儿童活体部分肝移植

活体部分肝移植术现已成为儿童终末期肝病的有效治疗方法,本文就儿童活体部分肝移植的适应证、禁忌证、术前供受者评估、供者肝部分切取、受者手术要点以及术后并发症及预后方面进行综述.     

活体肝移植治疗终末期肝病

目的 探讨活体肝移植(1iving donor liver transplantation,LDLT)供、受者术前评估和手术方式的选择.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月至2007年10月我中心95例LDLT患者的临床资料.良性终末期肝病92例,其中Wilson病45例;肝脏恶性肿瘤3例.结果 供肝切取不带肝中静脉右半肝31例,带肝中静脉右半肝3例,带肝中静脉左半肝51例,不带肝中静脉左半肝或左外叶10例.所有供者术后顺利恢复,均未出现严重并发症.受者随访1～86个月,良性终末期肝病受者1、3、5年累积生存率分别为89%(82例)、78%(71例)和73%(67例),其中Wilson病受者1、3、5年累积生存率分别为92%(42例)、89%(40例)和76%(34例).3例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者死亡2例,1例长期生存.供、受者铜代谢均恢复正常.结论 建立供者安全保障体系是LDLT开展的先决条件,选择合理的手术方式是提高受者生存率的关键.亲体肝移植是治疗Wilson病的有效手段.     

婴幼儿亲属活体部分供肝肝移植中的供、受者安全性分析

目的 探讨婴幼儿亲属活体部分供肝肝移植中的供、受者的安全性.方法 2006年9月至2009年11月,行婴幼儿亲属活体部分供肝肝移植者8例,受者原发病均为先天性胆道闭锁.供者术前常规行三维CT观察和计算全肝及肝叶(段)体积及形状,磁共振胰胆管造影术(MRCP)了解胆道情况.根据婴幼儿受者腹腔容积切取合适肝叶(段)行肝移植术.受者术后给予抗排斥反应和预防感染等治疗;供者术后给予保肝和抑酸治疗.分析供、受者术前、术中及术后情况.结果 8对供、受者手术均获成功.6例供肝为左外侧叶,1例为S3肝段,1例为减体积S3肝段,供肝重量为(235.9±53.6)g(148～302 g),供肝重量与受者体重比(GW/RW)为(2.65±0.48)%(2.11%～3.36%).对供、受者随访3～40个月(中位数18个月),8例供者均存活,发生并发症2例(25%).8例受者中,死亡1例(12.5%),其他受者发生并发症13例次.结论 术前对供、受者行精确评估,切取合适供肝行肝移植术,术中精细操作,术后精心治疗可最大程度保证供、受者的安全.     

成人间活体肝移植94例报告

目的 探讨成人间活体肝移植供者评估、手术方式的选择及术后并发症分析.方法 收集2007年1月至2010年8月同一外科组施行的94例成人间活体肝移植的临床资料.受者年龄18 ～76岁,供者年龄19 ～60岁.94例活体肝移植手术方案包括:左半肝供肝移植2例,右半肝供肝移植92例,44例切取肝中静脉例,48例不切取肝中静脉.分析供受者术前评估、术后并发症及存活情况.结果 所有供者均恢复良好出院,供者并发症发生率为7.4％.随访截止于2011年5月31日,中位随访时间为37个月,死亡8例.供者1年存活率为95.7％,移植物存活率为94.7％.1例发生小肝综合征;1例因急性肝坏死行再次肝移植;24例(25.5％)经胆道造影或磁共振胰胆管成像检查发现胆道吻合口狭窄,但其中9例(9.6％)表现为肝功能异常.结论 活体肝移植是治疗终末期肝病的有效方法,精确的术前评估、合理手术方式选择,采用左半肝或右半肝供肝、含或不含肝中静脉的活体肝移植,在成人间活体肝移植中均能有效的保证供受者安全.     

儿童活体肝移植42例临床报告

目的 总结成人活体部分供肝儿童肝移植的临床疗效和经验.方法 42例儿童患者,年龄80 d至14岁.小于1岁者28例;体重3.08～45 kg,小于10kg者27例.移植前有不同程度的黄疸、腹水、营养不良和肝功能严重损害.其中父母供肝36例,祖母供肝4例.舅父和表兄供肝各1例.供肝类型包括:左外叶31例.Ⅱ段肝组织1例,左半肝8例.右半肝2例.对供肝的肝静脉、肝动脉和受者的肝动脉、肝静脉、门静脉进行成形.以便吻合;供肝动脉较短者,以供者大隐静脉搭桥.免疫抑制方案:采用环孢素A(CsA)+糖皮质激素21例,CsA+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)+糖皮质激素8例,他克莫司(Tac)+糖皮质激素7例,Tac+MMF+糖皮质激素6例.术后随访时问2～43个月.结果 移植物与受者质量比为0.91%～5.71%,移植物与受者标准肝体积比为40.7%～137.1%.术后早期32例(76.2%,32/42)出现并发症,死亡5例,其中4例死于血管并发症;随访期9例出现并发症,死亡4例,其中3例死于血管并发症;意外死亡2例.其余31例(73.8%,31/42)健康存活.结论 成人活体部分供肝儿童肝移植是治疗儿童终末期肝病的有效方法,术后血管并发症是主要的死亡原因.预防和治疗血管并发症能明显提高手术成功率.     

临床肝移植11例报道

目的 探讨肝移植治疗终末期肝病的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析原位肝移植7例及亲体部分肝移植（LRLT）4例的临床资料,其中肝炎肝硬变5例,肝豆状核变性6例。对乙肝肝硬变者采用拉米呋啶加小剂量抗HBV－Ig治疗。结果 10例康复出院,1例死于MODS。4例LRLT全部存活。术后并发症：腹腔出血2例,ARDS3例;4例乙型肝炎肝硬变者术后HBV－DNA（－）。6例肝豆状核变性,术后铜氧化酶均正常。结论 肝移植是终末期肝病的有效治疗手段,活体供肝是解决我国供肝来源问题又一方向,外科技术是减少围手术期并发症的关键。     

婴幼儿活体肝移植胆道并发症的诊断及处理

<正>婴幼儿肝移植发展迅猛并逐步成为治疗婴幼儿终末期肝病的主要手段,主要适应证包括先天性胆道闭锁、肝豆状核变性(Wilson病)、糖原累积症、肝母细胞瘤等。由于供肝资源的缺乏,活体肝移植正逐步成为婴幼儿肝移植的主要类型。随着肝移植手术技巧的发展及围手术期护理水平的提高,婴幼儿活体肝移植受者的术后长期生存率明显增高,受者术后1年生存率可高达90%,多数婴幼儿受者可存活至成年[1]。然而,肝移植特别是活体肝移植术后     

中国一类供者二例供肝在体劈离后行肝移植临床报道

目的 总结在体劈离式肝移植的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2例中国一类心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)供者接受供肝在体劈离手术,并将劈离后的供肝移植给4例终末期肝病患者的临床资料.供肝的劈离手术中,在保证供者循环稳定的情况下使用超声吸引刀劈离肝实质,离体劈离肝脏血管和胆道,并对供肝进行修整.供者例1的全肝质量为1800 g,劈离成右三叶供肝和左外叶供肝,右三叶供肝移植给1例成人受者,左外叶供肝经减体积后移植给1例儿童受者.供者例2的全肝质量达2100 g,在体劈离成左右半肝,分别移植给2例成人受者.结果 在体劈离肝实质的手术耗时分别为1h和45 min,离体劈离肝血管和胆道的耗时分别为30 min和40 min.供肝热缺血时间均为0 min,冷缺血时间为120～360 min,移植肝质量与受者体质量比(GRWR)为1.5％～2.2％.肝移植后,1例成人受者出现门静脉血栓形成,经手术取尽门静脉血栓后,行门静脉-腔静脉搭桥,术后早期出现肝性脑病症状,经内科治疗后好转.肝移植后4例受者均恢复顺利,随访期间移植肝功能正常,均未发生排斥反应和感染并发症.结论 对于中国一类供者,实施在体劈离式肝移植是安全可行的,此项术式有望成为扩展供肝来源的重要途径,详细的术前评估技术和精细的手术操作是保证肝移植顺利进行的关键.     

采用心脏死亡供者无偿捐献的供肝进行原位肝移植七例观察

目的 观察利用可控的心脏死亡供者捐献的肝脏对受者进行原位肝移植的预后.方法 利用7例心脏死亡供者捐献的供肝对终末期肝硬化患者进行原位肝脏移植术,并对术前和术后的随访数据进行分析,探讨受者采用此种类型供肝移植后的预后情况.结果 7例受者中,除1例于术后第9天死于上消化道出血外,其余6例受者均长期存活,随访时间均大于12个月,中位随访时间为15.7个月,预后均较好.结论 采用符合荷兰马斯特里赫特(Maastricht)分类第Ⅲ型的心脏死亡供者捐献的肝脏对终末期肝硬化患者进行原位肝移植,预后较好.     

小体积移植物辅助性肝移植治疗门静脉高压症的临床效果

目的探讨小体积移植物辅助性肝移植治疗门静脉高压症的临床效果。方法回顾性收集2014年12月至2022年3月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肝脏移植中心连续收治的接受小体积移植物辅助性肝移植治疗的12例门静脉高压症患者的临床和影像学资料。其中男性8例, 女性4例;年龄14～66岁。受者终末期肝病模型评分为1～15分, Child评分为6～11分。供肝来源于活体供肝9例, 来源于尸体供肝劈离2例, 来源于儿童尸体供肝1例。3例尸体供肝的移植物和受者体重比(GRWR)为0.79%～0.90%, 9例活体供肝的GRWR为0.31%～0.55%。在辅助性肝移植术中, 切除受者的左半肝或右半肝, 原位植入左叶或右叶供肝, 或用左叶供肝置换受者的右叶肝脏。观察受者生存和移植物存活情况、并发症发生情况、自体余肝和移植肝门静脉血流速度、腹腔引流量和肝脏功能生化指标等。结果 12例患者的移植肝功能稳定, 患者均存活。移植术后发生流出道扭转2例、急性排斥反应1例、胆瘘1例、远期出现的甲状腺癌1例, 经相应治疗均治愈。流出道扭转与供肝生长后吻合口角度变化相关, 改良吻合方式后, 该并发症未再次出现。门静脉血流速度...     

Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation at the Asan Medical Center,Korea

Between February 1997 and December 2001, 311 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplants (A-A LDLTs) were performed at the Asan Medical Center for patients above 20 years of age. Indications for A-A LDLT were: chronic hepatitis B (203), chronic hepatitis C (5), hepatocellular carcinoma (64), alcoholic cirrhosis (9), cryptogenic cirrhosis (4), secondary biliary cirrhosis (5), primary biliary cirrhosis (1), Wilson' s disease (2), autoimmune hepatitis (1), hepatic tuberculosis (1), cholangiocarcinoma (1), fulminant hepatic failure (14) and primary non-function of cadaveric liver graft (1). Of 311 A-A LDLTs, 36 were of medical high urgency, 20 were for acute and subacute hepatic failure, 15 were for hepato-renal syndrome and 1 was for primary non-function. Recipient age ranged from 27 to 64 years. Donor age ranged from 16 to 62 years. There was no donor mortality. Implanted liver grafts were categorized into seven types: 175 modified right lobe (MRL), 70 left lobe, 32 right lobe, 20 dual grafts, 10 left lobe plus caudate lobe, three extended right lobe and one posterior segment. In MRL, the tributaries of the middle hepatic vein were reconstructed by interpositioning a vein graft. Indication for dual graft implantation was the same as single graft A-A LDLT, and four of 20 were emergency cases. Of 20 dual grafts, 14 received two left lobes, four received a left lobe and a lateral segment, one received a right lobe and a left lobe and one received a lateral segment and a posterior segment. Graft volume ranged from 28% to 83% of the standard liver volume of the recipients. There were 33 (10.6%) in-hospital mortalities (< 4 months) among the 310 patients after 311 A-A LDLTs. Of the 36 patients receiving emergency transplants, 31 survived. These encouraging results justify the expansion of A-A LDLT in coping with increasing demands, even in urgent situations. We have aimed to introduce the establishment of the efficacy of A-A LDLT in various end-stage chronic and acute liver diseases, as well as new technical advances to overcome small graft-size syndrome by using dual-graft implantation and MRL, both of which were first developed in our department.     

Vascular complications after living donor liver transplantation: a Brazilian, single-center experience

Background

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), vascular complications are more frequently seen than in deceased donor transplantation. Early arterial, portal vein, or hepatic vein thromboses are complications that can lead to graft loss and patient death. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, treatment, and outcome of vascular complications after LDLT in a single Brazilian center.

Methods

Between December 2001 and December 2010, we performed 130 LDLT. Sixty-four recipients were children (27 weighing <10 kg).

Results

Nine recipients had vascular complications. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) occurred in 4 (3.1%), portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in 3 (2.3%), and hepatic vein thrombosis (HVT) and hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS) in 1 (0.8%) patient each. Complications were identified by Doppler and confirmed by angiography or angiotomography. Patients with HAT were listed for retransplantation. One died before retransplant. Two children were submitted to retransplantation; one is still alive, with neurologic sequelae. One adult with HAT was retransplanted with a deceased donor graft and is doing well 58 months after surgery. Two patients with PVT died as a consequence of graft malfunction. In the other case, portal vein arterialization was performed, but patient died 11 months posttransplant. HVT was detected after cardiac reanimation and was treated with an endovascular stent. This patient died 3 months after LDLT. HAS was diagnosed after liver abscess development and was successfully treated by endovascular angioplasty. No recurrence was observed after 22 months. Follow-up ranged from 9 to 117 months.

Conclusion

Pediatric patients are more prone to develop vascular complications after LDLT. Long-term survival was statistically lower for recipients with vascular complications (33.3% vs 77.7%; P = .008).     

小儿肝移植的探讨

目的本研究探讨肝移植治疗小儿终末期肝病的方法和疗效。方法我院分别于2001年11月至2002年12月对7例患儿(先天性胆道闭锁5例，先天性肝纤维化1例和肝脏血管内皮肉瘤1例)进行肝移植术，患儿年龄6个月至12岁。其中亲体部分肝移植术两例，供体分别为患儿的母亲和父亲。手术分别切取供体的右半肝和左外侧叶。受体行保留下腔静脉的全肝切除术，然后将供肝进行原位移植。减体积肝移植3例，取左半肝和左外侧叶为移植物。割离式肝移植2例，分别取左外后叶和右后叶为移植物。结果7例患儿分别移植肝重260～565g，亲体肝移植的两例供体随访14～15个月，均无并发症健康生活。接受移植的7例患儿中6例术后已经分别健康存活15～1个月，1例于术后第5天死于心功能衰竭。结论肝移植是治疗小儿终末期肝病的有效方法，术前准确的血管影像学检查，严格的围手术期管理特别是精确的手术技术是小儿肝移植成功的关键。     

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目的：分析10例活体肝移植术中的血管变异，总结其外科处理经验，进一步提高手术成功率，减少并发症。方法：2001年1月至12月，行活体肝移植10例，其中左半肝8例，左外叶1例，右半肝1例，供肝者均为其母，经术中B超及胆管造影以确定肝切线。供体单支肝动脉分支与受体肝动脉吻合，两支肝动脉分别与受体肝左、右动脉吻合。门静脉分支与受体门静脉主干吻合。供体肝静脉与受体下腔静脉行端侧吻合。胆管重建均采用肝管分支与受体胆总管端端吻合，置T管引流。结果：10例活体肝移植，1例因肝动脉血栓形成，术后5天需次肝移植；1例发生排斥；其余8例均康复出院，5例已上学。结论：活体肝移植术中血管重建技术是其重要环节，术前和术中了解供受体解剖变异并正确处理，可减少术后血管和胆道的并发症。     

婴幼儿活体肝移植后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症

目的 探讨婴幼儿活体肝移植术后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症的发生情况.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观测34例婴幼儿活体肝移植术后2个月内门静脉、肝动脉、肝左静脉最大流速及肝动脉阻力指数变化情况,并观察术后血管并发症的发生情况及其预后.结果 34例受者中,术后超声显示血管通畅者29例(85.3%,29/34),发生血管并发症5例(14.7%,5/34).29例血管通畅的患儿,术后第1天时门静脉最大流速(vmax)为(53.97±21.44)cm/s,肝动脉收缩期最大流速(PSV)为(52.88±17.87)cm/s,阻力指数(RI)为0.73±0.09,肝左静脉最大流速为(40.53±25.07)cm/s.与术后第1天比较,术后1周时门静脉vmax、肝动脉PSV、肝左静脉vmax及肝动脉RI的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后2周时门静脉vmax为(44.26±17.43)cm/s,明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.05);术后2个月时门静脉vmax为(40.31±26.29)cm/s,肝动脉PSV为(41.50±8.67)cm/s,均明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).5例血管并发症均发生在术后7 d内,其中肝动脉血栓形成3例(2例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),门静脉血栓形成2例(1例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),5例中3例死亡.结论 婴幼儿活体肝移植术后门静脉vmax和肝动脉PSV呈下降趋势;血管并发症发生时间早,发生率较高,活体肝移植术后7 d内至少应每天进行1次超声检查.     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功的经验分析

目的 总结再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功的临床经验。方法 回顾分析1993年4月至2005年4月期间施行的9例再次肝移植受者临床资料。再次肝移植的原因包括肝动脉血栓（2／9）,门静脉血栓（1／9）,胆道并发症（6／9）;9例再次肝移植均为尸肝移植,3例采用经典原位肝移植,6例采用背驮式肝移植,6例采用Roux-en-Y胆肠内引流,1例供受体门静脉间用供体脾静脉搭桥,1例供体肝动脉与供体腹主动脉之问用供体脾动脉搭桥。结果 全组无手术死亡,5例术后未出现并发症,1例术后门静脉吻合口狭窄,3例术后6个月内死亡。结论 首次肝移植后由于胆道和血管并发症导致移植肝失功是再次肝移植的主要适应证,不失时机地进行再次肝移植是治疗移植肝失功惟一有效的方法。     

A Single-Center's Early Surgical Outcomes of Living Donor Liver Transplantation

BackgroundLiving donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become an increasingly common surgical option because the number of cadaveric donors is insufficient to fulfill the organ needs of patients facing end-stage cirrhosis. Many centers are investigating different surgical techniques to achieve lower complication rates. We aimed to examine our complication rates in light of demographic data, graft data, and perioperative findings as a single-center experience.MethodsThe study included one hundred and three patients who underwent LDLT for end-stage liver cirrhosis. Demographic data; sex; age; blood group; Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score; Child score; etiology; liver side; graft-to-recipient weight ratio; hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile anastomosis type rates; anhepatic phase; cold ischemia time; operation time; and blood product transfusion rates were analyzed. Biliary complications in patients with single or multiple biliary anastomoses, right or left liver transplants, and with or without hepatic artery thrombosis were analyzed statistically.ResultsThere was no significant difference in biliary complications between patients who underwent single or multiple bile anastomosis (P = .231) or patients receiving right lobe and left lobe transplants (P = .315). Although there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of portal vein thrombosis between the regular and reconstructed portal vein anastomosis groups (P = .693), the postoperative portal vein thrombosis rate was statistically higher in patients with left lobe transplants (P = .044).ConclusionsVascular and biliary complication rates can be reduced with increasing experience.     

Simultaneous hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis after living donor liver transplantation

Simultaneous hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis rarely occurs after liver transplantation. The etiology is unknown. Of 213 patients (72 children and 141 adults) that underwent living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) from January 1996 to March 2003, 4 (2%) developed simultaneous thrombosis at 3 hours to 7 days (median, 4 days) after the operation. Emergent thrombectomy was performed in three patients; the remaining patient was registered in the Japan organ transplant network. All of the patients died due to hepatic failure (range, 18 hours to 6 days after the diagnosis; median, 2 days). Portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein velocity in the liver graft were measured every 12 hours by Doppler ultrasonography for 2 weeks after liver transplantation. These parameters were stable until just before the simultaneous thrombosis. These findings indicate that protocol Doppler ultrasonography can diagnose, but not predict, this fatal complication.     

活体肝移植治疗HBV相关性急性亚急性肝功能衰竭

目的 探讨活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation,LDLT)HBV感染导致的急性肝功能衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)和亚急性肝功能衰竭(subacute liver failure,SALF)患者的可行性,并评价其疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年11月至2007年10月完成的10例LDLT治疗ALF、SALF患者的临床资料.10例LDLT的供、受者均为成人,切取右半肝为移植物,8例含肝中静脉(middle hepatic vein,MHV).10例供者的评估均在确定实施LDLT的24 h内完成,供、受者手术均在确定供者后的12 h内完成.移植物质量与受者体质量比为(1.03±0.17)%(0.86%～1.22%),移植物体积与受者标准肝体积比为(52.2±11.8)%(47.6%～70.1%).结果 10例受者中,2例分别于术后7、28 d时因肺部感染、十二指肠球部溃疡穿孔腹腔感染死亡.1例胆管吻合口胆漏,经十二指肠镜下置入鼻胆管引流治愈.2例术后1周出现轻度急性排斥反应,增强免疫抑制强度后肝功能恢复正常.8例中位随访期9.6个月(2～84个月),生存质量优良.10例供者中,1例出现急性门静脉高压症导致脾脏破裂,行脾脏切除术,其后出现胆管断端胆漏,经鼻胆管引流结合经皮穿刺腹腔引流治愈.其余9例无并发症发生.结论 LDLT适宜治疗HBV感染导致的ALF、SALF,而且能获得较好的中、远期疗效.     

Living-donor liver transplantation: results of a single center

In the absence of cadaveric donor liver transplantation, living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is an alternative option for patients with end-stage liver disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of LDLT at a single medical center in Turkey. We retrospectively analyzed the results of 101 LDLTs in 99 recipients with end-stage liver disease. We transplanted 49 right liver lobes, 16 left lobes, and 36 hepatic segments II and III. Most donors (46%) were parents of the recipients. Seventeen recipients had concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Retransplantation was performed in two recipients. Ten hepatic arterial thromboses, 1 hepatic arterial bleeding, and 12 biliary leaks occurred in the early postoperative period. Most complications were treated with interventional techniques. Three hepatic vein stenoses, three portal vein stenoses, one hepatic arterial stenosis, and six biliary stenoses developed during the late postoperative period. Recipients with those complications were treated with interventional techniques. Mean follow-up was 14.2 +/- 10.9 months. During that time, no tumor recurrence was detected in any recipient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Twenty-two recipients died during the follow-up. At this time, the remaining 77 recipients (77%) are alive, exhibiting good graft function. In general, complication rates are slightly higher after LDLT than after cadaveric liver transplantation. However, most complications can be treated with interventional techniques. LDLT continues to be a life-saving option in countries without satisfactory cadaveric donation rates.