reaction.     

Carcinomatous neuropathy: clinical and pathologic findings of sural nerve biopsy in 7 cases

Sural nerve biopsy was done 7 cases of cancer patients associated with peripheral neuropathy. There were 3 cases of lung carcinoma and one each of pancreas adenoma, seminoma, sigmoid carcinoma and chondrosarcoma of the femur. The neurological features manifested themselves with sensory pattern of neuropathy associated with ataxia in one case, sensorimotor neuropathy in 3 cases, and idiopathic polyneuropathy, peripheral neuropathy with proximal myopathy and neuropathy with paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome each in one case, 6 patients showed neuropathy before malignancy was discovered and only one patient had neuropathy after the onset of carcinoma. Sural nerve biopsy studied in all the 7 patients with light and electron microscope revealed no infiltration of carcinomatous cells in the sural nerve fascicles. There was severe loss of myelinated fibers and severely axonal degeneration in one patient. Another patient showed segmental demyelination (5.03 x 10(3)/mm2). There was evidence of both axonal degeneration and demyelination associated with moderate reduction in the number of the myelinated fiber density ranging from 1.02 to 4.35 x 10(3)/mm2. In 6 cases, mononuclear cells were seen in nerve fascicles under the electron microscope. The characteristic pathological findings, their relation with the duration and onset of the cancer and some ideas regarding the pathogenesis are discussed.     

Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To delineate and clarify neuromuscular disorders in patients with probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). DESIGN: Case series with follow-up ranging from 3 weeks to 2 months. SETTING: National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei. PATIENTS: We investigated 4 patients with SARS who had concomitant neuromuscular problems. A diagnosis of SARS was based on the demonstration of serum coronavirus antibodies. Clinical presentations, laboratory results, electrophysiologic findings, and follow-up conditions were determined. RESULTS: Patients developed neuromuscular problems approximately 3 weeks after the onset of SARS. Two women experienced motor-predominant peripheral nerve disorders. A man developed myopathy and a third woman experienced neuropathy and myopathy. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 2 patients with neuropathy disclosed normal protein content and the absence of pleocytosis and SARS coronavirus antibodies. Both patients with myopathy had elevated serum creatine kinase levels. A rapid clinical and electrophysiologic improvement was evident during follow-up examinations, with a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The neuromuscular problems in patients with SARS are considered to be critical-illness polyneuropathy or myopathy, possibly coexistent. Further pathological and microbiological studies are necessary to determine the relationship between SARS coronavirus and neuromuscular problems.