原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的诊断和治疗措施. 方法对2000年1月至2006年12月中山大学附属第一医院施行的776例同种原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结原位肝移植术后发生曲霉菌感染的诊治经过.结果 本组患者发生曲霉菌感染13例,感染发生率为1.68%(13/776);其中肺部感染7例,肝脏感染2例,颅内感染1例,多器官感染3例.两性霉素B脂质体是治疗肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的主要药物,对早期病例疗效满意.因曲霉菌感染死亡7例,病死率为53.8%(7/13).结论 防治肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的关键是做好早期诊断,及时治疗.抗真菌治疗应该清除病灶、调整免疫抑制剂及选用敏感抗真菌药物;抗真菌药物的使用应该早期、足量、全程用药.     

Spinal aspergillosis in nonimmunocompromised host mimicking Pott’s paraplegia

The aim of this report is to highlight the less-known aspergillus spondylitis (AS) that may completely mimic Pott's paraplegia, leading to occasional but expensive diagnostic error, as the chemotherapeutic management of the two is different. A case of a patient with the diagnosis of Pott's paraplegia who turned out to have aspergillus spondylitis is described. Issues and difficulties regarding the differentiation between these two forms of spine infection and their therapeutic implications are discussed. We conclude that differential diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis (TB) should include aspergillus spondylitis, as cure of spinal aspergillosis, especially in early stages, is possible with surgery and/or antifungal agents, and morbidity and mortality are high in neglected cases.     

肺移植术后曲霉菌感染(附4例报告和文献复习)

目的探讨肺移植术后曲霉菌感染的预防、监测和治疗方法。方法2003年1月至2004年9月，6例重度肺气肿病人成功实行同种异体单肺移植术，其中4例术后痰培养发现曲霉菌。结果2例临床上无肺部感染症状，口服伊曲康唑治疗近2个月。1例术后1个月纤维支气管镜提示支气管吻合口局部侧壁软化、狭窄，被坏死组织覆盖，活检找到霉菌，置入镍钛网状支架后症状改善。另1例术后并发自体肺严重曲霉菌浸润性肺部感染，咳出桔红色痰，量最多达180ml／d。X线胸片提示有空洞表现，经伊曲康唑静脉注射和应用两性霉素B雾化吸入治疗6周后，症状消失、X线胸片空洞关闭而治愈。结论应用伊曲康唑和两性霉素B雾化吸入，对肺移植术后早期曲霉菌感染的预防和治疗都是有效的。     

Pulmonary aspergillus infection invading the pleura.

During a 10-year-period, six patients with non-postoperative aspergillus infection of the pleura were seen. In all patients a pulmonary aspergillus infection had been present for some years. The fungus invaded the pleura, causing a bronchopleural fistula and a cavity in the pleural space. A prerequisite for the pleural aspergillosis was that the lung and pleura were previously damaged, usually by therapeutic pneumothorax for active tuberculosis some decades earlier. The fungus can cause destruction of the lung and death of the patient from the chronic infection unless treated. The best treatment is early excision of the pleura with resection of the upper lobe or if necessary the whole lung. To reduce the risk of postoperative aspergillus empyema, the patient should be treated with antifungal agents before and after operation. In inoperable patients, local antifungal treatment may clear the infection but is not always effective.     

十二指肠损伤的特点及其诊断和治疗

目的提高十二指肠损伤的外科治疗水平。方法回顾性总结我院１９７３～１９９７年间收治的十二指肠损伤３４例临床经验。结果合并其他腹部脏器损伤７９％（２７／３４）,单纯十二指肠损伤２１％（７／３４）。损伤部位以十二指肠降部为多见占５９％（２０／３４）,水平部次之占２４％（８／３４）。术中漏诊率为１５％（５／３４）;手术后并发症发生率为３５％（１２／３４）;病死率为１５％（５／３４）。结论掌握十二指肠损伤的特点,注重早期诊断、早期手术,加强术中探查,掌握好探查指征,根据伤情选择合理、恰当的术式,加强术后管理,可提高治愈率。     

Surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system

The hospital records of 78 patients who underwent surgical therapy for fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) between 1964 and 1984 are summarized. Nine different fungal types were identified, but Coccidioides immitis and Cryptococcus neoformans accounted for most (67.1%) of the infections. A variety of clinical syndromes were seen, including chronic basal meningitis (45 patients), intracranial mass lesions (12 patients), and communicating hydrocephalus (six patients). Thirteen patients had rhinocerebral forms of fungal infection, and two presented with spinal involvement. Delays in diagnosis were frequent and ranged from 2 months to 11 years. In 31 patients the CNS lesion was the first indication of a fungal infection, and lesion biopsy or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination confirmed the diagnosis. A total of 144 surgical procedures were carried out, including lesion biopsy or excision in 13 patients, primary CSF shunting in 22, and placement of an Ommaya reservoir for administration of intraventricular or intracisternal antifungal agents in 48. All patients received parenteral and, in some cases, intrathecal or oral antifungal chemotherapy in addition to surgical therapy. Overall mortality was 43.6% (34 deaths). With prompt diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate was 39% whereas, when appropriate treatment was delayed, the mortality rate was 64%. An additional 14 surviving patients (17.9%) exhibited permanent morbidity due to neurological deficits, seizure disorders, or renal toxicity following treatment with amphotericin B. The combined mortality and morbidity rate was 62.8%. Clinical symptoms were resolved completely in 29 patients, although in 10 evidence of disease persisted and chemotherapy was continued. Fungal infections of the CNS are being recognized with increased frequency. It is suggested that a high index of suspicion, aggressive attempts to obtain a diagnosis, and early and vigorous therapy may reduce the unfortunate outcome seen in a relatively high proportion of patients with CNS fungal infections.     

Native lung pneumonectomy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following lung transplantation: a case report.

Pulmonary aspergillosis occurs most commonly as a consequence of immunosuppression in recipients of pulmonary transplantation and is associated with a high mortality. It affects the native lung more commonly than the transplanted lung in single lung transplant patients. Infection often progresses despite aggressive medical therapy. The cornerstone of treatment of acute, semi-invasive, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is medical, with intravenous amphotericin B, and oral itraconazole either as isolated or combined therapy. While newer, and more expensive liposomal forms of amphotericin B have been used to enhance tissue penetration and minimize renal toxicity, an appreciable improvement in clinical outcome has not been reported. The role of surgery in localized pulmonary aspergillus infection is well recognized, but remains undefined in immunosuppressed patients. We report a case where a pneumonectomy was performed for progressive, refractory angioinvasive aspergillosis in a lung transplant recipient whose disease progressed despite conventional antifungal therapy.     

肾移植术后合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的早期诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(PCP)的早期诊断与治疗方法.方法 2005年1月至2008年12月共行同种肾移植术377例.术后发现合并PCP的患者15例,发生率为3.98%.15例合并DCP的患者中,男性10例,女性5例,平均年龄37.87岁;移植后均采用三联免疫抑制方案;有10例应用免疫诱导治疗,其中3例用抗CD25单克隆抗体,7例用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG);有6例曾发生急性排斥反应,应用甲泼尼龙和ATG冲击治疗.结果 肾移植术后合并PCP的发病时间为2～18个月.平均4个月,有12例患者是在术后6个月内发病.术后合并PCP的早期临床表现不典型.发热是早期的主要症状,临床确诊主要靠使用肺部高分辨CT和纤维支气管镜肺组织活检.治疗的首选药物为复方磺胺甲噁唑(SMZco),15例患者经过早期明确诊断和治疗均治愈,移植肾功能维持在正常水平.结论 术后合并PCP的危险因素为大剂量应用ATG、抗CD25单克隆抗体和皮质激素.肺部高分辨CT是发病早期的重要检查手段,纤维支气管镜肺组织活检是确诊的主要依据.早期明确诊断和使用敏感药物SMZco治疗是决定预后的关键.     

33例重症急性胰腺炎死亡原因分析

目的 分析导致重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)死亡的原因.方法 回顾性分析瑞金医院近5年33例SAP死亡病例的临床资料,探讨早期高危因素对于SAP预后的关系.结果 在33例SAP病例中,发病1周内死亡的有16例,心脏骤停占55%,老年患者(>60岁)占78.8%;发病>1个月的死亡病例有12例,其中感染性休克6例(胰性脑病1例),MODS占10例(83.3%).结论 导致重症急性胰腺炎死亡的高危因素为高龄、多器官功能衰竭、感染、出血.临床上要重视重症急性胰腺炎的早期重要脏器功能的支持治疗,积极控制并发症,特别是高龄患者;手术时机的把握以及后期对于感染的控制是降低病死率的关键.     

A study on clinical findings and surgical treatment of pulmonary mycosis

Between 1974 and 1987, 14 patients (10 male and 4 female) underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary mycosis. They were studied on their clinical findings and surgical treatment. The median age was 48 years (range 19 to 71 years). Fourteen cases consisted of 9 aspergillosis and 5 cryptococcosis. None of them was either debilitated or immunosuppressed before falling ill. Five of the 14 patients had other pulmonary disease and 11 had symptoms; i.e. hemoptysis or bloody sputum in 4 cases, chest pain in 3, fever in 3, cough and sputum in 2. Nine aspergillosis consisted of 4 aspergilloma, 3 aspergillus pneumonia and 2 aspergillus empyema. Three cases of aspergillosis occurred in preexisting cavity. Five cryptococcosis consisted of 3 pseudotumorous, 1 disseminated small nodular, and 1 infiltrative types. Preoperative diagnosis was as follows; pulmonary mycosis 5, pulmonary tuberculosis 4, lung cancer 3, empyema 1 and hydropneumothorax 1. Four patients underwent partial resection, 8 lobectomy, 1 pneumonectomy, 1 muscle prombage and thoracoplasty. The prognosis is satisfactory. All patients are alive and has no recurrence. On histopathological examination, in aspergilloma cases, invasion of aspergillus to surrounding lung tissue was not seen. In addition to well-known fact that blood-borne dissemination hardly occurred in aspergilloma in contrast to cryptococcosis. These findings suggest that aspergilloma and solitary lesion of cryptococcosis should be resected, and adjuvant chemotherapy should be accompanied for cryptococcosis.     

Abdominal-pelvic lymphoproliferative disease after lung transplantation: presentation and outcome

BACKGROUND: Lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) is a well-recognized complication after lung transplantation. However, its presentation in the abdomen and pelvis has not been previously detailed. METHODS: We retrospectively identified cases of abdominal-pelvic LPD in lung transplant recipients. The cases were characterized clinically, and the outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Abdominal-pelvic LPD was identified in 19 of 603 adult patients who underwent lung or heart-lung transplantation at Barnes-Jewish Hospital between July 1, 1988 and December 31, 2001. The median time from transplantation to the onset of LPD was 5.8 years. Three cases presented early after transplantation (median, 175 days), and 16 cases presented late (median, 2,255 days). The time to diagnosis of LPD was significantly shorter for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seronegative than for EBV-seropositive recipients (median, 175 vs. 2255 days; log-rank, P<0.001). Seventeen cases were non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, one was a Burkitt's lymphoma, and one was an atypical lymphoid proliferation. Among the 19 cases, 12 involved the gastrointestinal tract and 7 occurred in other sites. Immunosuppressive therapy was decreased in all patients. Eleven underwent surgical resection, and nine received chemotherapy. Sixteen patients have died, and 14 deaths were attributable to LPD. The median time from the diagnosis of LPD to death was 68 days. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal-pelvic LPD is typically a late complication after lung transplantation; however, when it occurs early, it may be related to a primary EBV infection. This form of LPD is most frequently a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and despite aggressive therapy, the prognosis is poor.     

Wert der Hyperbaren Sauerstoffbehandlung (OHP) in der Therapie des Gasödems

The experiences with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in 42 patients, who were treated between 1973–1976 because of gaseous gangrene, are reported. In 60% of all cases the cause of the clostridial infection was an accident; 40% were not due to any accident. 12 patients (28%) died, 9 of them within 48 hours. The patients were aged between 6–79 years with an average of 43 years. In 36% of all cases the gaseous gangrene was localized on the extremities, in 6 cases on the trunk. The diagnosis was established through the clinical aspect; it was confirmed through identification of the agent in cultures and in the animal experiment and the demonstration of the toxin in serum by gas-chromatography. The value of the hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of gaseous gangrene is emphasized. Besides this treatment intensive care and early surgical intervention are required.     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊治进展

目的：探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊治进展，方法：复习相关文献并对本病病因，临床特点，早期诊断，治疗及预后作一综述报告。结果：肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤是一种发病率很低的恶性肿瘤，发病原因可能与良性黑痔史，HIV感染，太阳光照射有关，主要症有便血，局部肿块，大便习惯改变等，早期诊断主要依赖对45－80岁的高危发病人群进行常规直肠检查，CEA多克隆抗体标记阳性在病理诊断中有一定帮助，治疗方法现存在争议，多主张在手术治疗（腹会阴联合切除或局部广泛切除）的基础上辅以化疗，放疗或免疫治疗。结论：肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤早期诊断困难，预后差，应提高警惕，最佳治疗方法还有待进一步探讨。     

肝移植术后门静脉系统血栓形成的诊治

目的 总结肝移植术后门静脉系统血栓形成的临床特点及诊疗体会.方法 回顾2003年1月至2007年2月期间402例接受肝移植患者的临床资料,对其中9例肝移植术后门静脉系统血栓形成的原因、预后及诊治方案进行回顾性分析.结果 9例患者均接受全身抗凝、祛聚治疗,其中1例行经皮腔内血管成形术并血管内支架置入术、1例行经皮门静脉置管溶栓并再次肝移植、1例行外科手术取栓治疗.有6例患者分别于术后9、30、34、40、48、62d死于多器官功能衰竭,3例长期存活.结论 门静脉病变、血流状态改变、高凝状态及手术操作不当是造成术后门静脉血栓形成的主要原因,对高危患者进行预防性治疗,对已形成的病变早期诊断,积极的综合性干预是提高预后的关键.     

肺切除加左心房部分切除术治疗局部晚期肺癌

目的 为寻求晚期肺癌患者的外科治疗方法，提高手术疗效，总结34例局部晚期肺癌患者行肺切除加左心房部分切除术的经验。方法 对34例局部晚期肺癌患者施行了肺切除加左心房部分切除术。左肺下叶切除术19例，左全肺切除术4例，右肺中下叶切除术6例，右肺下叶切除术2例，右全肺切除术3例。肿瘤侵及肺静脉根部与心房交界处近心端25例，明显侵犯左心房9例，其中2例同时侵及靠近肺动脉分叉处，常规无法处理肺动脉，在体外循环下切除全肺并同时切除部分左心房。结果 本组无手术死亡，术后发生并发症11例，其中心律失常8例次，肺炎5例次，心功能不全1例次。1年、3年生存率分别为79．4％、44.1％，6例生存＞5年。结论 肺癌累及左心房或肺静脉根部时应切除部分左心房以达到根治性切除，从而延长患者寿命，提高生存质量。     

狼疮肾炎并发肺部曲霉菌感染及脑膜炎一例暨文献复习

目的 通过报道1例典型的狼疮肾炎（LN）患者并发侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的病例,并复习相关文献以期为临床提供早期诊治系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者并发IFI的依据和经验。 方法 描述患者发病及诊治经过,同时系统地回顾相关文献,分析总结SLE患者并发IFI的诊断方法、常见致病菌及易感因素。 结果 通过应用IFI诊断指南可以早期诊断SLE患者并发IFI,同时有效排除呼吸道定植等非侵袭性真菌感染,早期治疗,有利于提高该疾病的诊断率和治愈率。SLE患者并发IFI最常见的致病菌是隐球菌和曲霉菌,不是常见的白色念珠菌。SLE患者并发IFI的易感因素是狼疮活动和免疫抑制剂的应用。 结论 IFI 诊断指南对SLE并发IFI的诊断和治疗具有指导意义。SLE并发IFI的常见致病菌是隐球菌和曲霉菌,易感因素是狼疮活动和免疫抑制剂的应用。     

妊娠晚期胎盘早剥的临床诊断和治疗

目的探讨胎盘早剥的产前诊断和治疗方法。方法随机选取笔者所在医院2007年12月～2011年6川收治的胎盘早剥60例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胎盘早剥患者经过全面的问诊和辅助检查,产前诊断符合率为56．7％;43（633％）例孕妇合并有妊娠期高血压,是胎盘早剥主要原因,阴道出血、腹痛、胎监异常为常见临床表现,八比例分别为38．3％、31．7％、20．0％;治疗后所有产妇均无死亡,围手术期胎儿死亡率为75．0％。结论胎盘早剁是晚期妊娠严重并发症,应该高度重视胎盘早剥患者的早期诊断和正确治疗,以改善胎盘早剥患者的预后。     

Surgical treatment for secondary pneumothorax in elderly patients

Surgical treatment for secondary pneumothorax in elderly patients is very difficult because of having a high perioperative risk related to the presence of underlying chronic lung disease. In this study, we performed a retrospective review of elderly (> or = 70 years old) 35 patients with secondary pneumothorax who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2009. Of the 35 patients, 31 were men and 4 were women with an average age 77.9 years old. Seventeen patients of them had already received oxygen therapy. They were not only in chronic respiratory failure but also malnutrition. Hospital mortality rate was 14.3%. Three patients died within 30 postoperative days and 2 patients were with hospital death after operation. The 5-year survival rate in patients with secondary pneumothorax was 41.7%. Although secondary pneumothorax is one of benign pulmonary diseases, its prognosis in elderly patients is poor. In conclusion, prompt diagnosis and treatment of secondary pneumothorax in elderly patients are mandatory. They could improve the outcome of this disease.     

53例糖尿病酮症酸中毒临床分析

目的：探讨糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床特点,总结治疗经验,提高诊疗水平,降低死亡率。方法回顾性分析我院2008年1月～2013年12月收治的53例糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者的临床资料。本组53例均采用小剂量胰岛素静脉泵入及补液、补钾、抗感染等综合治疗。结果治愈及好转出院48例,未愈5例,其中死亡2例。结论DKA临床表现复杂多样,积极寻找病因,早发现、早治疗,预后良好;一旦确诊,积极补液改善循环,小剂量胰岛素,适当补钾及去除诱因等综合治疗是抢救成功的关键。     

COVID-19 in lung transplant recipients: A multicenter study

This study describes the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). This is a multicenter, retrospective study of all adult LTRs with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 4 until April 28, 2020 in six Spanish reference hospitals for lung transplantation. Clinical and radiological data, treatment characteristics, and outcomes were reviewed. Forty-four cases were identified in that period. The median time from transplantation was 4.2 (interquartile range: 1.11–7.3) years. Chest radiography showed acute parenchymal abnormalities in 32 (73%) cases. Hydroxychloroquine was prescribed in 41 (93%), lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in 14 (32%), and tocilizumab in 19 (43%) patients. There was a strong interaction between tacrolimus and LPV/r in all cases. Thirty-seven (84%) patients required some degree of respiratory support and/or oxygen therapy, and 13 (30%) were admitted to intermediate or intensive critical care units. Seventeen (39%) patients had died and 20 (45%) had been discharged at the time of the last follow-up. Deceased patients had a worse respiratory status and chest X-ray on admission and presented with higher D-dimer, interleukin-6, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. In this multicenter LTR cohort, SARS-CoV-2 presented with high mortality. Additionally, the severity of disease on presentation predicted subsequent mortality.