高效液相色谱法测定头孢地尼有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定头孢地尼的有关物质.方法:采用迪马ODS (150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相:A [0.25%四甲基氢氧化铵溶液(用10%磷酸溶液调节pH值至5.5)1 000 ml,加入0.1 mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠0.4 ml],B[ 0.25%四甲基氢氧化铵溶液(用10%磷酸溶液调节pH值至5.5)-乙腈-甲醇(500:300:200), 加入0.1 mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠0.4 ml]进行梯度洗脱;流速为0.9 ml/min;检测波长为254 nm;柱温为40 ℃.结果:头孢地尼线性范围为7.64～76.40 μg/ml(r=0.999 9).结论:该方法准确可靠,可控制头孢地尼的有关物质.     

顶空气相色谱法测定头孢地嗪钠中残留溶剂

目的建立头孢地嗪钠中有机残留溶剂的测定方法.方法顶空气相色谱法.色谱条件:采用Halomapics 624 0.3 mmI.D×30 m×3.0 μm氰丙苯基甲基聚硅氧烷毛细管色谱柱;柱温40 ℃;气化室温度:200 ℃;检测室温度:250 ℃;N2为载气;柱前压力为1.25 Kpa;H2流速:50 ml/min;空气流速:500 ml/min.结果丙酮在124.4-995.4 μg/ml,乙腈在10.2-82.1 μg/ml,二氯甲烷在15.2-121.8 μg/ml浓度范围均呈良好的线性关系.平均回收率(n=9)分别为96.9%,RSD=4.8%;96.4%,RSD=4.1%;97.2%,RSD=4.9%.结论本方法操作简便、结果准确、是控制头孢地嗪钠中残留溶剂的可靠方法.     

HPLC法测定九味羌活丸中5-羟甲基糠醛的含量

目的:建立测定九味羌活丸中5-羟甲基糠醛含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(3∶97,V/V),流速为1 ml/min,柱温为25℃,进样量为5μl,检测波长为280 nm。结果:5-羟甲基糠醛进样量在0.066 64⁰.333 2μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 2);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤1.15%;平均加样回收率为100.84%,RSD=4.06%(n=6)。结论:该方法简便、快速,重复性好,可用于九味羌活丸中5-羟甲基糠醛的含量测定。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖片中5-HMF的含量测定及形成动力学研究

目的 建立测定盐酸氨基葡萄糖片中5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）含量的方法，分析其含量变化规律及影响因素。方法 采用高效液相色谱法对5-HMF进行定量测定，以Shim-pack GIST C18-AQ为色谱柱，0.1%磷酸溶液-甲醇（90∶10,V/V）为流动相，柱温为30℃，检测波长为284 nm，流速为1.0 mL/min，进样量为20μL。通过不同温度反应动力学实验分析5-HMF含量与反应温度、反应时间的相关性，建立其形成动力学模型。结果 5-HMF检测质量浓度的线性范围为0.057～5.698μg/mL(r=0.999 9)；检测限为5.70 ng/mL，定量限为17.09 ng/mL；精密度、重复性和稳定性（24 h）试验的RSD均小于1.0%(n=6)；加样回收率为99.38%～99.73%(RSD=0.53%,n=9)。8批样品含量为4.10～35.13μg/g。反应动力学实验数据拟合结果显示，随着反应温度升高、反应时间延长，样品中5-HMF含量越高。50、60、70、80℃下，5-HMF含量与反应时间均呈线性关系，符合零级动力学模型，反应速率常数分别为6.789、7.715...     

高效液相色谱测定川芎配方颗粒中阿魏酸的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定川芎配方颗粒中阿魏酸含量的方法。方法:Agilent HC-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液(30∶70),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长321 nm,柱温25 ℃,进样量10 μL。结果:阿魏酸在2.712~29.832 μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为101.02% (n=6),川芎配方颗粒中阿魏酸含量为1.45 mg/g。结论:该方法可用于医院川芎配方颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定羟苯乙酯的含量

目的 用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定羟苯乙酯的含量.方法 色谱柱为C18柱(Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18,4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液(65∶35);流速为1.0 ml/min;柱温25℃;检测波长254 nm;进样量10 μl.结果 该方法羟苯乙酯的线性范围为0.050～0.250 mg/ml,r=0.999 95(n=5);回收率为99.9%;RSD=0.2%.结论 该法操作简便,快速、准确、灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于羟苯乙酯的含量测定.     

基于特征性成分的肾石通颗粒中金钱草投料真实性考察

目的 建立肾石通颗粒中广金钱草的掺伪检测方法。方法 以常见混伪品广金钱草中夏佛塔苷为特征性成分，采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（HPLC-PDA）法进行筛查与含量测定，色谱柱为Symmetry C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm），流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（10∶90,V/V），流速为1.0 mL/min，检测波长为340 nm，柱温为35℃。采用液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）法进行确证试验，色谱柱为Ultimate LP-C18柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm），流动相为乙腈-10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（梯度洗脱），流速为0.2 mL/min，柱温为30℃；电喷雾负离子多反应监测模式，毛细管电压为3.5 kV，鞘气流速为11 L/min，辅助气流速为7 L/min，脱溶剂温度为300℃，离子传输管温度为350℃，以质荷比（m/z）563.0→353.0和563.0→383.0为特征离子对，碰撞能量为38 V和32 V。结果 夏佛塔苷进样量在0.030 8～0.615 5μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好（R2=0.999 4,n=6）；精密...     

毛细管气相色谱法测定不同干馏温度下鲜竹沥液中5-羟甲基糠醛及其衍生物的含量

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法测定不同干馏温度下鲜竹沥液中糠醛、2-乙基-1-己醇、5-甲基糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛的含有量。方法采用DB-WAX色谱柱,FID检测器,进样口温度:250℃;程序升温:初始温度65℃,保留0.5 min,3℃·min^-1升至120℃保留0.5 min,8℃·min^-1升至230℃,280℃后运行8 min;N2为载气,柱流速:3.5 mL·min^-1,进样1μL分流比10∶1;FID检测器温度300℃。结果糠醛、2-乙基-1-己醇、5-甲基糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛在范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.999 7),平均回收率为≥95.08%,RSD为≤2.16%。结论该方法准确稳定,重复性好,可为鲜竹沥的工艺参数以及质量控制提供参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定莪术油葡萄糖注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检查莪术油葡萄糖注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛限度. 方法 采用Venusil MP C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相:乙腈 水(12:88);流速为1.0 mL.min^-1;柱温:30 ℃,检测波长为284 nm. 结果 5-羟甲基糠醛在5.28～1 056.00 ng范围内线性关系良好,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为101.65%,RSD=0.8%,定量限为0.02 μg.mL^-1. 结论 该方法 可行,重复性好,可用于莪术油葡萄糖注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛的限度控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定脑心舒口服液中杂质5-羟甲基糠醛含量

目的建立测定脑心舒口服液中杂质5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为284 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μL。结果 5-HMF质量浓度在0.204~76.65μg/m L(r=0.999 7,n=7)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2.0%(n=6),平均加样回收率为99.18%,RSD为1.61%(n=9)。结论该方法操作简便、结果准确,精密度、稳定性、重复性、耐用性均好,可用于脑心舒口服液中杂质5-HMF含量的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.