Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Intake of Adolescents in Cofimvaba,Eastern Cape,South Africa

The aim of the study was to assess the nutrition knowledge, nutrient intakes, and association between nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes of 98 adolescents attending five schools in rural Cofimvaba, South Africa. Measures included a socioeconomic questionnaire, two 24-hour-recall questionnaires, and food-frequency and nutrition knowledge questionnaires. The overall score for the multiple-choice section on general nutrition and the South African Food-Based Dietary Guidelines was 72.9%; 75.4% for correct identification of food groups; and 41.3% for correct identification of food portions/serving sizes. Median nutrient intakes, measured by 24-hour recall, failed to meet average requirements, with the exception of protein, carbohydrates, chromium, riboflavin, pantothenate, and vitamin K among girls. A similar trend was observed for boys. Lower total carbohydrate and fat and higher protein intakes were associated with a higher quartile score for nutrition knowledge. The study provided a valuable understanding of the association between nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes of adolescents.     

Food Label Use and Its Relation to Dietary Intake among US Adults

Rates of diet-related chronic disease combined with the lack of current data on patterns of food label use by the US population warrant re-examination of the use and potential influence of this public health tool. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of food label use and the association between food label use and nutrient intake in a nationally representative sample of US adults who participated in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on food label use were collected during the interview portion of the survey, and nutrient intake was estimated using the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. In this sample, 61.6% of participants reported using the Nutrition Facts panel, 51.6% looked at the list of ingredients, 47.2% looked at serving size, and 43.8% reviewed health claims at least sometimes when deciding to purchase a food product. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in food label use across all demographic characteristics examined. Significant differences (P<0.05) in mean nutrient intake of total energy, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, dietary fiber, and sugars were observed between food label users and non-users with label users reporting healthier nutrient consumption. The greatest differences observed were for total energy and fat and for use of specific nutrient information on the food label. Despite food label use being associated with improved dietary factors, label use alone is not expected to be sufficient in modifying behavior ultimately leading to improved health outcomes.     

Association between Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Dietary Intake and Diet Quality in Korean Adults

BackgroundFood environments have changed rapidly, and the global interest in ultra-processed foods has increased. Ultra-processed foods are typically energy dense, high in sugars and fat, and low in fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins.ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of Korean adults and to examine the association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality.DesignThis study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018).Participants/settingsA total of 16,657 adults aged ≥19 years who completed a 1-day 24-hour recall.Main outcome measuresAbsolute and relative intake of energy and nutrients were measured and dietary quality was assessed using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI).Statistical analysisMultiple regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables were used to examine the association between quintiles of ultra-processed foods dietary energy contribution and dietary intake and quality.ResultsMean reported daily energy intake was 2,031 kcal, with 25.1% of calories coming from ultra-processed foods. Mean energy contribution from ultra-processed foods ranged from 3.6% kcal (Q1) to 52.4% kcal (Q5). Energy contribution of ultra-processed foods was positively associated with reported intake of daily energy, total sugars, and total and saturated fat and inversely associated with reported intake of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Both sodium and potassium were negatively associated with percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods. However, the sodium-to-potassium ratio was high regardless of quintile of energy contribution from ultra-processed foods, and the ratio was positively associated with percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods. Although the KHEI score was inversely associated with percentage of daily energy from ultra-processed foods, all levels of ultra-processed food consumption were associated with poor diet quality.ConclusionsThe ultra-processed foods consumption of Korean adults accounted for one fourth of daily energy intake, and a higher dietary energy contribution from ultra-processed foods was associated with poorer dietary intakes and a lower dietary quality. Further studies are needed to understand factors influencing selection and consumption of ultra-processed foods and to identify effective strategies to promote healthy food choices.     

Few Changes in Food Security and Dietary Intake From Short-term Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Among Low-income Massachusetts Adults

ObjectiveTo examine whether short-term participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) affects food security and dietary quality among low-income adults recruited from a Massachusetts-wide emergency food hotline.MethodsA 3-month, longitudinal study was conducted among 107 adults recruited at the time of SNAP application assistance. Outcomes included household food security (10-item US Department of Agriculture Food Security Survey Module), dietary intake (eg, grains, fruit) and diet quality (modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index). Data were analyzed using paired t tests and multivariable linear regression.ResultsSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation was not associated with improved household food security over 3 months (P = .25). Compared with non-participants, SNAP participants increased refined grain intake by 1.1 serving/d (P = .02), from baseline to follow-up. No associations were observed with other foods, nutrients, or dietary quality.Conclusion and ImplicationsPolicies that simultaneously improve household food security and dietary quality should be implemented to support the health of low-income Americans participating in this crucial program.     

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,Food Insecurity,Dietary Quality,and Obesity Among US Adults

Objectives. We examined whether Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation changes associations between food insecurity, dietary quality, and weight among US adults.Methods. We analyzed adult dietary intake data (n = 8333) from the 2003 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Bivariate and multivariable methods assessed associations of SNAP participation and 4 levels of food security with diet and weight. Measures of dietary quality were the Healthy Eating Index 2010, total caloric intake, empty calories, and solid fat; weight measures were body mass index (BMI), overweight, and obesity.Results. SNAP participants with marginal food security had lower BMI (1.83 kg/m²; P < .01) and lower probability of obesity (9 percentage points; P < .05). SNAP participants with marginal (3.46 points; P < .01), low (1.98 points; P < .05), and very low (3.84 points; P < .01) food security had better diets, as illustrated by the Healthy Eating Index. Associations between SNAP participation and improved diet and weight were stronger among Whites than Blacks and Hispanics.Conclusions. Our research highlights the role of SNAP in helping individuals who are at risk for food insecurity to obtain a healthier diet and better weight status.Food insecurity, broadly defined as having limited access to adequate food,1 is associated with increased stress levels and reduced overall well-being.2 In addition, food insecurity has been shown to diminish dietary quality and affect nutritional intake and has been associated with chronic morbidity (e.g., type 2 diabetes, hypertension) and weight gain.1,3–5 In 2012, approximately 14.5% of US households (17.6 million households) experienced food insecurity, of whom 5.7% (7.0 million households) experienced very low food security (i.e., reduction in food intake).6 The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps, is the largest government assistance program in the United States and seeks to alleviate food insecurity in US households.7 SNAP has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of food insecurity on health outcomes not only through attenuating food insecurity but also by enhancing the dietary quality of its participants.8,9Although cross-sectional studies have found no significant differences in food insecurity levels between SNAP participants and nonparticipants,10,11 in a longitudinal study, Nord observed a 28% reduction in the odds for very low food security among households that remained on SNAP throughout the year relative to those who left before the last 30 days of the year.12 In addition, studies by Leung and Villamor13 and Webb et al.14 found that independent of food insecurity, SNAP participation is associated with the increased likelihood of obesity, and other studies have observed lower dietary quality specifically among SNAP participants.15,16 Kreider et al. used partial identification bounding methods to take into account the endogenous selection and misreporting of SNAP enrollment and found that SNAP reduced the prevalence of food insecurity, poor general health, and obesity among children.17Thus, the interrelationships among SNAP participation, food insecurity, dietary quality, and weight status warrant further investigation to inform SNAP programming, policy, and outreach to ultimately improve the health and well-being of SNAP participants. We explored these relationships in data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) over multiple years. We aimed to determine mitigating effects SNAP participation might have on the association of food insecurity with dietary quality and obesity among a nationally representative sample of US adults.     

Neighborhood Food Outlet Access and Dietary Intake among Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study

BackgroundHealthy diet is essential in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and preventing related comorbidities. Food outlet access has been studied in the general population; however, the influence of the local food environment on dietary intake among people with CKD has not been evaluated.ObjectivesThis study examined the associations of food outlet density and type of outlets with dietary intake in a multicenter cohort of racially and ethnically diverse patients with CKD.MethodsThe Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study is a multicenter prospective study of patients with CKD that used a validated food frequency questionnaire to capture dietary intake at the baseline visit. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 2,484 participants recruited in 2003-2006 from seven Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study centers. Food outlet data were used to construct a count of the number of fast-food restaurants, convenience stores, and grocery stores per 10,000 population for each geocoded census block group. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between measures of food outlet availability and dietary factors.ResultsThe proportion of participants living in zero–, low–, and high–food outlet density areas differed by gender, race or ethnicity, and income level. Among male subjects, living in areas with zero or the highest number of outlets was associated with having the highest caloric intakes in multivariable models. Male subjects living in areas with zero outlets consumed the highest levels of sodium and phosphorous. Female subjects living in areas with zero outlets had the lowest average intake of calories, sodium, and phosphorous. Among low-income female subjects, close proximity to more outlets was associated with higher calorie consumption. Among all participants, access to fast-food restaurants was not associated with an unhealthy diet score, and access to grocery stores was not associated with a healthy diet score.ConclusionsAverage caloric and nutrient intakes differed by outlet availability; however, there were no strong associations with type of food outlet. This should be considered when developing food-focused public health policies.     

无锡市成年居民膳食碘摄入量评估

目的评估无锡市成年居民膳食碘摄入量状况。方法利用该市2005和2010年居民膳食调查资料,中国食物成分表及盐碘和水碘监测数据,计算成年居民膳食碘摄入量,并与我国推荐的膳食碘摄入量标准进行比较。结果无锡市成年居民膳食碘平均摄入量为353.6μg/d,为推荐摄入量(RNI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL)的235.7%和35.4%。其中食盐碘摄入量270.2μg/d,其贡献率为76.4%。总人群中膳食碘摄入量在RNI～UL之间的个体占97.4%,≥UL的个体仅占0.5%。剔除碘盐,膳食碘主要来源于食物和水,总人群膳食碘摄入量中位数为45.4μg/d,仅为RNI的30.3%。结论无锡市居民膳食碘摄入水平总体是适宜和安全的。     

Food Insecurity,Morbidities, and Substance Use in Adults on Probation in Rhode Island

When individuals are on probation, they face challenges with securing employment and safe housing due to their criminal records, which may make food access problematic. Food insecurity is a construct used as a marker for food access that considers financial constraints and has been associated with poorer health and substance use. There is limited research on the extent of food insecurity and associated morbidities and substance use among adults on probation. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2016, surveying 304 probationers in Rhode Island to determine whether food insecurity is associated with obesity, high blood pressure, depression, and substance use. Separate logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between food insecurity and obesity, high blood pressure, depression, and substance use. Food insecurity was experienced by 70% of our study population. The estimated prevalence of high blood pressure was significantly higher in our study sample compared to the general US population. Food insecurity was not associated with obesity, high blood pressure, or current drug use in this study sample. Food insecurity was independently associated with more than three times greater odds of being depressed (AOR 3.33, 95%CI 1.89, 5.86) and a nearly twofold greater odds of self-reporting a lower health status (AOR 1.91, 95%CI 1.18, 3.10) after adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, age, income categories, and being homeless. Probationers were found to have a higher estimated prevalence of high blood pressure and food insecurity compared to the general population, which highlights the health disparities faced by this population. Our findings have important implications for future research and interventions to decrease the health burden not only on the individuals but their families and communities.     

Nutrition Knowledge and Personal Dietary Compliance

Since the introduction of the new U.S. Dietary Guidelines in 1990, the focus of interest has been the rationale and nature of the Guidelines. In 1993 progess of the implementation of the Guidelines will be measured. Training has been identified as the primary barrier to implementation. This study assesses the existing nutrition knowledge and personal dietary compliance of school food service employees. Recommendations for effective training strategies are suggested.     

Association between Dietary Niacin Intake and Migraine among American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Migraine is related to brain energy deficiency. Niacin is a required coenzyme in mitochondrial energy metabolism. However, the relationship between dietary niacin and migraines remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary niacin and migraine. This study used cross-sectional data from people over 20 years old who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2004, collecting details on their severe headaches or migraines, dietary niacin intake, and several other essential variables. There were 10,246 participants, with 20.1% (2064/10,246) who experienced migraines. Compared with individuals with lower niacin consumption Q1 (≤12.3 mg/day), the adjusted OR values for dietary niacin intake and migraine in Q2 (12.4–18.3 mg/day), Q3 (18.4–26.2 mg/day), and Q4 (≥26.3 mg/day) were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72–0.97, p = 0.019), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.63–0.87, p < 0.001), and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.58–0.88, p = 0.001), respectively. The association between dietary niacin intake and migraine exhibited an L-shaped curve (nonlinear, p = 0.011). The OR of developing migraine was 0.975 (95% CI: 0.956–0.994, p = 0.011) in participants with niacin intake < 21.0 mg/day. The link between dietary niacin intake and migraine in US adults is L-shaped, with an inflection point of roughly 21.0 mg/day.     

Food Supplement Use as Related to Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Quality of the Elderly

A study of 227 elderly participants attending Title III-C nutrition programs was conducted to determine food supplement use and its relationship to nutrition knowledge and quality of the diet. Although nutrition knowledge was found to be positively related to the quality of the diet for all subjects, no significant differences were found between supplement and nonsupplement users for these two variables. Although the mean knowledge score was low, positive relationships were found between nutrition knowledge and both educaiion and income for all subjects. Amount of participation in the government-sponsored nutrition centers was negatively correlated with nutrition knowledge.     

Changing Food Consumption and Nutrition Intake in Kazakhstan

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.     

Ventilatory Function in Young Adults and Dietary Antioxidant Intake

Dietary antioxidants may protect against poor ventilatory function. We assessed the relation between ventilatory function and antioxidant components of diet in young Chileans. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio FEV₁/FVC were measured in 1232 adults aged 22–28 years, using a Vitalograph device. Dietary intake was ascertained with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed for this study, from which nutrient and flavonoid intakes were estimated. Dietary patterns were derived with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). After controlling for potential confounders, dietary intake of total catechins was positively associated with FVC (Regression coefficient (RC) of highest vs. lowest quintile of intake 0.07; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.15; p per trend 0.006). Total fruit intake was related to FVC (RC of highest vs. lowest quintile 0.08; 95% CI 0.003 to 0.15; p per trend 0.02). Intake of omega 3 fatty acids was associated with a higher FEV₁ (RC for highest vs. lowest quintile 0.08; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.15 L; p per trend 0.02) and with FVC 0.08 (RC in highest vs. lowest quintile of intake 0.08, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.16; p per trend 0.04). Our results show that fresh fruits, flavonoids, and omega 3 fatty acids may contribute to maintain ventilatory function.     

Dietary Intake of Total and Inorganic Arsenic by Adults in Arsenic-Contaminated Dan Chang District,Thailand, Using Duplicate Food Approach

Dan Chang district, approximately 100 km west of Bangkok, was a site of tin mines operated almost 40 years ago. Mining operations caused arsenic contamination in soil, surface water, and groundwater within the district. The specific aim of this study was to estimate the dietary intakes of total and inorganic arsenic in 60 adults (30 males and 30 females) residing in Dan Chang district, using a duplicate food approach. The daily intake rates of inorganic arsenic ranged from 0.496 to 1.817 μg/kg BW for males and 0.342 to 1.778 μg/kg BW for females.     

肝硬化患者的营养评价、膳食摄入和肠内营养支持

早期正确评价肝硬化患者的营养状况能够早期预防和纠正此类患者的营养不良并发症；肝硬化营养不良患者的营养支持以膳食摄人和肠内营养支持为主，营养处方需要个体化。     

Food Label Knowledge,Usage and Attitudes of Older Adults

Few recent studies have investigated food label practices in older adults. This cross-sectional study surveyed adults, 60 years and older in Delaware (n?=?100, 82% female, 74% between 60 and 79 years, 49% Caucasian, 45% African Americans) to examine associations between food label knowledge, attitudes, and usage patterns. A 28-item questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, usage, and demographic information. Bivariate analysis results showed food label knowledge was associated with education and monthly income. Those reporting a high school education or less incorrectly identified calorie (P?相似文献   

The Influence of Dietary Fat on Food Intake and Body Weight

Excessive intake of dietary fat is associated with a number of nutrition-related disorders, including obesity, heart disease, and cancer. The overconsumption of fat may be related to its palatability, high energy density, or physiological effects. This article reviews possible reasons why fat intake is high, examines the relationship between diet composition and body weight, and explores potential fat reduction strategies. It is concluded that low-fat or fat-free products could be useful in reducing the percentage of calories derived from fat, although this assertion needs to be further tested in controlled laboratory experiments and validated on a population basis.     

The Impact of a ‘Remotely-Delivered’ Sports Nutrition Education Program on Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of Junior Elite Triathletes

Triathlon is a physically demanding sport, requiring athletes to make informed decisions regarding their daily food and fluid intake to align with daily training. With an increase in uptake for online learning, remotely delivered education programs offer an opportunity to improve nutritional knowledge and subsequent dietary intake in athletes. This single-arm observational study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a remotely delivered nutrition education program on sports nutrition knowledge and the dietary intake of junior elite triathletes (n = 21; female n = 9; male n = 12; 18.9 ± 1.6 y). A total of 18 participants completed dietary intake assessments (4-day food diary via Easy Diet Diary^TM) and 14 participants completed an 83-question sports nutrition knowledge assessment (Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (SNKQ)) before and after the 8-week program. Sports nutrition knowledge scores improved by 15% (p < 0.001, ES = 0.9) following the program. Male participants reported higher energy intakes before (3348 kJ, 95% CI: 117–6579; p = 0.043) and after (3644 kJ, 95% CI: 451–6836; p = 0.028) the program compared to females. Carbohydrate intake at breakfast (p = 0.022), daily intakes of fruit (p = 0.033), dairy (p = 0.01) and calcium (p = 0.029) increased following nutrition education. Irrespective of gender, participants had higher intakes of energy (p < 0.001), carbohydrate (p = 0.001), protein (p = 0.007), and fat (p = 0.007) on heavy training days compared to lighter training days before and after the program with total nutrition knowledge scores negatively correlated with discretionary food intake (r = −0.695, p = 0.001). A remotely delivered nutrition education program by an accredited sports nutrition professional improved sports nutrition knowledge and subsequent dietary intake of junior elite triathletes, suggesting remote delivery of nutrition education may prove effective when social distancing requirements prevent face-to-face opportunities.