脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤的危险因素研究

目的 探讨脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院就诊的108例脓毒症患者的临床资料,按有无AKI损伤将其均分为两组:AKI组为脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤的患者,非AKI组为脓毒性休克未并发AKI的患者,每组各54例。比较两组患者的临床资料,包括平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血清肌酐(SCR)、乳酸、血尿素氮(BUN)、24 h液体净入量等指标。比较两组患者的白蛋白、血小板、血钾、血钠、C反应蛋白(CRP)等相关实验室指标。采用多因素logistic回归分析确定脓毒性休克并发AKI的危险因素。结果 AKI组氧合指数均显著低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); AKI组乳酸、SCR、血BUN及24 h液体净入量均显著高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); AKI组血小板及血钠水平均低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),其他相关实验室指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。将单因素分析中有统计学意义的6个影响脓毒性患者并发AKI的危险因素,包括MAP、氧合指数、血BUN、动脉血乳酸、SCR、24 h液体净入量作为协变量后进入logistic回归模型,得出SCR、24 h液体净入量、MAP及动脉血乳酸是脓毒性休克患者并发AKI的危险因素。结论 SCR、24 h液体净入量、MAP及动脉血乳酸是脓毒性休克患者并发急性肾损伤的危险因素,有助于临床医生诊断早期脓毒性休克并发急性肾损伤。     

急诊脓毒症患者并发急性肾损伤的相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨急诊脓毒症患者并发急性肾损伤的相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月～2019年3月就诊于我院的220例脓毒症患者的临床资料,记录AKI发生情况,采集患者资料,分析急诊脓毒症患者并发AKI的危险因素。结果:220例脓毒症患者中合并AKI 78例(35.45%),未合并AKI 142例(64.55%);合并AKI组高血压病史比例、肺部感染比例和动脉血乳酸、血肌酐、APACHEⅡ评分、血清肌红蛋白、血尿素氮水平高于未合并AKI组,平均动脉压、氧合指数、24 h尿量低于未合并AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析:高血压病史、肺部感染、APACHEⅡ评分高和动脉血乳酸、SCr、MYO水平高、MAP水平低是急诊脓毒症患者合并AKI的独立危险因素(P0.05且OR1)。结论:高血压史、肺部感染、APACHEⅡ评分高和动脉血乳酸、SCr、MYO水平高、MAP水平低是急诊脓毒症患者合并AKI的独立危险因素,临床应加以重视,并制定合理防治措施。     

尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症的危险因素分析

目的探讨尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症的相关危险因素。方法选择2007年1月-2012年12月来我院接受治疗的脓毒症患者80例。根据患者临床特征分为非尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症组(A组,n=40)和尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症组(B组,n=40)。详细记录患者的一般情况和实验室检查结果,应用单因素、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析进行尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症的危险因素分析。结果80例脓毒症患者临床特征显示,B组在MAP评分、SOFA评分、APACHE II评分、SAPS评分、SCr评分、动脉血乳酸评分、24h液体净人量评分、血BUN、心率、PCT方面显著高于A组(P0.05),在24h尿量、氧合指数、白蛋白、血小板、血钠方面显著低于A组(P0.05)。高MAP评分、高SAPS评分、高SCr评分、高动脉血乳酸评分、高24h液体净人量评分、心率加快、血小板减少、低血钠水平会增加尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症发生的风险(P0.05)。结论临床医师在诊治尿路结石相关梗阻型急性肾盂肾炎脓毒症过程中,更应关注患者的MAP评分、SAPS评分、SCr评分、动脉血乳酸评分、24h液体净人量评分、心率、血小板及血钠水平。     

脓毒症并发急性肾损伤患者临床特征及危险因素分析

目的分析脓毒症并发急性肾损伤(AKI)的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1~12月151例脓毒症患者的临床资料,分为AKI组与非AKI组,比较两组一般情况及常规实验室检查结果,分析脓毒症并发AKI患者的临床特征。用Logistic回归对脓毒症性AKI发病及死亡的危险因素进行统计学分析。结果 151例患者中67例并发AKI,发生率为44.4%。40例AKI患者死亡,病死率为59.70%。AKI患者的年龄、心率、白细胞、SAPS评分、降钙素原、乳酸、血管活性药物及呼吸机使用率、病死率高于非AKI患者,平均动脉压(MAP)、血钠、血小板低于后者(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高SAPS评分(OR:1.065,P=0.022)、高白细胞(OR:1.066,P=0.015)、心率快(OR:1.047,P=0.021)、低MAP(OR:0.971,P=0.029)、血小板减少(OR:0.996,P=0.019)、低钠(OR:0.923,P=0.012),糖尿病(OR:3.561,P=0.010)、慢性肾脏病(CKD)(OR:1.018,P=0.030)是脓毒症患者并发AKI的独立危险因素。高乳酸(OR:0.372,P<0.05)是脓毒症并发AKI患者死亡的危险因素。结论白细胞和血小板计数、SAPS评分、心率、MAP、血钠有助于脓毒症性AKI的早期识别。血乳酸值与脓毒症AKI患者的预后相关。     

脓毒症患者并发急性肾损伤的危险因素探讨

目的探讨脓毒症患者发生急性肾损伤的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月在我院诊治的脓毒症患者的病历资料,回归分析脓毒症患者发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。结果 604例脓毒症患者,并发AKI327例(54.1%)。脓毒症并发AKI组和不并发AKI组的性别、年龄、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)差异有统计学意义(P0.05);合并慢性肾功能不全、高血压、血脂代谢异常、冠心病差异有统计学意义(P0.05);肺部和腹部感染差异有统计学意义(P0.05),鲍曼不动杆菌和真菌感染差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。回归分析发现,男性、MAP、肺部感染是脓毒症患者并发AKI的危险因素。结论男性、MAP、肺部感染是脓毒症患者并发AKI的危险因素。     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白在脓毒症患者急性肾损伤中的临床价值

目的:观察并探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(uNGAL)在脓毒症患者急性肾损伤(AKI)早期诊断、诊断分层、预后中的临床价值。方法:纳入2014-07-2016-06我院急诊科收治的、符合脓毒症标准的患者240例。按照AKIN定义分为脓毒症AKI组(124例)和脓毒症非AKI组(116例);此外,选取同期在我院体检的健康对照组30例。分别收集2组患者入急诊0、6、12、24、48h尿液标本进行NGAL检测,并同时收集2组患者0、24、48h血肌酐以及入急诊时的血降钙素(PCT)、乳酸、C反应蛋白(CRP)、SOFA评分等临床指标。结果:与健康对照组对比,脓毒症AKI组和脓毒症非AKI组患者uNGAL、乳酸、PCT等指标均升高;相对脓毒症非AKI组,脓毒症AKI组患者uNGAL、血肌酐、血乳酸、PCT水平、SOFA评分更高(P<0.05),且住院天数延长(P<0.05)。脓毒症AKI组患者的uNGAL水平随AKI 1期、2期、3期分期依次递增、且随病程时间变化逐渐上升(P<0.05);脓毒症非AKI组患者入院48h后新增22例AKI患者(19.1%);与脓毒症非AKI患者相比,血肌酐水平从24h后开始升高,48h升高更显著;而uNGAL水平则从入急诊室时已明显升高(P<0.05);uNGAL诊断AKI曲线下面积为0.838(95%CI:0.732~0.947),最佳临界值179μmol/L,敏感度和特异度为0.727和0.713。使用uNGAL预测脓毒症患者28d死亡,以uNGAL 48h ROC曲线下面积最大为0.818(95%CI:0.758~0.877)、最佳截断值为375ng/ml,敏感度和特异度分别为0.747和0.746。结论:uNGAL可能对脓毒症患者AKI具有一定的诊断、分期、预测结局的价值。     

脓毒症早期检测血乳酸清除率的临床意义

目的:探讨脓毒症早期血乳酸清除率检测的临床意义。方法:对2011年10月至2013年6月ICU收治的脓毒症患者63例分为存活组和死亡组,高、低乳酸清除率组,测定入组时(0 h)及入组后6 h、24 h的动脉血乳酸水平及6 h、24 h乳酸清除率,入住ICU后24 h的APACHEⅡ评分、48 h的器官衰竭数目及28 d内死亡率,比较存活组和死亡组,高、低乳酸清除率组间的差异。结果:存活组的6 h乳酸清除率高于死亡组(P0.05);高乳酸清除率组的24 h APACHEⅡ评分、48 h器官衰竭数目及28 d内死亡率均明显低于低乳酸清除率组(P0.05)。结论:早期血乳酸清除率可指导脓毒症的治疗及评估其预后。     

入重症监护室时血乳酸水平对脓毒症患者急性肾损伤发生的预测价值

目的对前瞻性FINNAKI研究进行二次分析,探讨入重症监护室(ICU)时血乳酸水平对脓毒症患者12 h后急性肾损伤(AKI)发生的预测价值。方法选取FINNAKI队列研究数据中刚入ICU时未合并AKI的409例脓毒症患者作为研究对象,采用血乳酸三分位数法将其分为低乳酸组、中乳酸组和高乳酸组,比较3组患者12 h后AKI发生率和肾脏替代治疗(RRT)应用情况。采用Logistic回归分析探讨血乳酸水平对AKI发生和应用RRT的预测价值,绘制相应受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线并计算曲线下面积(AUC)。结果低乳酸组、中乳酸组和高乳酸组患者12 h后的AKI发生率分别为21.21%、33.58%和49.65%,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。调整变量后的Logistic回归分析结果显示,血乳酸每升高1 mmol/L,脓毒症患者AKI发生风险提高23%(P=0.001)。高乳酸组患者发生AKI的风险是低乳酸组的2.31倍(P=0.010)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,入ICU时血乳酸水平预测脓毒症患者12 h后发生AKI的AUC为0.66(95%CI为0.60~0.72),预测脓毒症AKI患者应用RRT的AUC为0.70(95%CI为0.60~0.80)。结论入ICU时血乳酸水平具有预测脓毒症患者发生AKI和应用RRT的价值。     

血乳酸、混合静脉血氧饱和度(SVO_2)作为脓毒症休克患者液体复苏终点指标的临床有效性研究

目的:探讨血乳酸、混合静脉血氧饱和度(SVO_2)作为脓毒症休克患者液体复苏终点指标的临床有效性研究。方法:回顾性分析2014年6月-2016年12月在中山大学附属第一医院重症医学科住院治疗的120例脓毒症休克患者的一般资料、心率、MAP、CVP、SVO_2、血乳酸水平、尿量以及APACHEⅡ评分。治疗21天后,将患者按预后分为死亡组和存活组,按复苏6小时后血乳酸、SVO_2的值分为高血乳酸+高SVO_2组;高血乳酸+低SVO_2组;低血乳酸+高SVO_2组;低血乳酸+低SVO_2组,比较组间存活率和APACHEⅡ评分差异性。结果:120例脓毒症休克患者液体复苏6小时后MAP、CVP、SVO_2、尿量增高,血乳酸降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);心率变化无统计学差异(P0.05)。低血乳酸+高SVO_2组死亡率和APACHEⅡ评分明显低于高血乳酸+低SVO_2组[10.2%vs60.0%,(21.6±2.34)vs(29.8±1.95),P0.05]。结论:血乳酸和SVO_2两个指标作为脓毒症休克患者液体复苏终点指标优于单一指标,减少两项指标单独应用时自身影响因素的干扰,更加及时准确地评估患者液体复苏的程度。     

肝移植术后早期与晚期急性肾损伤的危险因素

目的探讨肝移植患者术后早期(术后48 h内)和晚期(术后48 h~7 d)急性肾损伤(AKI)发生的危险因素。方法前瞻性收集2018年6月至2020年6月我院SICU收治的256例肝移植患者临床资料,包括基础疾病及术前、术中和术后多个临床变量数据,研究终点为肝移植术后7 d内AKI的发生率,根据AKI的发生情况与发生时间,将患者分为非AKI组(162例)、早期AKI组(65例)和晚期AKI组(29例)。结果①与非AKI组比较,早期AKI组患者术前血肌酐(SCr)及终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分较高,手术时间较长,术中尿量较少,术后谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平较高(均P <0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前MELD评分(OR 1.437,95%CI 1.263~1.712,P <0.05)、术中尿量(OR 1.503,95%CI 1.103~2.057,P <0.05)及术后AST水平(OR 1.634,95%CI 1.094~2.215,P <0.05)是早期发生AKI的危险因素。以上三个危险因素联合预测早期AKI发生的AUC为0.816(95%CI 0.752~0.869,P <0.05)。②与非AKI组比较,晚期AKI组患者术前SCr、术后去甲肾上腺素剂量、术后血乳酸水平、FK506血药谷值浓度、术后AST和ALT水平较高(均P <0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术后血乳酸水平(OR 1.593,95%CI 1.146~2.072,P <0.05)、FK506血药谷值浓度(OR 1.663,95%CI 1.167~2.204,P <0.05)及脓毒症(OR 2.746,95%CI 1.186~4.837,P <0.05)是晚期发生AKI的危险因素。以上三个危险因素联合预测晚期AKI发生的AUC为0.820 (95%CI 0.745~0.811,P <0.05)。结论肝移植术后早期与晚期发生AKI的危险因素有所不同;术前MELD评分、术中尿量及术后AST水平是早期AKI发生的独立危险因素,而术后血乳酸水平、FK506血药谷值浓度及脓毒症是晚期AKI发生的独立危险因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.